Tuesday, May 28, 2002

Part III

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Designations of Critical Habitat for Species From the Island of Oahu, HI; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR and no viable genetic material of this U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific species is known to exist. Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Fish and Wildlife Service We propose critical habitat Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, designations for 99 species within 25 HI 96850–0001. 50 CFR Part 17 critical habitat units totaling 2. You may hand-deliver written approximately 45,067 hectares (111,364 comments to our Pacific Islands Office RIN 1018–AI24 acres) on the island of Oahu. at the address given above. If this proposal is made final, section Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to 3. You may send comments by ensure that actions they carry out, fund, electronic mail (e-mail) to: and Plants; Designations of Critical _ _ Habitat for Plant Species From the or authorize do not destroy or adversely FW1PIE Oahu [email protected]. See Island of Oahu, HI modify critical habitat to the extent that the Public Comments Solicited section the action appreciably diminishes the in Supplementary Information below for AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, value of the critical habitat for the file format and other information about Interior. survival and recovery of the species. electronic filing. ACTION: Proposed rule concerning Section 4 of the Act requires us to You may view comments and designation of critical habitat. consider economic and other relevant materials received, as well as supporting impacts of specifying any particular area documentation used in the preparation SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and as critical habitat. of this proposed rule, by appointment, Wildlife Service (Service), propose We solicit data and comments from during normal business hours at the critical habitat for 99 of the 101 plant the public on all aspects of this above address. species known historically from the proposal, including data on the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul island of Oahu that are listed under the economic and other impacts of the Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Act of 1973, as designations. We may revise or further Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) amended. refine critical habitat boundaries prior (telephone: 808/541–3441; facsimile: Critical habitat is not proposed for to final designation based on habitat and 808/541–3470). two species, Pritchardia kaalae and plant surveys, public comment on the Cyrtandra crenata. We propose that proposed critical habitat rule, and new SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: scientific and commercial information. critical habitat designation is not Background prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because DATES: We will accept comments until it would likely increase the threat from July 29, 2002. Public hearing requests In the Lists of Endangered and vandalism or collection of this species must be received by July 12, 2002. Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there on Oahu. Critical habitat is not ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, are 101 plant species that, at the time of proposed for Cyrtandra crenata, a you may submit your comments and listing, were reported from the island of species known only from Oahu, and for materials concerning this proposal by Oahu. Fifty-six of these species are which we propose that critical habitat any one of several methods: endemic to Oahu, while 45 species are designation is not prudent because it 1. You may submit written comments reported from one or more other islands, has not been seen recently in the wild and information to the Field Supervisor, as well as Oahu (Table 1).

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 101 SPECIES FROM OAHU

Island distribution Species NW Islands, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Abutilon sandwicense (No common name) ...... C ...... Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern) CHCHHC...... Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C ...... C ...... Alsinidendron obovatum (No common name) ...... C ...... Alsinidendron trinerve (No common name) ...... C ...... Bonamia menziesii (No common name) CCHCCC...... Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano) ...... C ...... H C ...... NW (H) Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCHCC...... Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (akoko) ...... C ...... Chamaesyce deppeana (akoko) ...... C ...... Chamaesyce herbstii ...... C ...... Chamaesyce kuwaleana (akoko) ...... C ...... Chamaesyce rockii (akoko) ...... C ...... Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila) ...... C ...... C C ...... Colubrina squamigera (pauoa) ...... C ...... C C ...... Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH...... acuminata (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea crispa (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) ...... CCCC...... Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (haha) ...... C ......

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 101 SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Island distribution Species NW Islands, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Cyanea humboltiana (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea kolauensis (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea longiflora (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea pinnatifida (haha) ...... H ...... Cyanea st.-johnii (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea superba (haha) ...... C ...... Cyanea truncata (haha) ...... C ...... Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa) ...... CCHH...... Ni (H) Cyrtandra crenata (haiwale) ...... H ...... Cyrtandra dentata (haiwale) ...... C ...... Cyrtandra polyantha (haiwale) ...... C ...... Cyrtandra subumbellata (haiwale) ...... C ...... Cyrtandra viridiflora (haiwale) ...... C ...... Delissea subcordata (No common name) ...... C ...... Diellia erecta (No common name) ...... HCCHCC...... Diellia falcata (No common name) ...... C ...... Diellia unisora (No common name) ...... C ...... Diplazium molokaiense (No common name) ...... HHHHC...... Dubautia herbstobatae (naenae) ...... C ...... Eragrostis fostergii (No common name) ...... C ...... Eugenia koolauensis (nioi) ...... C H ...... Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) ...... C C ...... Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) .. C C H ...... C C ...... Gardenia mannii (nanu) ...... C ...... (No common name) ..... C C ...... Gouania vitifolia (No common name) ...... C ...... H C ...... Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) ...... H ...... C C ...... Hedyotis degeneri (No common name) ...... C ...... Hedyotis parvula (No common name) ...... C ...... Hesperomannia arborescens (No com- mon name) ...... CCHC...... Hesperomannia arbuscula (No common name) ...... C ...... C ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ... RCHCCC...... Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) ...... C C ...... Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ...... C C ...... Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) ...... HHHHCNi (H) Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala) ...... C ...... Lepidium arbuscula (anaunau) ...... C ...... Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla (nehe) ...... C ...... Lipochaeta tenuifolia (nehe) ...... C ...... Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (No common name) ...... C ...... Lobelia monostachya (No common name) ...... C ...... Lobelia niihauensis (No common name) C C ...... Ni (H) Lobelia oahuensis (No common name) ...... C ...... filifolia (No common name) ... C C ...... Mariscus pennatiformis (No common name) ...... H H ...... C H NW (C) Marsilea villosa (ihi ihi) ...... C C ...... Ni (H) Melicope lydgatei (alani) ...... C ...... Melicope pallida (alani) ...... C C ...... Melicope saint-johnii (alani) ...... C ...... Myrsine juddii (kolea) ...... C ...... Neraudia angulata (No common name) ...... C ...... (kului) ...... C ...... H ...... Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ...... C C C ...... C ...... Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) ...... H C ...... Phyllostegia hirsuta (No common name) ...... C ...... Phyllostegia kaalaensis (No common name) ...... C ...... Phyllostegia mollis (No common name) ...... C H ...... C ...... Phyllostegia parviflora (No common name) ...... C ...... H H ...... Plantago princeps (laukahi kauhiwi) ...... C C C ...... C H ......

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 101 SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Island distribution Species NW Islands, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe, Niihau

Platanthera holochila (No common name) ...... C H C ...... C ...... Pritichardia kaalae (loulu) ...... C ...... Pteris lidgatei (No common name) ...... C H ...... C ...... Sanicula mariversa (No common name) ...... C ...... Sanicula purpurea (No common name) ...... C ...... C ...... Schiedea hookeri (No common name) ...... C ...... H ...... Schiedea kaalae (No common name) ...... C ...... Schiedea kealia (No common name) ...... C ...... Schiedea nuttallii (No common name) .... C C C ...... H ...... Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNi (H), Ka (C), NW (C) Silene lanceolata (No common name) .... HCCH...... C ...... Silene perlmanii (No common name) ...... H ...... Solanum sandwicense (aiakeakua, popolo) ...... C H ...... Spermolepis hawaiiensis (No common name) ...... CCCCCC...... Stenogyne kanehoana (No common name) ...... C ...... Tetramolopium filiforme (No common name) ...... C ...... Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (No common name) ...... C ...... H ...... Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (oheohe) ...... C ...... Trematalobelia singularis (No common name) ...... C ...... Urera kaalae (opuhe) ...... C ...... Vigna o-wahuensis (No common name) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka (C) Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana (olopu) ...... C ...... Viola oahuesis (No common name) ...... C ...... KEY: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations. NW—NW Hawaiian Islands. Ka—Kahoolawe. Ni—Niihau.

We have reconsidered our findings Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, We propose that critical habitat concerning whether designating critical Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, designation is not prudent for habitat for these 56 federally protected Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata Pritchardia kaalae because it would plants from the island of Oahu is var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, likely increase the threat from prudent. In this proposal, we are Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, vandalism or collection of this species proposing that critical habitat is prudent Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia of loulu palm on Oahu. We propose that for 54 of these species (Abutilon oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope critical habitat designation is not sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia prudent for Cyrtandra crenata, a species Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, known only from Oahu that has not celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula been seen recently in the wild and for deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea which no viable genetic material is Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne known to exist. rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Proposed prudency determinations crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, for 45 other species (Adenophorus Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, periens, Alectryon macrococcus, koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea Viola chamissoniana ssp. Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra because the potential benefits of Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, designating critical habitat essential for squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra the conservation of these species grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia outweigh the risk that may result from Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia human activity because of critical Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, habitat designation. haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,

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Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, windward (northeastern) side (Service Associated species include Sapindus Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia 1996b). oahuensis (lonomea), Eugenia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, The Waianae Mountains were built by reinwardtiana (nioi), Hibiscus Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion eruptions that took place primarily arnottianus (kokio keokeo), Psydrax laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, along three rift zones. The two principal odorata (alahee), Diospyros Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia rift zones run in a northwestward and sandwicensis (lama), Reynoldsia niihauensis, , south-southeastward direction from the sandwicensis (ohe), Nestegis Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea summit, and a lesser one runs to the sandwicensis (olopua), Antidesma villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium northeast. The range is approximately pulvinatum (hame), Pittosporum sp. humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, 32 km (20 mi) long. The caldera lies (hoawa), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia between the north side of Makaha Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Myrsine mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago Valley and the head of Nanakuli Valley lanaiensis (kolea), Pisonia sp. (papala princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae kepau), Metrosideros polymorpha lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea Mountains are in the rain shadow of the (ohia), Pipturus albidus (mamaki), and hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania parallel Koolau Mountains and receive Elaeocarpus bifidus (kalia) (Bates 1999; tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, HINHP Database 2001; Environmental sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, the highest point on Oahu at 1,225 Division of the U.S. Army (EDA), in litt. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner et al. 2001). lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) 1999). The median annual rainfall for The major threats to Abutilon which are reported from Oahu as well the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 sandwicense are competition from the as Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, to 19 cm (20 to 75 in), with only the alien plant species Pimenta dioica Lanai, Molokai, the Northwestern small summit area of Mt. Kaala (allspice), Hyptis pectinata (Comb Hawaiian Islands, and/or the island of receiving the highest amount (Service hyptis), Schinus terebinthifolius Hawaii were published in the proposed 1995a). (Christmasberry), Syzygium cumini (Java plum), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s rules published on November 7, 2000, Discussion of the Plant Taxa and January 28, 2000 (Kauai and Niihau, curse), Ipomoea sp. (morning glory), 65 FR 66808 and 67 FR 3939); on Species Endemic to Oahu Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Ficus microcarpa (Chinese banyan), December 18, 2000 and April 3, 2002 Abutilon sandwicense (No Common Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), (Maui and Kahoolawe 65 FR 79192 and Name (NCN)) Psidium guajava (guava), Kalanchoe 67 FR 15856); on December 27, 2000 Abutilon sandwicense, a member of and March 4, 2002 (Lanai 65 FR 82086 pinnata (air plant), Oplismenus hirtellus the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a (basketgrass), riparia and 67 FR 9806); on December 29, 2000 short-lived perennial, is a shrub that and April 5, 2002 (Molokai 65 FR 83158 (haumakua pamakani), Leucaena grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and is covered leucocephala (koa haole), Toona ciliata and 67 FR 16492); on May 14, 2002 with short glandular hairs. This species (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 67 FR (Australian red cedar), Grevillea robusta is distinguished from others in the (silk oak), Montanoa hibiscifolia (tree 34522), or elsewhere in this issue of the genus by the green or reddish-brown Federal Register (Hawaii Island). daisy), Aleurites moloccana (kuku i), tipped petals which extend beyond the Rivina humilis (coral berry), Panicum Critical habitat for 99 of these 101 sepals (Bates 1999). maximum (Guinea grass), Melia species from Oahu is proposed at this Abutilon sandwicense has been azedarach (chinaberry), and Passiflora time. Critical habitat is not proposed for observed flowering in winter and suberosa (huehue haole); fire; black twig two species, Pritchardia kaalae and spring. By summer, most plants have borer (Xylosandrus compactus); Chinese Crytandra crenata, for which we flowered and the fruits have usually rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus); feral pigs determine that designation of critical dried up by fall. Fruit capsules develop (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus); habitat is not prudent for the reasons within 6 weeks. Although seedlings are and trampling by feral cattle (Bos described above. often initially abundant, few plants taurus) (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b). The Island of Oahu appear to survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770). Alsinidendron obovatum (NCN) The island of Oahu was formed from Historically, Abutilon sandwicense Alsinidendron obovatum, a member the remnants of two large shield was known from nearly the entire length of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano of the Waianae Mountains, from and a short-lived perennial, is a to the east and the older Waianae Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. branching subshrub growing to 3 ft (1 volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; This species is now known from m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, . This species and Alsinidendron shield volcano shape has been lost as a Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, trinerve can be distinguished from other result of extensive erosion, and today Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai members of the genus by their shrubby these volcanoes are called mountains or Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai habit and fleshy purple sepals ranges, and consist of long, narrow Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua surrounding the capsule (Wagner et al. ridges. The Koolau Mountains were subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and 1999). built by eruptions that took place Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State, Alsinidendron obovatum generally primarily along a northwest-trending rift private, city, and county lands. The 16 after about 2 years of growth. zone and formed a range now known populations contain an Plants and fruit year round, but approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 estimated 253 to 263 individuals flowering is usually heavier in winter miles (mi)) long (Service 1996b). (Hawaii Heritage Program (HINHP) and spring depending on the level of Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Database 2001; Bates 1999). precipitation. Plants survive 3 to 6 Mountains varies from 100 to 710 Abutilon sandwicense typically grows years, unless there are drought centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), on steep slopes or gulches in dry to conditions (56 FR 55770). most of which is received at higher mesic lowland forest between 149 and Historically, Alsinidendron obovatum elevations along the entire length of the 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft) elevation. was known from the northern and

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southern end of the Waianae Range. known populations total between 18 contain 569 individuals (HINHP This species remains in Keawapilau and 34 individuals (HINHP Database Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999). Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, 2001; EDA Database 2001). Chamaesyce celastroides var. Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on Alsinidendron trinerve typically kaenana typically grows in coastal dry Federal and State lands. The five known grows on slopes in wet forest or the shrubland on windward talus slopes, populations contain about 8 to 10 wetter portions of diverse mesic forest leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or on vegetated cliff faces between sea Database 2001;Wagner et al. 1999). and Ilex anomala or Metrosideros level and 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft) Alsinidendron obovatum typically polymorpha montane wet forest elevation. Associated species include: grows on ridges and slopes in lowland between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and Lipochaeta lobata (nehe), Myoporum diverse mesic forest dominated by 4,044 ft) elevation. Associated species sandwicense (naio), Heteropogon contus Acacia koa (koa) and Metrosideros include Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp. (pili grass), Santalum sp.(ili ahi), polymorpha between 476 and 943 m (NCN), Peperomia sp., Perrottetia Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), Psydrax (1,561 and 3,093 ft) elevation. sandwicensis, Athyrium odorata, Boerhavia sp. (alena), Associated species include Bidens torta sandwichianum (akolea), Broussaisia Waltheria indica (uhaloa), Dodonaea (kookoolau), Antidesma platyphyllum arguta (kanawao), Vaccinium sp. viscosa (aalii), Artemisia australis (hame), Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), (ohelo), Phyllostegia sp. (NCN), (ahinahina), Psilotum nudum (moa), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Pipturu Coprosma ochracea (pilo), Gunnera sp. Chamaesyce celastroides var. sp. (mamaki), Machaerina sp. (uki), (apeape), Nothoperanema rubiginosa, or amplectans (akoko), Gossypium Peperomia sp. (ala ala wai nui), Pipturus albidus (HINHP Database 2001; tomentosum (mao), Jacquemontia Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), Ilex EDA, in litt. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis anomala (kawau), Psydrax odorata, The major threats to Alsinidendron (pauohiiaka), Santalum freycinetianum Coprosma sp. (pilo), Alyxia oliviformis trinerve are competition from the (iliahi), or Sida fallax (ilima) (HINHP (maile), or the endangered cyanea aggressive alien plant species Rubus Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). lingiflora (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, argutus, Buddleia asiatica (butterfly The major threats to Chamaesyce in litt. 2001). bush), Clidemia hirta, and Kalanchoe The major threats to Alsinidendron celastroides var. kaenana are pinnata; habitat degradation by feral obovatum are competition from the competition from the alien plant species pigs; trampling by humans along trails; aggressive alien plant species Melinus Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis repens and the small number of extant minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, (natal redtop), Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum individuals (56 FR 55770; Service Pluchea symphytitfolia (sourbush), occidentale (NCN), Clidemia hirta, 1998b). Hyptis pectinata, Panicum maximum, Grevillea robusta, and Acacia confusa Grevillea robusta, Stachytarpheta Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (Formosakoa); fire; and effects of dichotoma (owi), Paspalum conjugatum (akoko) (Hilo grass), and Rubus argutus (prickly recreational activities (56 FR 55770; Chamaesyce celastroides var. Florida blackberry); habitat degradation Service 1998b). kaenana, a member of the spurge family by feral pigs; trampling by humans; (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived Chamaesyce deppeana (Akoko) rockslides, and the small number of perennial, is a low-growing or upright populations (56 FR 55770; Service Chamaesyce deppeana, a member of shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap 1998b). the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a and leaves which fall off during the dry short-lived perennial, is an erect Alsinidendron trinerve (NCN) season, are mostly hairless and are subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall with Alsinidendron trinerve, a member of arranged in two opposite rows along the fuzzy branches. The hairless leaves, the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a stem. This species is distinguished from generally oval-shaped and often notched short-lived perennial, is very similar in other members of the genus in the area at their tips, are between 5 and 20 appearance to A. obovatum but differs in which it grows in that it is a woody millimeter (mm) (0.2 and 0.8 in) long in that it has a more open inflorescence shrub; the other members of the genus and 5 and 12 mm (0.2 and 0.5 in) wide; (flowering part of plant) with peduncles in the area are herbs or small subshrubs they are arranged in two opposite rows (stalk of a flower) more than 2 cm (0.8 (Koutnik and Huft 1999). along the stem. The margins are in) long, sepals (leaves of the outer Chamaesyce celastroides var. usually toothed. The small, petalless series floral leaves, i.e., calyx) with an kaenana has been observed flowering flower clusters, 1.5 to 3 mm (0.06 to 0.1 acute tip, and usually is found in wet and fruiting throughout the year, in) wide, are borne singly in the leaf forests above 914 m (3,000 ft) in probably in response to precipitation. axils (point between the stem and leaf elevation. Alsinidendron obovatum has Fruits mature in three to four weeks and stalk) and produce small capsules about a congested inflorescence with plants live from five to ten years. No 2 mm (0.1 in) long. have not been peduncles less than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, additional information is available on observed. This species is distinguished sepals with a rounded tip, and usually reproductive cycles, longevity, specific from others in the genus by the grows in mesic forests 550 to 792 m environmental requirements or limiting following combination of characters (1,800 to 2,600 ft) in elevation (Wagner factors (56 FR 55770). leaves arranged in two rows on opposite et al. 1999). Historically, Chamaesyce celastroides sides of the branches, leaves glabrous, Alsinidendron trinerve flowers and var. kaenana was known from the leaf apex notched, leaf margin toothed, fruits throughout the year with the northwestern end of the Waianae and cyathia width (Koutnik and Huft possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770). Mountains as well as from one 1999). Historically, Alsinidendron trinerve collection from the southeastern end of Chamaesyce deppeana has been was known from the north-central and the Koolau Mountains. This taxon observed in flower in May and southern Waianae Mountains. This remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau September. No further information is species is known to be in Makaleha Gulch, Waianae Kai, and Kahanahaiki available on reproductive cycles, Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on on State land and land under Federal specific environmental requirements, or Federal and State lands. The three jurisdiction. The 13 known populations limiting factors (Service 1998b).

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Historically, Chamaesyce deppeana mesic Acacia koa/Metrosideros Artemisia sp. (hinahina), Plectranthus was known only from southern Oahu. polymorpha lowland forests or diverse parviflorus (ala ala wai nui), Because the few collections that were mesic forests at elevations between 435 Chamaesyce sp. (akoko), Schiedea sp. made were collected prior to the 20th and 886 m (1,427 and 2,906 ft). (NCN), Carex sp. (NCN), Sida fallax, or century, it was thought to be extinct. In Associated plant species include Dodonaea viscosa (HINHP Database 1986, Joel Lau and Sam Gon of The Xylosma sp. (maua), Pteralyxia sp. 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) (kaulu), Morinda trimera (noni), 1998b). rediscovered C. deppeana on State land Hedyotis sp., Coprosma sp., Pipturis The major threats to Chamaesyce in the southern Koolau Mountains of albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum kuwaleana are competition from the Oahu in Nuuanu Pali Wayside State (hoio), Antidesma platyphyllum, alien plant species Leucaena Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus leucocephala, Opuntia sp. (prickly tourist attraction. About 50 individuals (kokio keokeo), Melicope sp. (alani), pear), Cenchrus ciliaris (buffelgrass), grow near there (HINHP Database 2001; Pouteria sandwicense (alaa), or Urera Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe Koutnik and Huft 1999). glabra (opuhe) (HINHP Database 2001; pinnata, and Melinis repens; fire; two- The habitat of the only known EDA, in litt. 2001). spotted leafhoppers (Saphonia population of Chamaesyce deppeana is The primary threats to Chamaesyce rufofascia); and the small number of windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces herbstii are habitat degradation and/or populations (56 FR 55770; Service and mixed native cliffs with such plant destruction by feral pigs; competition 1998b; HINHP Database 2001). species as Metrosideros polymorpha or with alien plant species such as Chamaesyce rockii (Akoko) Bidens sandvicensis (kookoolau) Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 Passiflora suberosa, Psidium Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2001). cattleianum, and Schinus spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a The major threats to the single known terebinthifolius; potential fire; and a risk short-lived perennial, is usually a population of Chamaesyce deppeana of extinction from naturally occurring compact shrub or sometimes a small are competition for water, space, light, events (such as hurricanes) and/or tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m and nutrients with the alien plant reduced reproductive vigor due to the (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites species Casuarina equisetifolia small number of remaining populations it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) (common ironwood), Paspalum (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; in height. This species differs from conjugatum, and Schinus Service 1998b). others in the genus in that it has large, terebinthifolius; and extinction due to red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft Chamaesyce kuwaleana (Akoko) naturally caused events because of the 1999). limited number of individuals and Chamaesyce kuwaleana, a member of Chamaesyce rockii has been observed restricted range. Fire and impact by the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a fruiting in February. No other humans threaten the species as well (59 short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub information is available on reproductive FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in) tall with leaves cycles, longevity, specific Database 2001). arranged in two rows along the stem. environmental requirements, or limiting This species is distinguished from other factors (Service 1998b). Chamaesyce herbstii (Akoko) species of the genus in its habitat by its Chamaesyce rockii was known Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the stalked, oval to rounded leaves with historically from scattered populations spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a untoothed margins, and the bent stalk along the Koolau Mountains on the short-lived perennial, is a small tree supporting the small capsule (Koutnik island of Oahu. Today, 16 populations ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall and Huft 1999). are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, with thin, leathery leaves arranged in Chamaesyce kuwaleana bear fruits in Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area, pairs on the same plane. This species is spring and early summer and is usually Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie- distinguished from others in the genus done fruiting by fall. No further Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction area, Puu by the length of the flowering stalk and information is available on reproductive Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik cycles, specific environmental ridge between Aiea Ridge Trail and and Huft 1999). requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Chamaesyce herbstii has been 55770). Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki-Opaeula observed in flower year-round in Historically, Chamaesyce kuwaleana Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki January, May, July, September, and was known from the central Waianae Stream, Maakua Gulch, and Kaipapau- October (Service 1998b). Mountains and Moku Manu Island off Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and Historically, Chamaesyce herbstii was the eastern coast of Oahu. This species private lands. Currently the total known from scattered populations in is currently known only from Kauaopuu number of plants is estimated to be the northern and central Waianae Peak, Mauna Kuwale, Waianae Kai- between 641 and 773 plants (HINHP Mountains on the island of Oahu. Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; Currently, this species is known from Kauaopuu in the Waianae Mountains, GDSI 2001). four populations with between 162 and on Federal and State lands. The four Chamaesyce rockii typically grows on 164 individuals in the central and populations contain around 2,001 gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge northern Waianae Mountains—South individuals (HINHP Database 2001; crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Koutnik and Huft 1999; GDSI 2001). Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest and Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, and West Chamaesyce kuwaleana typically shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These grows in thin guano soil on basaltic and 2,857 ft) in elevation. Associated populations are found on private and rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on plant species include Bidens sp., State lands (HINHP Database 2001; dry or mesic rocky ridges, or on sparsely Antidesma platyphyllum, Hedyotis Geographic Decision Systems vegetated slopes between sea level and terminalis, Psychotria spp. (kopiko), International (GDSI) 2001). 596 m (0 to 1,955 ft) elevation. Melicope spp., Coprosma longifolia Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows Associated species include Heteropogon (pilo), Diplopterygium pinnatum (uluhe in shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in contortus, Bidens sp. (kookoolau), lau nui), Cibotium sp. (hapuu),

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Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia laxa sandwichianum, Psychotria sp., requirements, or limiting factors (naenae pua melemele), Machaerina sp., Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482). Psychotria fauriei (kopiko), Wikstroemia Melicope spp., Thelypteris sandwicensis Historically, Cyanea crispa was sp. (akia), or the endangered species (palapalaia), Hedyotis centranthoides known from scattered locations Myrsine juddii (kolea) (HINHP Database (NCN), Broussaisia argutus, Pipturus throughout the upper elevations of the 2001). albidus, Labordia sp. (kamakahala), Koolau Mountains of Oahu from The primary threats to Chamaesyce Chamaesyce sp., Pisonia sp., Kaipapau Valley to the north to Waialae rockii are habitat degradation and/or Touchardia latifolia (olona), Iki Ridge to the southeast. This species destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing; Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp. (amau), is now known from Federal, State, city, potential impacts from military Wikstroemia sp., Dubautia laxa, Ilex county, and private lands in Hidden activities; and competition with alien anomala, Syzygium sandwicensis (ohia Valley, Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, plant species such as Paspalum ha), or Phyllostegia sp. (HINHP Database Moanalua Valley, Wailupe, Koolau conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata 2001; Lammers 1999). Summit Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, (NCN), Leptospermum scoparium (tea The major threats to Cyanea Maakua Gulch, Kaipapa Gulch, tree), Psidium cattleianum, and acuminata are habitat degradation and/ Maunawili, and Pia Valley. There are a Clidemia hirta (HINHP Database 2001; or destruction by feral pigs; potential total of 11 locations containing a total of 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b). impacts from military activities; 56 individual plants (HINHP Database Cyanea acuminata (Haha) potential predation by (Rattus 2001; EDA Database 2001). rattus); competition with the alien plant Cyanea crispa is found in habitats Cyanea acuminata, a member of the species Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline bellflower family () and ranging from steep, open mesic forests fruticosa (ti), Schinus terebinthifolius, a short-lived perennial, is an to gentle slopes or moist gullies of unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 Musa sp., (banana), Passiflora suberosa, closed wet forests and streambanks, at ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to Dioscorea sp. (yam), Erigeron elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 narrowly egg-shaped or elliptic leaves. karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Rubus and 3,146 ft ). Associated plant species This species is distinguished from argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, include Diospyros sp. (lama), Pipturus others in this endemic Hawaiian genus Clidemia hirta, and Ageratina albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Perrottetia by the color of the petals and fruit and adenophora (Maui pamakani); and a sandwicensis, Metrosideros length of the calyx lobes, flowering risk of extinction from naturally polymorpha, Boehmeria grandis stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999). occurring events and/or reduced (akolea), Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia Cyanea acuminata has been observed reproductive vigor due to the small sp. (naenae), Psychotria sp., Thelypteris fruiting in February and November. No number of remaining individuals cyatheoides (palapalai), Antidesma other information is available on (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; platyphylla, Cyrtandra spp., Pisonia reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Service 1998b). umbellifera (papala kepau), or Touchardia latifolia (HINHP Database environmental requirements, or limiting Cyanea crispa (Haha) factors (Service 1998b). 2001; Service 1998b). Historically, Cyanea acuminata was Cyanea crispa, a member of the The major threats to Cyanea crispa are known from 31 scattered populations in bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and habitat alteration and predation by feral the Ko olau Mountains of Oahu. a short-lived perennial, is an pigs; competition with the alien plant Currently, fewer than 200 plants are unbranched shrub with leaves clustered species Zingiber zerumbet (awapuhi), known from 22 populations on private, at the ends of succulent stems. The Setaria palmifolia (palm grass), city, county, State, and Federal lands on broad oval leaves, 30 to 75 cm (12 to 30 Arthrostema ciliatum (NCN), Psidium Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua in) long and 9 to 16 cm (3.5 to 6.3 in) guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, Schinus Stream, in Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki wide, have undulating, smooth or terebinthifolius, Rubus rosifolius Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on toothed leaf margins. Each leaf is on a (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta, and Schofield-Wai Kane Trail, Helemano- stalk 0.8 to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in) long. Psidium cattleianum; and extinction Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Clusters of three to eight fuzzy flowers due to naturally occurring events and/ Kamana Nui Valley, Pukele, in Makaua grow on stalks 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) or reduced reproductive vigor due to the Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit long, with each flower borne on a stalk small number of remaining individuals, ridge, Waahila Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long. The calyx their limited gene pool, and restricted Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia lobes are oval or oblong, 6 to 12 mm (0.2 distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR Gulch, Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch to 0.5 in) long, and often overlapping at 14482). their base. The fused petals, 4 to 6 cm (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae (Haha) Database 2001). (1.6 to 2.4 in) long and fuzzy, are pale Cyanea acuminata typically grows on magenta with darker longitudinal Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, a slopes, ridges, or stream banks between stripes. The fruits are spherical berries member of the bellflower family 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, that contain (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived elevation. The plants are found in many minute, dark seeds. Cyanea crispa perennial, is a shrub, usually Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris is distinguished from other species in unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m linearis, Acacia koa-Metrosideros this endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide, deeply polymorpha wet or mesic forest or shape, distinct calyx lobes, and the lobed leaves. This subspecies can be shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis- length of the flowers and stalks of distinguished from the other two by its Metrosideros polymorpha lowland flower clusters (Lammers 1999). short, narrow, calyx lobes which are not mesic forest with one or more of the Cyanea crispa was observed in flower fused or overlapping (Lammers 1999). following associated native species in April 1930. It was more recently Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Charpentiera sp. observed fruiting in June and flowers and fruits year round, (papala), Cyrtandra spp. (hai wale), September. No further information is depending on rainfall. No further Antidesma sp. (hame), Freycinetia available on reproductive cycles, information is available on reproductive arborea (ieie), Athyrium longevity, specific environmental cycles, specific environmental

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requirements, or limiting factors (59 FR downward bending flowering stalk and lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, 32932). the length of the flowering stalk and hypanthium (Lammers 1999). Historically, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. (Lammers 1999). Cyanea koolauensis has been obatae was known from the southern Cyanea humboltiana has been observed in flower and fruit during the Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to observed in flower from September months of May through August. No Kaaikukai. This taxon is known to be through January. No further information other information is available on extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, and Pahole specific environmental requirements, or environmental requirements, or limiting Gulch. The populations are on State and limiting factors (Service 1998b). factors (Service 1998b). private lands. A total of six populations Cyanea humboltiana was known Cyanea koolauensis was known are known which contain 16 individuals historically from 17 populations from historically from 27 scattered (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; the central portion to the southern end populations throughout the Koolau GDSI 2000). of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 25 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Currently, between 133 and 239 plants populations totaling fewer than 80 typically grows on steep, moist, shaded are known from eight locations plants are known from the Waimea- slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland Konahuanui summit, Moanalua- Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge forests between 404 and 1,075 m (1,325 Kaneohe summit, Wailupe summit, in the Koolau Mountains. These and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua populations occur on private, city, species include Pouteria sandwicensis, Gulch, Kaluanui, and Lulumahu Gulch. county, State, and Federal lands (HINHP Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko), Streblus These populations occur on Federal, Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA pendulinus (aiai), Perrottetia private, State, city, and county lands Database 2001). sandwicensis, Dubautia sp., Rumex sp. (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Cyanea koolauensis is usually found (sorrel), Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., Database 2001). on slopes, streambanks, and ridge crests Nothocestrum sp. (aiea), Dryopteris Cyanea humboltiana is usually found unidentata (NCN), Freycinetia arborea, in wet Metrosideros polymorpha/ in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- Cibotium chamissoi, Myrsine lessertiana Dicranopteris linnearis lowland Dicranopteris linearis forest or (kolea lau nui), Hedyotis terminalis, shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 shrubland at elevations between 163 Hedyotis acuminata (au), Selaginella and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated and 959 m (535 and 3,146 ft). arbuscula (lepelepe a moa), native plant species include ferns, Associated plant species include Acacia Charpentiera obovata (papala), Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia laxa, koa, Bobea elatior, Syzygium Cyrtandra waianaeensis (hai wale), Cibotium chamissoi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp. Dubautia Pipturus albidus, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Cibotium sp., Hedyotis sp., sandwicense (poola), Pisonia mariniana (kopiko), Bobea elatior Wikstroemia sp., Bidens sp., umbellifera, Acacia koa, Metrosideros (ahakea), Sadleria sp., Wikstroemia sp., Machaerina sp., Diploterygium polymorpha, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia argutus, Phyllostegia sp., pinnatum, Pritchardia martii (loulu Diplazium sandwichianum, or Cyanea Melicope sp., Machaerina angustifolia hiwa), Sadleria sp., Broussaisia argutus, membranacea (haha) (HINHP Database (uki), Ilex anomala, or Scaevola mollis Melicope sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; Lammers 1999). (naupaka kuahiwi) (HINHP Database Psychotria mariniana, or Scaevola sp. The major threats to Cyanea 2001). (naupaka) (HINHP Database 2001; grimesiana ssp. obatae are habitat The major threats to Cyanea Lammers 1999). degradation by feral pigs; competition humboltiana are habitat degradation The major threats to Cyanea from alien plant species such as and/or destruction by feral pigs; koolauensis are habitat destruction by Buddleia asiatica, Passiflora suberosa, potential predation by rats; competition feral pigs; potential impacts from Blechnum occidentale, Thelypteris with the alien plant species Axonopus military activities; trail clearing, parasitica (NCN), Psidium cattleianum, fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpet grass), potential predation by rats; competition Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Pterolepis with the aggressive alien plant species Setaria palmifolia, Rubus rosifolius, glomerata, Psidium cattleianum, and Pterolepis glomerata, Heliocarpus Lantana camara (lantana), Myrica faya Clidemia hirta; and a risk of extinction popayanensis (moho), Clidemia hirta, (firetree), , Paspalum from naturally occurring events and/or and Psidium cattleianum; trampling by conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, and reduced reproductive vigor, due to the hikers; and a risk of extinction from Schinus terebinthifolius; predation of small number of remaining populations. naturally occurring events and/or seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and The Konahuanui summit population is reduced reproductive vigor due to the extinction caused by naturally occurring also threatened by trampling by hikers small number of remaining individuals events and/or reduced reproductive (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; vigor due to the small number of extant Service 1998b). Service 1998b). individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 Cyanea koolauensis (Haha) Cyanea longiflora (Haha) FR 32932; Service 1998b). Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the Cyanea longiflora, a member of the Cyanea humboltiana (Haha) bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and Cyanea humboltiana, a member of the a short-lived perennial, is an a short-lived perennial, is an bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and unbranched shrub with woody stems, 1 unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 a short-lived perennial, is an to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with linear to to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long and elliptic or unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 narrowly elliptic leaves with a whitish inversely lance-shaped leaves. Mature to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall and inversely underside. The leaf edges are hardened leaves have smooth or hardened leaf egg-shaped to broadly elliptic leaves. with shallow, ascending rounded teeth. edges with shallow, ascending, rounded The leaf edges are hardened and have Cyanea koolauensis is distinguished teeth. Cyanea longiflora differs from shallow, ascending rounded teeth. This from others in this endemic Hawaiian others in this endemic Hawaiian genus species differs from others in this genus by the leaf shape and width; the by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers endemic Hawaiian genus by the whitish green lower leaf surface and; the 1999).

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Cyanea longiflora has been observed HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). Cyanea st-johnii typically grows on in flower in February, April, and May Currently, this species is known only wet, windswept slopes and ridges and in fruit in August. No further from individuals under propagation at between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and information is available on reproductive the University of Hawaii’s Lyon 3,146 ft) elevation in Metrosideros cycles, longevity, specific Arboretum and the National Tropical polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland environmental requirements, or limiting Botanical Garden (Greg Koob, Service, or Metrosideros polymorpha- factors (Service 1998b). pers. comm. 2002). Dicranopteris linearis lowland Cyanea longiflora was known Cyanea pinnatifida typically grows on shrubland. Associated plant species historically from five populations in the steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse mesic include Psychotria sp., Alyxia Waianae Mountains and six populations forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 oliviformis, Melicope sp., Broussaisia in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. and 2,890 ft) elevation. Associated plant argutus, Cibotium sp., Labordia sp., Currently, four populations with less species include Strongylodon ruber Scaevola mollis, Dubautia laxa, than 217 individuals of this species are (nunuiiwi), Pisonia umbellifera, Pisonia Hedyotis sp., Antidesma sp., Sadleria known on State, Federal, city, county, sandwicensis (papala kepau), Psychotria pallida (amau), Syzygium sandwicensis, and private lands Makaha-Waianae Kai sp., Canavalia sp. (awikiwiki), Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus macrocarpa (kookoolau), Chamaesyce and Pahole Gulch in the Waianae albidus, and native ferns (HINHP clusifolia (akoko), or Freycinetia arborea Mountains (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). (HINHP Database 2001). Database 2001; GDSI 2001). The major threats to Cyanea The major threats to Cyanea st-johnii Cyanea longiflora is usually found on pinnatifida are the small number of are habitat degradation and/or steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge extant individuals; competition from the destruction by feral pigs; potential crests in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros alien plant species Toona ciliata, predation by rats; slugs and snails; polymorpha lowland forest in the Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites competition with the alien plant species Waianae Mountains usually between moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Axonopus fissifolius, Sacciolepis indica 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft) Psidium guajava, Blechnum (Glenwood grass), Andropogon elevation. Associated plant species occidentale, and Clidemia hirta; habitat virginicus (broomsedge), and Clidemia include Cibotium sp., Schiedea sp., degradation by feral pigs; slugs; hirta; and a risk of extinction from Psychotria sp., Antidesma sp., trampling by humans on or near trails; naturally occurring events and/or Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma sp., or and a risk of extinction from naturally reduced reproductive vigor due to the Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP occurring events and/or reduced small number of remaining populations Database 2001; Lammers 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small and individuals. The plants between the The major threats to Cyanea longiflora number of remaining individuals (56 FR summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are are habitat degradation and/or 55770; Service 1998b). also threatened by trampling by hikers destruction by feral pigs; potential Cyanea st-johnii (Haha) (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; impacts from military activities; Service 1998b). potential predation by rats; competition Cyanea st-johnii, a member of the Cyanea superba (Haha) with the alien plant species Psidium bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and cattleianum and Rubus argutus; a short-lived perennial, is an Cyanea superba, of the bellflower potential fire; and a risk of extinction unbranched shrub with a woody stem family (Campanulaceae) and a short- from naturally occurring events and/or 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long with lived perennial, is a perennial with a reduced reproductive vigor due to the lance-shaped to inversely lance-shaped very isolated geography and is small number of remaining, widely leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, morphologically very different from its dispersed populations (HINHP Database smoothly toothed, and curl under. This closest relatives. It grows to 6 m (20 ft) 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b). species is distinguished from others in tall and has a terminal rosette of large this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaves each 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40 Cyanea pinnatifida (Haha) length of the leaves, the distinctly in) by 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide atop Cyanea pinnatifida, a member of the curled leaf margins, and the petal color a simple, unbranched trunk (Lammers bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and (Lammers 1999). 1999). a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, Cyanea st-johnii has been observed in The flowering season of Cyanea usually unbranched, growing from 0.8 flower in July through September. No superba varies from year to year to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply further information is available on depending on precipitation. It ranges lobed leaves. This species differs from reproductive cycles, longevity, specific from late August to early October. other members of the genus on Oahu by requirements, or limiting factors Generally, flowering is at its peak in its leaves, which are deeply cut into two (Service 1998b). early to mid-September. Fruits have to six lobes per side. The only other Cyanea st-johnii was known been known to mature in 2 to 5 months, member of the genus on Oahu with historically from 11 populations in the depending on climatic conditions lobed leaves has 9 to 12 lobes per side central and southern Koolau Mountains (Service 1998b). (Lammers 1999). of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are known Historically, Cyanea superba was Cyanea pinnatifida has been observed from six locations Waimano Trail collected from the gulches of Makaleha flowering in August. No further summit to Aiea Trail summit, the on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains information is available on reproductive summit ridge crest between Manana and of Oahu. Currently, there is one natural cycles, longevity, specific Kipapa Trails, between the summit of population on the Makua Military environmental requirements, or limiting Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail Reservation with one individual and an factors (Service 1998b). south of Poamoho Cabin, and Wailupe- out-planted population of 140 Historically, Cyanea pinnatifida was Waimanalo summit ridge. These individuals on State and Federal lands known from the central Waianae populations are found on city, county, in the Waianae Mountains (Service Mountains. The last known wild private, and State lands, and lands 1998b; Matt Keir, EDA, pers. comm., individual died in August 2001 (Trae under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP 2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001; Database 2001; GDSI Database 2000). EDA Database 2001).

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Cyanea superba grows in the melastomifolia (maaloa), or Pisonia Cyrtandra dentata has been observed understory on sloping terrain on a well umbellifera (Service 1998b; HINHP in flower and fruit in May and drained rocky substrate within mesic Database 2001; Lammers 1999). November. No other information exists forest between 232 and 872 m (761 and The major threats to Cyanea truncata on reproductive cycles, longevity, 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more are habitat degradation and predation by specific environmental requirements, of the following associated native feral pigs; competition with the invasive and limiting factors (Service 1998b). species Diospyros sp., Metrosideros alien plant species , Cyrtandra dentata was historically polymorpha, Xylosma sp., Nestegis Oplismenus hirtellus, Thelypteris known from six populations in the sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis parasitica, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium Waianae Mountains and three terminalis, and Pisonia brunoniana cattleianum; rats; slugs; and extinction populations in the Koolau Mountains of (papala kepau) (HINHP Database 2001). due to naturally caused events and/or Oahu. Currently, this species is found The major threats to Cyanea superba reduced reproductive vigor due to the only in the Pahole Gulch, Kapuna are degradation of its habitat due to small number of remaining individuals Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau competition with the alien plant species (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b). Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch, Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley Cyrtandra crenata (Haiwale) moluccana., Psidium cattleianum, and on Federal, State, city, and county lands Melinis minutiflora; wildfires generated Cyrtandra crenata, a member of the (within TNCH’s Honouliuli Preserve). in the nearby military firing range; feral African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and The eight known populations total 136 pigs; a restricted range which makes it a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA vulnerable to even a small, local, 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall with few branches and Database 2001; GDSI 2001). environmental disturbance and a single leaves arranged in whorls of three, Cyrtandra dentata typically grows in incident which could destroy a tufted at the end of branches. Cyrtandra gulches, slopes, streambanks, or ravines significant percentage of the known crenata is distinguished from other in mesic or wet forest with Urera glabra, individuals; and the limited gene pool species in the genus by the combination Acacia koa, Pisonia sandwicensis, may depress reproductive vigor (56 FR of its three-leaf arrangement, bilaterally Pipturis albidus, Metrosideros 46235; Service 1998b; HINHP Database symmetrical calyx, and brownish, polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, 2001). hemispherical glands (Wagner et al. Pisonia umbellifera, or Syzygium Cyanea truncata (Haha) 1999). sandwicensis at elevations between 255 Cyanea truncata, of the bellflower Cyrtandra crenata has been observed and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft) (HINHP family (Campanulaceae) and a short- in flower in June. No other information Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; EDA, lived perennial, is an unbranched or exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, in litt. 2001). sparsely branched shrub covered with specific environmental requirements, The major threats to Cyrtandra small sharp prickles and oval leaves, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 dentata are competition with the alien which are wider above their middle, FR 14482). plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, and lined with hardened teeth along the Historically, Cyrtandra crenata was Psidium guajava, Aleurites moluccana, margins. Cyanea truncata is known from Waikane Valley along the Thelypteris parasitica, Belchnum distinguished from other members of Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau occidentale, Clidemia hirta, and this genus by the length of the flower Mountains and was last observed in Psidium cattleianum; potential cluster stalk, and the size of the flowers 1947 (HINHP Database 2001). predation by rats; potential fire; and a and flower lobes (Lammers 1999). Cyrtandra crenata typically grows on risk of extinction from naturally Cyanea truncata was observed in steep slopes, in ravines, or gulches in occurring events (such as landslides/ flower in December 1919 and November mesic to wet forests between elevations hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced 1980, the last time the species was of 328 and 779 m (1,076 and 2,555 ft) reproductive vigor, due to the small observed before feral pigs extirpated with associated native plant species number of extant populations and that population. No other information such as Metrosideros polymorpha, individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, Dicranopteris linearis, and Machaerina FR 53089; Service 1998b). angustifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Service specific environmental requirements, or Cyrtandra polyantha (Haiwale) limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 1998b; HINHP Database 2001). 14482). The primary threat to Cyrtandra Cyrtandra polyantha, a member of the Historically, Cyanea truncata was crenata is extinction due to naturally African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and known from Punaluu, Waikane, and caused events and/or reduced a short-lived perennial, is an Waiahole in the northern Koolau reproductive vigor due to the species’ unbranched or few-branched shrub 1 to Mountains of Oahu. One population of restricted range and the small number of 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, at least one individual is known to exist individuals that are thought to exist (59 elliptic, unequal leaves. Cyrtandra in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and private FR 14482; Service 1998b). polyantha is distinguished from other lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI species in the genus by the texture and Cyrtandra dentata (Haiwale) 2001). hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the Cyanea truncata typically grows on Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the length, shape, and degree of cleft of the windward slopes and streambanks in African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and calyx. This species differs from C. mesic to wet forests at elevations a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly crenata by the lack of short-stalked between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m glands and by its leathery leaves, ft). Associated plant species include (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured opposite leaf arrangement, and radially Cyrtandra calpidicarpa (hai wale), leaves. This species is distinguished symmetrical calyx (Wagner et al. 1999). Cyrtandra laxiflora (hai wale), Pipturus from others in the genus by the number No information exists on reproductive albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Hibiscus and arrangement of the flowers, the cycles, longevity, specific arnottianus, Diospyros sandwicensis, length of the bracts and flower stalks, environmental requirements, and Metrosideros polymorpha, Cyrtandra and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et limiting factors for Cyrtandra polyantha propinqua (hai wale), Neraudia al. 1999). (Service 1998b).

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Historically, Cyrtandra polyantha was Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner occurring events and/or reduced known from the Kalihi region and from et al. 1999). reproductive vigor due to the small Ku¯ lepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on The primary threats to Cyrtandra number of remaining populations and the leeward (southwest) side of the subumbellata are competition with the individuals (HINHP Database 2001; southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, alien plant species Clidemia hirta; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089). impacts from military activities; one population with three individuals is Delissea subcordata (NCN) extant on the summit ridge between predation by rats; fire; and risk of Kuliouou and Waimanalo on State and extinction from naturally occurring Delissea subcordata, a member of the private lands (HINHP Database 2001). events and/or reduced reproductive bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and Cyrtandra polyantha grows on ridges vigor due to the small number of extant a short-lived perennial, is a branched or of valleys in Metrosideros polymorpha populations and individuals (HINHP unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 mesic or wet forests at elevations Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR ft) tall. This species is distinguished between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 53089). from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the 2,499 ft). Cyrtandra polyantha probably Cyrtandra viridiflora (Haiwale) grows in association with Machaerina leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the corolla, and the hairless condition of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa anthers (Lammers 1999). a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub Fertile plants of Delissea subcordata (pilo), and Psychotria sp. (Service 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species have been observed in July. An 1998b; HINHP Database 2001). is distinguished from others in the examination of herbarium specimens The primary threats to Cyrtandra genus by the leaves, which are thick, show that this plant flowers throughout polyantha are habitat degradation by fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy the year. No other information is feral pigs; competition with the invasive on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1999). available on reproductive cycles, plant species, Clidemia hirta, Melinus Cyrtandra viridiflora has been longevity, specific environmental minutiflora, , and observed in fruit and flower from May requirements, or limiting factors Erigeron karvinskianus; extinction due through September. No other (Service 1998b). to naturally caused events and/or information is available on reproductive Historically, Delissea subcordata was reduced reproductive vigor due to the cycles, longevity, specific known from scattered populations in small number of remaining individuals environmental requirements, or limiting the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of and their restricted distribution (59 FR factors (Service 1998b). Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database Historically, Cyrtandra viridiflora was and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled 2001). known from scattered populations in from the island of Kauai is believed to Cyrtandra subumbellata (Haiwale) the Koolau Mountains on the island of have been mislabeled. Delissea Oahu. This species is now known only subcordata is now known from 18 Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of from seven locations in the northern populations at South Huliwai Gulch, the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) Koolau Mountains on Federal, State, Palikea Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, South and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub and private lands at Kawainui-Laie Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in summit divide, Kawainui-Kaipapau Kapuhi Gulch, South Ekahanui Gulch, texture, the leaves are almost circular to summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa egg-shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in) Ridge, and the Peahinaia Trail. Fifty-two Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, Kealia long, and 3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 in) wide plants are known from eight land section, Kapuna Gulch, (Wagner et al. 1999). populations at Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua- Keawapilau Gulch, North Huliwai Cyrtandra subumbellata has been Kaipapau Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This observed in fruit in September. No other Opaeula Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie species is found on private, Federal, and information is available on reproductive Divide (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI State lands. The total number of plants cycles, longevity, specific 2001). in the 18 remaining populations is environmental requirements, or limiting Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found estimated to be fewer than 70 (HINHP factors (Service 1998b). on wind-blown ridge tops in cloud- Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Historically, Cyrtandra subumbellata covered wet forest or shrubland at Database 2001). was known from the Koolau Mountains elevations between 443 and 867 m Delissea subcordata typically grows of Oahu. Currently, there are two (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant on moderate to steep gulch slopes in populations containing 12 individuals species include Diplopterygium mixed mesic forests between 162 and in the central Koolau Mountains (pinnatum), Psychotria sp., Freycinetia 1,025 m (531 and 3,362 ft) elevation. Schofield-Waikane Trail, Puu arborea, Dubautia sp., Ilex anomala, Associated plant species include a Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage Melicope sp., Hedyotis sp., variety of native trees such as Acacia on Federal, private, and State lands Cheirodendron platyphyllum (olapa), koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Hedyotis (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros acuminata, Streblus pendulinus, 2001). polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax Cyrtandra subumbellata typically Machaerina sp., Metrosideros rugosa odoratum, Bobea sp. (ahakea), Myrsine grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch (lehua papa), or Dicranopteris linearis lanaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, bottoms dominated by Metrosideros (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. Charpentiera obovata, Chamaesyce polymorpha or a mixture of 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001). multiformis (akoko), Pouteria Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris The major threats to Cyrtandra sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., linearis-Acacia koa wet forests between viridiflora are habitat degradation or Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia sp., 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) destruction by feral pigs; impacts from Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Nestegis elevation. Associated plant species military activities, predation by rats, sandwicensis, or Psychotria hathewayi include Machaerina sp., Boehmeria competition with the alien plant species (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b). grandis, Broussaisia arguta, and Clidemia hirta and Psidium catteianum; The major threats to Delissea Thelypteris sp. (palapalai) (HINHP and risk of extinction from naturally subcordata are habitat degradation and/

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or destruction by pigs and goats; elevation. Associated species include Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the impacts from military activities, Pisonia sandwicensis, Doodia Pualii-Napepeiauolelo Ridge. The four including road construction and kunthiana (NCN), Dryopteris known populations, which are on State housing development; predation by rats unidentata, Antidesma sp., Nestegis and private lands, contain fewer than and slugs; competition with the alien sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, 800 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; plant species Passiflora suberosa, Psydrax odorata, Pipturis sp., GDSI 2001). Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia Diellia unisora is a terrestrial fern Syzygium cumini, Oplismenus hirtellus, arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, which typically grows on moderate to Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Dryopteris unidentata, Nephrolepis steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep Melinus minutiflora, Schinus exaltata (kupukupu), Diospyros shade or open understory mesic forest terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium hillebrandii, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and cattleianum, and Lantana camara; fire; bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Selaginella 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species and a risk of extinction from naturally arbuscula, Carex meyenii (NCN), include Coprosma sp., Rumex sp., occurring events and/or reduced Sophora chrysophylla (mamane), Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Carex reproductive vigor due to the small Claoxylon sandwicense, Psychotria sp., meyenii, Doryopteris unidentata, number of remaining individuals Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Melicope sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Coprosma foliosa, Asplenium kaulfussii viscosa, Bidens torta, Eragrostis grandis 61 FR 53089). (NCN), Nothocestrum sp., Charpentiera (kawelu), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, Sapindus oliviformis, Myrsine lessertiana, Diellia falcata (NCN) oahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, or Hedyotis schlecthendahliana (kopa), Diellia falcata, in the polypodium Pouteria sandwicensis (HINHP Database Selaginella arbuscula, Acacia koa, or family (Polypodiaceae) and a short-lived 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 32932; perennial, grows from a rhizome The major threats to Diellia falcata are HINHP Database 2001). (underground stem), 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 habitat degradation by feral goats and The major threats to Diellia unisora in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) pigs; competition from the alien plant are habitat degradation by feral pigs and in diameter, which is covered with species Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium competition from the alien plant species small black or maroon scales. This cumini, Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina riparia, Clidemia hirta, species is distinguished from others in Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, , Blechnum the genus by the color and texture of its Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, occidentale, Schinus terebinthifolius, leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its Melinus minutiflora, Heliocarpus Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa, fronds, the color of its scales, its popayanensis, Blechnum occidentale, and Psidium cattleianum (59 FR 32932; rounded and reduced lower pinnae, and Kalanchoe pinnata, Ageratina riparia, HINHP Database 2001). its separate sori arranged on marginal Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Dubautia herbstobatae (Naenae) projections (Wagner 1952; Service Thelypteris parasitica, Toona ciliata, 1998b). Passiflora lingularis (sweet granadilla), Dubautia herbstobatae, a member of Diellia falcata hybridizes with Diellia Aleurites moluccana, Clidemia hirta, the aster family () and a unisora. It has been observed with Schefflera actinophylla (octopus tree), short-lived perennial, is a small, fronds bearing sori (fern spores) year and Paspalum conjugatum; and fire spreading shrub to 50 cm (20 in) tall. round. No other information is available (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Dubautia herbstobatae is distinguished on reproductive cycles, longevity, Database 2001). from other species on Oahu by the specific environmental requirements, or presence of the outer bracts of the limiting factors (Service 1998b). Diellia unisora (NCN) flower heads fused, forming a cup Historically, Diellia falcata was Diellia unisora, a short-lived surrounding the florets and the presence known from almost the entire length of perennial in the fern family of one large vein showing in each leaf the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Polypodiaceae, grows from a slender, (Carr 1999). Gulch to Palehua Iki, as well as from the erect rhizome (underground stem), 0.5 Dubautia herbstobatae is likely out- Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) tall and 0.5 to 1 crossing and possibly self-incompatible Kaipapau Valley to Aiea Gulch. This cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter, which is (i.e., pollen from the same plant will not species remains in Waieli Gulch, covered with the bases of the leaf stalks produce ). Flowering usually occurs Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and a few small black scales. This in May and June. Pollination is almost Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua species is distinguished from others in certainly achieved by insect activity and Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch, Kuaokala- the genus by a rhizome completely fruit dispersal is probably quite Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku covered by the persisting bases of the localized and a risk of extinction from Makalii, Kapuna Gulch, Mohiakea leaf stalks, and few, very small scales; naturally occurring events and/or Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, by sori mostly confined to the upper reduced reproductive vigor due to the Napepeiauolelo Gulch, Kahanahaiki pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds small number of remaining individuals Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, gradually and symmetrically narrowing (Service 1998b). Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge, Kaluaa toward the apex (Wagner 1952). Dubautia herbstobatae is known to be Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, Diellia unisora hybridizes with Diellia extant from four locations in the State, city, county, and private lands. falcata. Otherwise, little is known about northern Waianae Mountains, on The 29 known locations contain fewer its reproductive cycles, longevity, Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges, than 6,000 individuals (HINHP Database specific environmental requirements, or Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). limiting factors (Service 1998b). and land under Federal jurisdiction; Diellia falcata is a terrestrial fern Historically, Diellia unisora was fewer than 100 individuals are known which typically grows in deep shade or known from steep, grassy, rocky slopes from these locations (HINHP Database open understory on moderate to on the western side of the Waianae 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). moderately steep slopes and gulch Mountains, Oahu. This species is Dubautia herbstobatae typically bottoms in diverse mesic forest between known to be extant in four areas of the grows on rock outcrops, ridges, 224 and 953 m (735 and 3,126 ft) southern Waianae Mountains at South moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry

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or mesic shrubland at elevations random environmental events and/or oliviformis, and Psychotria mariniana between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 reduced reproductive vigor due to the (HINHP Database 2001). ft). Associated species include small number of remaining populations The major threats to Gardenia mannii Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; are habitat degradation and/or Chamaesyce celastroides (akoko), Service 1998b; G. Koob, pers. comm. destruction by feral pigs; potential Schiedea mannii (NCN), Carex meyenii, 2001). impacts from military activities; Bidens torta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Gardenia mannii (Nanu) competition with alien plant species Lysimachia waianaensis (kolokolo such as Toona ciliata, Passiflora kuahiwi), and Eragrostis variabilis Gardenia mannii, a member of the suberosa, Psidium guajava, (kawelu) (56 FR 55770; EDA, in litt. coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a tree 5 to Leptospermum scoparium, Clidemia 2001; HINHP Database 2001) 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This species is hirta, Rubus argutus, and Psidium The major threats to Dubautia distinguished from others in the genus cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction herbstobatae are habitat degradation by by the shape and number of the calyx from random environmental events and/ feral goats and pigs; competition from spurs (Wagner et al 1999). or reduced reproductive vigor due to the the alien plant species Ageratina Gardenia mannii has been observed widely dispersed, small number of riparia, Bromus mollis (soft chest), in flower and fruit in June and remaining individuals. The Kapakahi September. No further information is Melinis repens, Grevillea robusta, Gulch population is also threatened by available on reproductive cycles, Schinus terebinthifolis, Leucana the black twig borer (HINHP Database longevity, specific environmental leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b). fire; visitation and possible trampling by requirements, or limiting factors. humans; and the small number of (Service 1998b) Hedyotis degeneri (NCN) Historically, Gardenia mannii was individuals (56 FR 55770). Hedyotis degeneri, a member of the known from seven widely scattered Eragrostis fosbergii (NCN) populations in the Waianae Mountains coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and Eragrostis fosbergii, a member of the and 39 populations distributed along peeling, corky bark. This species can be grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial almost the entire length of the Koolau distinguished from others in the genus species with stout, tufted culms (stems) Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are on Oahu by its low-growing habit, the 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 in) long, which 31 populations of Gardenia mannii at peeling corky layers on older stems, and usually arise from an abruptly bent Haleauau Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, the short, crowded, leafy shoots growing woody base. This species is Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea in the leaf axils; two varieties within the distinguished from others in the genus Ridge, Castle Trail, Halawa Valley and species are recognized Hedyotis var by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua coprosmifolia and Hedyotis var. and the long hairs on the margins of the Valley, Makaua-Kahana Ridge, Poamoho degeneri (Wagner et al. 1999). glumes and occasionally on the margins and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and of the lemmas (O’Connor 1999). Maunauna Gulches, Waimano Trail, This species has been observed in No information is available on Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli flower in November, June, and July, and reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Gulch, Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, in fruit in July. No further information environmental requirements, or limiting Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki is available on flowering cycle, factors (Service 1998b). Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea pollination vectors, Historically, Eragrostis fosbergii was Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch, agents, longevity, specific known only from the Waianae Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua environmental requirements, or limiting Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana Trail, factors (Service 1998b). Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai and its Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Historically, Hedyotis degeneri is associated ridges. Only six individuals Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele, Hanaimoa known from Mt. Kaala in the northern are known to remain in Waianae Kai Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Waianae Mountains. Variety and on Kumaipo Trail in four Kaipapau Gulch. The 31 extant coprosmifolia has not been collected populations on Federal and State lands populations occur on private, State, and since the 1980s and no current (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). Federal lands. The existing populations populations are known. Five Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows on total between 69 and 80 plants (HINHP populations, totaling 60 individuals, of ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA variety degeneri are known from and mesic forests between 578 and 941 Database 2001). Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, m (1,896 and 3,086 ft) elevation. Gardenia mannii is usually found on and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, Associated plant species include; moderate to moderately steep gulch city, and county lands (HINHP Database Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, 2001; GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). Sphenomeris sp. (palaa), Nephrolepis and on streambanks in mesic or wet Hedyotis degeneri typically grows on exaltata, Doodia sp. (ohu pukupulauii), forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 ridge crests in diverse mesic forest Bidens sp., Melicope sp., Acacia koa, and 3,444 ft) in elevation. Associated between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax plant species include Coprosma foliosa, 3,552 ft) elevation. Associated species odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, or Pisonia sp., Bobea sp., Syzygium include Styphelia tameiameiae Eragrostis grandis (HINHP Database sandwicensis, Melicope sp., (pukiawe), Dicranopteris linearis, 2001; 61 FR 53089). Cheirodendron sp. (NCN), Perotettia Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), The major threats to Eragrostis sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, fosbergii are degradation of habitat by Cibotium sp., Thelypteris sp., Pipturus Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria feral pigs and goats; competition with sp., Ilex anomala, Freycinetia arborea, hathewayi, Cocculus sp. (huehue), alien plant species such as Schinus Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros Lysimachia hillebrandii (kolokolo terebinthifolis, Grevillea robusta, and polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, kuahiwi), Chamaesyce multiformis, Psidium cattleianum; trampling by Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Lobelia yuccoides (NCN), Gahnia sp. hikers; hybridization with Eragrostis Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia (NCN), Pleomele sp., Carex meyenii, grandis; and a threat of extinction from arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros

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polymorpha, or Hedyotis terminalis vigor due to the small number of Rubus argutus, and Psidium (HINHP Database 2001). individuals and populations (56 FR cattleianum; fire; and risk of extinction The major threats to Hedyotis 55770; HINHP Database 2001). from random environmental events and/ degeneri are habitat destruction by feral or reduced reproductive vigor due to the Labordia cyrtandrae (Kamakahala) pigs; competition from the alien plant small number of remaining individuals species Grevillea robusta, Clidemia Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the and populations (HINHP Database 2001; hirta, Blechnum occidentale, Toona logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub Service 1998b). ciliata, Psidium guajava, Ageratina 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species adenophora, Rubus argutus, Schinus is distinguished from others in the Lepidium arbuscula (Anaunau) terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, genus by its fleshy, hairy, cylindrical Lepidium arbuscula, a member of the and Psidium cattleianum; and a threat stem which flattens upon drying, the mustard family (Brassicaceae), is a of extinction from random shape and length of the floral bracts, gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) tall. environmental events and/or decreased and the length of the corolla tube and The species is distinguished from others reproductive vigor due to the small lobes (Wagner et al. 1999). in the genus by its height (Wagner et al. number of extant individuals and Labordia cyrtandrae has been 1999). populations (HINHP Database 2001). observed flowering from May through Lepidium arbuscula has been June, and fruiting from July through observed in flower in February. No Hedyotis parvula (NCN) August, is sporadically fertile year further information is available on Hedyotis parvula, a member of the round. The flowers are functionally reproductive cycles, longevity, specific coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, unisexual and male and female flowers environmental requirements, or limiting many-branched shrub, either upright or are on separate plants. No further factors (Service 1998b). sprawling, with stems usually no more information is available on reproductive Historically, Lepidium arbuscula was than 30 cm (1 ft) in length. Closely cycles, longevity, specific known from 11 populations in the spaced, overlapping leaves which are environmental requirements, or limiting Waianae Mountains, Oahu. Currently, uniform in size along the stem separate factors (Service 1998b). there are a total of approximately 1,000 this species from other members of the Historically, Labordia cyrtandrae was individuals known from 10 locations on genus on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999). known from both the Waianae and Federal, State, city, and county lands at Hedyotis parvula has been observed Koolau Mountains of Oahu; in the Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli flowering in both winter and summer. Koolau Mountains, this species ranged Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu The plant is found in dry areas and from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, flowering may be induced by rain. No extending almost the entire length of the Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, further information is available on mountain range. This species currently the ridge between the Paahoa and reproductive cycles, specific is known only from 20 individuals in Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu environmental requirements, or limiting nine populations in Haleauau Gulch, Ku Makalii, and Halona subdistrict factors (Service 1998b). Mohiakea Gulch, Kaala, and Makaleha. (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Historically, Hedyotis parvula was These populations occur on State, city, Database 2001). known from the central and southern county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; Lepidium arbuscula on Oahu Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database generally grows on exposed ridge tops Valley to Nanakuli Valley. Currently, 2001). and cliff faces in mesic and dry this species is known from five Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows vegetation communities between 131 locations on Federal, State, city, and in shady gulches, slopes, and glens in and 978 m (430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua- mesic to wet forests and shrublands This species is typically associated with Keaau Ridge, Lualualei-Nananakuli dominated by Metrosideros native plant species such as Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia Five populations totaling between 116 and/or Acacia koa between the sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Sida fallax, and 131 individuals are known (HINHP elevations between 212 and 1,233 m Schiedea ligustrina (NCN), Artemisia Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated plant australis, Rumex albescens (huahu ako), Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI 2001). species include Broussaisia argutus, Styphelia tameiameiae, Psydrax Hedyotis parvula typically grows on Cyrtandra sp., Phyllostegia sp., odorata, Carex wahuensis (NCN), and at the base of cliff faces, rock Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma sp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Lysimachia outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at Bidens torta, Artemisia australis, hillebrandii, Dubautia sp., Sophora elevations between 331 and 1,160 m Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), Rumex chrysophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated species sp., Lysimachia hillebrandii, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., or Carex include Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), Carex Chamaesyce sp., Coprosma sp., meyenii (HINHP Database 2001; Service sp., Rumex sp., Metrosideros Boehmeria grandis, Peperomia 1998b). polymorpha, Chamaesyce sp., Bidens membranaceae (ala ala wai nui), The primary threats to Lepidium sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria sandwicensis, Diplazium arbuscula are habitat degradation and/ Metrosideros tremuloides (lehua ahihi), sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, or destruction by feral goats; potential or Plectranthus parviflorus (alaala wai Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Psychotria impacts from military activities; nui) (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service competition with alien plants; and fire. 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). 1998b). The population at the head of Kapuhi The major threats to Hedyotis parvula The greatest threats to Labordia Gulch is also threatened by its are habitat degradation by feral goats cyrtandrae are habitat degradation and/ proximity to a road (HINHP Database and pigs; competition from the alien or destruction by feral pigs; potential 2001; 61 FR 53089). plant species Ageratina riparia, Myrica impacts from military activities; faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, and competition with the alien plant species Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla Melinis minutiflora; and a threat of Axonopus fissifolius, Juncus planifolius (Nehe) extinction from random environmental (NCN), Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail), Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, a events and/or decreased reproductive Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, member of the aster family (Asteraceae),

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is a low, somewhat woody, perennial this species from other members of the Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis herb with arched or nearly prostrate genus (Wagner et al. 1999). has been observed in flower in stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) Lipochaeta tenuifolia has been September and fruit in December. No long. Aside from a very rare coastal observed flowering in April. No other other information is available on species, this species is the only member information is available on reproductive reproductive cycles, longevity, specific of its genus on Oahu with four-parted cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting disk florets. This variety has narrower environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b). leaves, spaced more closely along the factors (Service 1998b). Historically, Lobelia gaudichaudii stem, than those of Lipochaeta lobata Lipochaeta tenuifolia occurs in the ssp. koolauensis was known from only var. lobata, the only other variety of the northern half of the Waianae Mountains, two populations in the central Koolau species (Wagner et al. 1999). from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this Flowering of Lipochaeta lobata var. Ridge and east to Mt. Kaala, and subspecies is known from four leptophylla is probably rain-induced. northwest, southwest, southeast, and populations in the central Koolau Populations may consist of fewer north of Puu Ku Makalii on State, Mountains; on Federal, State, and distinct individuals than it appears Federal, city, and county lands. The 12 private lands Waimano-Waiawa Ridge, because many ‘‘individuals’’ are known populations contain between Waimano, plateau above Sacred Falls, connected underground by the roots and 759 to 1,174 individuals (HINHP and Kaukonahua Gulch. The total are probably clones. No further Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; number of plants is estimated to be information is available on reproductive GDSI 2001). fewer than 270 (HINHP Database 2001; cycles, specific environmental Lipochaeta tenuifolia typically grows EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis requirements, or limiting factors on ridgetops and bluffs in open areas typically grows on moderate to steep (Service 1998b). and protected pockets of dry to mesic slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha Historically, Lipochaeta lobata var. forests and shrublands and forests lowland wet shrublands and bogs at leptophylla was known from the dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis at elevations between 383 and 867 m southern Waianae Mountains, from elevations between 67 and 978 m (220 (1,256 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant Kolekole Pass to Lualualei. Currently, and 3,208 ft). Associated species species include—Sadleria pallida, there are a total of 147 individuals include Diospyros sp., Dodonaea Isachne distichophylla (ohe), Vaccinium found in five locations on State, Federal, viscosa, Eragrostis sp., Artemisia dentatum (ohelo), Cibotium sp., city, and county lands Lualualei- australis, Schiedea sp., Carex meyenii, Melicope sp., Bidens sp., Scaevola sp., Nanakuli Ridge, Kauhiuhi, Puu Hapapa, Rumex sp., Dubautia sp., Bryophyllum Machaerina angustifolia, Dicanthelium Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, sp. (NCN), Osteomeles anthyllidifolia koolauensis (NCN), or Broussaisia (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA (ulei), Reynoldsia sandwicensis, arguta (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). Psydrax odorata, Doryopteris sp. (kumu litt. 2001). Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla niu), Santalum sp., Myoporum The primary threats to Lobelia typically grows on cliffs, ridges, and sandwicense, Sapindus oahuensis, or gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are— slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; habitat degradation and/or destruction elevations between 256 and 978 m (840 Wagner et al. 1999). by feral pigs; competition with the alien and 3,208 ft). Associated species The major threats to Lipochaeta plant species Axonopus fissifolius, include Diospyros sp., Eragrostis sp., tenuifolia are habitat degradation by Pterolepis glomerata, Sacciolepis Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis feral goats and pigs; competition for indica, and Clidemia hirta; trampling by (nehe), Stenogyne sp. (NCN), Carex light and space from alien plant species hikers; landslides; and risk of extinction meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia including Ageratina riparia, Blechnum from random environmental events and/ sp., Psydrax odorata, and Bidens sp. occidentale, Grevillea robusta, Panicum or reduced reproductive vigor of the one (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. maximum, Lantana camara, Hyptis remaining population (HINHP Database 2001). pectinata, Rivina humilis, Aleurites 2001; 61 FR 53089). The major threats to Lipochaeta moluccana, Toona ciliata, Coffea lobata var. leptophylla include arabica (coffee), Schinus Lobelia monostachya (NCN) competition from alien plant species terebinithifolius, Leucaena Lobelia monostachya, a member of such as Ageratina riparia, Passiflora leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), suberosa, Lantana camara, Grevillea Psidium cattleianum; and fire (HINHP is a prostrate woody shrub with stems robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis species is distinguished from others in Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena (NCN) the genus by its narrow, linear leaves leucocephala, and Melinis minutiflora; without stalks and its short pink flowers habitat degradation by feral pigs and Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. (Lammers 1999). goats; fire; and a threat of extinction koolauensis, a member of the bellflower This species has been observed in from random environmental events and/ family (Campanulaceae), is an flower in May and June. Further or decreased reproductive vigor due to unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 information is not available on the small number of individuals and to 3.5 ft) tall. The species is reproductive cycles, longevity, specific populations (HINHP Database 2001). distinguished from others in the genus environmental requirements, or limiting by the length of the stem, the length and factors (Service 1998b). Lipochaeta tenuifolia (Nehe) color of the corolla, the leaf width, the Historically, Lobelia monostachya Lipochaeta tenuifolia, a member of length of the floral bracts, and the length was known only from the Koolau the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low of the calyx lobes. The subspecies Mountains and had not been seen since growing, somewhat woody perennial koolauensis is distinguished by the its original discovery in the 1800s in herb with short, more or less erect greenish or yellowish white petals and Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa branches. Its five-parted disk florets and the branched flowering stalks (61 FR Valley. In 1994, Joel Lau discovered one its deeply cut, stalkless leaves separate 53089; Lammers 1990). individual in a previously unknown

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location in Wailupe Valley on State and sp., Phyllostegia sp., Syzygium lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are private lands. Currently, a total of three sandwicensis, Melicope sp., arranged on an flowering stalk and are plants are known (HINHP Database Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris usually functionally unisexual, with 2001; GDSI 2001). linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, staminate (male) and pistillate (female) Lobelia monostachya occurs on steep, Cheirodendron trigynum (olapa), flowers. The staminate flowers have sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic Dubautia laxa, or Labordia hosakae broadly egg-shaped sepals which are shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 (kamakahala) (HINHP Database 2001; hairless to sparsely covered with hair. and 2,014) elevation. Associated plant Service 1998b; Lammers 1999). The triangular petals are densely species include—Artemisia australis, The primary threats to Lobelia covered with hair on the exterior. The Carex meyenii, Psilotum nudum, or oahuensis are—competition with the pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness Eragrostis sp. (HINHP Database 2001). alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, to staminate flowers, but are slightly The major threats to Lobelia Rubus argutus, Paspalum conjugatum, smaller in size. The dry fruit splits at monostachya are—predation by rats; Erigeron karvinskianus, and Clidemia maturity. The exocarp is hairless, competition with the alien plants hirta and habitat degradation by feral whereas the endocarp is hairy. This Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratum pigs (HINHP Database 2001). species is distinguished from others in riparia, Kalanchoe pinnata, and Melinis the genus by the combination of the minutiflora; and risk of extinction from Melicope lydgatei (Alani) hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the random environmental events and/or Melicope lydgatei, a member of the densely hairy petals, and the sparsely reduced reproductive vigor due to the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small shrub hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. low number of individuals in the only that has leaves arranged oppositely or in 1999). known population (HINHP Database threes. The species’ leaf arrangement No information exists on reproductive 2001; 61 FR 53089). (opposite or in groups of three), the cycles, longevity, specific Lobelia oahuensis (NCN) amount of fusion of the fruit sections, environmental requirements, or limiting and the hairless exocarp (outermost factors. Lobelia oahuensis, a member of the layer of the fruit wall) and endocarp Historically, Melicope saint-johnii bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a (innermost layer) distinguish it from was known from both the Waianae and stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m others in the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna (3 to 10 ft) tall. Lobelia oahuensis differs This species has been observed in Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and from other members of the genus in flower in May and in fruit from June to Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa- having the following combination of July. No other information is available Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in characters erect stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 on reproductive cycles, longevity, the Koolau Mountains. Today five ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the specific environmental requirements, or locations of this species are found on end of stems, lower leaf surfaces limiting factors (Service 1998b). Federal and private lands from the covered with coarse grayish or greenish Melicope lydgatei was formerly region between Puu Kaua and Puu hairs, and flowers 42 to 45 mm (1.7 to known throughout the Koolau Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999). Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Waianae Mountains. Fewer than 170 This species was observed in flower Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and individuals of this species are known during November. No further Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Only (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001). information is available on reproductive four populations, totaling between 14 to Melicope saint-johnii typically grows cycles, longevity, specific 15 individuals, remain within its on mesic forested ridges and gulch environmental requirements, or limiting historical range on State and private bottoms between elevations of 240 and factors (Service 1998b). lands along Poamoho Trail, along 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft). Associated Historically, Lobelia oahuensis was Peahinaia Trail, and along Manana Trail native plant species include—Artemisia known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA australis, Eragrostis sp., Hedyotis Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Database 2001). schlechtendahliana, Lysimachia Mountains of Oahu. Ten populations Melicope lydgatei typically grows in hillebrandii, Bidens torta, Alyxia totaling 42 individuals are located on association with—Acacia koa, oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, Panicum private, State, and Federal lands. These Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris beechyi (NCN), Rumex albescens, populations occur on Mt. Olympus, linearis, Psychotria sp., Syzygium Pittosporum sp., Pleomele halapepe Konahuanui summit, Waikakalaua- sandwicensis, or Bobea elatior on ridges (hala pepe), Pipturus albidus, Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit in mesic and wet forests at elevations Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma area between Aiea and Halawa Valley, between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and longifolia, Labordia kaalae Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge 2,201 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service (kamakahala), or Psychotria hathewayi south of Puu Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui- 1998b; EDA, in litt. 2001). (HINHP Database 2001). Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, The primary threat to Melicope The primary threats to Melicope saint- Puu Kalena, and Eleao (HINHP Database lydgatei is a threat of extinction due to johnii are habitat degradation and/or 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). random environmental events and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; Lobelia oahuensis grows on steep reduced reproductive vigor because of potential predation by the black twig slopes between elevations of 415 and the small number of individuals and borer; potential fire; and competition 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit populations remaining (59 FR 14482). with alien plant species such as Psidium cliffs in cloudswept wet forests or in cattleianum, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora lowland wet shrubland that are Melicope saint-johnii (Alani) suberosa, Melinis minutiflora, Schinus frequently exposed to heavy wind and Melicope saint-johnii, a member of the terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, Ageratum rain. Associated plant species include— rue family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree riparia, Passiflora subcordata (huehue Sadleria squarrosa (amau), Peperomia 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are haole), Lantana camara, Ageratina sp., Broussaisia arguta, Scaevola sp., opposite or occasionally occur in threes adenophora, and Grevillea robusta; and Vaccinium sp., Hedyotis sp., Cibotium on young lateral branches. The leaves risk of extinction due to naturally- sp., Freycinetia arborea, Lycopodium sp. are narrowly to broadly elliptic, occurring events and/or reduced (wawae iole), Bidens sp., Wikstroemia sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or rarely reproductive vigor because of the few

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individuals remaining and their (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. restricted distribution (Service 1998b; Database 2001). 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001). The major threats to Neraudia Neraudia angulata (NCN) angulata var. angulata are habitat Myrsine juddii (Kolea) Neraudia angulata, a member of the degradation by feral goats and pigs; Myrsine juddii, a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is an erect military activities; competition from the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a many shrub 3 m (10 ft) tall. Leaves are thin alien plant species Ageratina riparia, branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m and elliptic to oval in outline. The Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leathery leaves upper leaf surface has a few silky hairs, subcordata, Melinis minutiflora, and are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or and the lower surface is moderately Psidium cattleianum; fire; and the small more elliptic. The upper leaf surface is hairy. Flowers are male or female and number of extant individuals. The major hairless, whereas the lower surface is grow on different plants. The female threats to Neraudia angulata var. sparsely to moderately covered with flowers produce a dry-walled fruit dentata are habitat degradation by feral short, coarse, stiff, whitish or brownish which is surrounded by fleshy, fused pigs and goats; fire; and competition hairs toward the base and along the sepals. This species is distinguished with the alien plant species Melinis midrib. The leaf base is broadly wedge- from other species in its genus by the minutiflora, Tecoma castanifolia shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins conspicuously angled, ridged, fleshy (yellow elder), Schinus terebinthifolius, are smooth and curl under. The flowers calyx in the female flower. There are Melinis sp., Ageratina riparia, are unisexual and the plants are two varieties, N. a. var. angulata and N. Montanoa hibiscifolia, Passiflora dioecious (male and female flowers are a. var. dentata, that differ in the types suberosa, Ageratina adenophora, on separate plants). Flowers occur in of leaf hairs on the lower surface of the Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, groups of four to eight in tight clusters leaves and the type of leaf margin Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, surrounded by small bracts. The (Wagner et al. 1999). Schefflera actinophylla, Oplismenus Neraudia angulata flowers and fruits yellowish green petals are narrowly hirtellus, Leucaena leucocephala, from early spring to summer. Fruits inverse lance-shaped. The fleshy, round Blechnum occidentale, and Erigeron mature in about a month. No other fruit contains a single seed. This species karvinskianus (HINHP Database 2001; information exists on reproductive is distinguished from others in the Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). cycles, longevity, specific genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf environmental requirements, or limiting Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN) surface and the shape of the leaf base. factors (Service 1998b). Phyllostegia hirsuta, a member of the In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish Historically, Neraudia angulata was mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect this species from all other species of known from almost the entire length of subshrub or vine with stems densely Myrsine on Oahu (Wagner et al. 1999). the Waianae Mountains, from covered with coarse or stiff hairs. The Myrsine juddii has been reported from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, and only three populations in the central Manawahua. This species is currently both leaf surfaces are moderately Koolau Mountains—the North known from Kaluakauila Gulch along covered with long, flat hairs. The upper Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae surface is inconspicuously dotted with Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city, glands, while the lower surface is more Poamoho Trail. These populations are county, and private lands. The five densely glandulose. The egg-shaped found on State and Federal lands. The known populations are estimated to floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 total number is thought to be around comprise approximately 51 individuals in) long. The flowers have two lips the 5,000 individuals (HINHP Database (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA upper one is approximately 3 mm (0.1 2001; GDSI 2001). Database 2001). in) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm Myrsine juddii typically grows on Neraudia angulata var. angulata (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. The tubular portion ridge crests and gulch slopes in wet typically grows on slopes, ledges, or of the flower is slightly curved. The forests and shrublands dominated by gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest corolla is white and usually purple- Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture between 189 and 978 m (620 and 3,208 tinged on the upper lip. The fruit is a of Metrosideros polymorpha and ft) elevation. Associated plant species nutlet about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This Dicranopteris linearis at elevations include— Diospyros sp., Dodonaea species is distinguished from others in between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and viscosa, Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, the genus by the texture, hairiness, and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species Sida fallax, Carex meyenii, Psydrax size of the leaves and the length of the include— Machaerina sp., odorata, Hibiscus sp., Pisonia upper bracts (Wagner et al. 1999). Cheirodendron trigynum, sandwicensis (u¯ lu), or Nestegis Phyllostegia hirsuta has been Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Melicope sandwicensis. Neraudia angulata var. observed in flower in February and in clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), dentata typically grows on cliffs, rock fruit in June. Cultivated material Psychotria mariniana, and Syzygium embankments, gulches, and slopes in flowered in July. No other information sandwicensis (Service 1998b; 61 FR mesic or dry forests between 110 and on reproductive cycles, longevity, 53089; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft). Associated specific environmental requirements, or 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). native plant species include Diospyros limiting factors is available (Service The primary threats to Myrsine juddii sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, 1998b). are habitat degradation and/or Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Historically, Phyllostegia hirsuta was destruction by feral pigs; potential Alyxia oliviformis, Sapindus oahuensis, known from widespread populations in impacts from military activities; Psydrax odorata, Pisonia sp., Antidesma the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on competition with alien plant species pulvinatum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Oahu. Currently, this species is found in such as Clidemia hirta and Psidium Myrsine lanaiensis, Hibiscus sp., 23 locations with a total of between 214 cattleianum; and a risk of extinction Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens torta, and 227 individuals from the ridge from naturally occurring events and/or Canavalia sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the reduced reproductive vigor due to the Carex sp., Charpentiera sp., Sida fallax, south fork of North Palawai Gulch in the small number of extant populations Streblus pendulinus, or Eragrostis sp. Waiaanae Mountains and from

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Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf distinguished from other members of Area to south Kaukonahua drainage in edges and by the hairs along the margins the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves the Koolau Mountains. These of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. (Read and Hodel 1999). populations occur on Federal, State, 1999). Pritchardia kaalae plants have been city, county, and private lands (GDSI No information is available on observed in fruit in April, August and 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA reproductive cycles, longevity, specific October and may fruit throughout the Database 2001). environmental requirements, or limiting year. No other information exists on Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found factors (Service 1998b). reproductive cycles, longevity, specific on steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been environmental requirements, or limiting gullies, and streambanks in mesic or wet known from only six scattered factors (Service 1998b). forests dominated by Metrosideros populations in the Waianae Mountains Historically, Pritchardia kaalae was polymorpha or a mixture of of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from scattered populations in Metrosideros polymorpha and known from four populations the central and north-central Waianae Dicranopteris linearis between 195 and containing a total of fewer than 45 Mountains of Oahu. Currently, six 1,202 m (640 and 3,943 ft) elevation. plants, in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, populations are known from Manuwai Associated plant species include central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, East Makaleha, Kaumokunui Pisonia sp., Diplazium sandwichiana, Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit Freycinetia arborea, Chamaesyce populations occur on State and private divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge and Makaha multiformis, Hibiscus sp., Rumex lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. albescens, Machaerina angustifolia, 2001). These populations are located on Clermontia kekeana (oha wai), Phyllostegia kaalaensis is found on Federal, State, city, and county lands Perotettia sandwicenum, Cibotium sp., gulch slopes and bottoms and on almost (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Ilex vertical rock faces in mesic forest or Database 2001). anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Sapindus oahuensis forest between 374 Pritchardia kaalae is typically found Melicope sp., Psychotria sp., Astelia sp. and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) on steep slopes and gulches in mesic (painiu), Antidesma platyphyllum, elevation. Associated plant include forest or shrubland between elevations Dubautia laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, of 421 and 1,123 m (1,381 and 3,683 ft). Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine Psychotria hathewayi, Antidesma Associated plant species include sandwicensis (ko¯lea), Scaevola platyphyllum, Diplazium Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bidens gaudichaudiana (naupaka kuahiwi), sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, sp., Pipturus sp., Dubautia sp., Pleomele sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Hibiscus sp., Claoxylon sandwicense, Metrosideros polymorpha, Eragrostis Streblus pendulinus, Claoxylon Neraudia melastomifolia, Streblus sp., Metrosideros tremuloides, or sandwicense, Nothocestrum sp., pendulinus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe) (Service Neraudia sp. (NCN), Zanthoxylum Freycinetia arborea, or Urera glabra, 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR kauaense (ae), Labordia kaalae, (HINHP Database 2001). 53089; EDA, in litt. 2001). Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Phyllostegia The major threats to Phyllostegia Major threats to Pritchardia kaalae are grandiflora (NCN), Liparis hawaiiensis kaalaensis are habitat degradation and/ habitat degradation by feral pigs and (awapuhiakanaloa), Dubautia sherffiana or destruction by feral pigs and goats; goats; fruit predation by rats; potential (naenae), Pouteria sandwicensis, fire; trail clearing; competition with the impacts from military activities; Brousaissia arguta, Pipturis sp., alien plant species Rubus rosifolius, competition with the alien plant species Coprosma longifolia, Hedyotis Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana, or adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, Psidium adenophora, and Rubus argutus; native ferns (Service 1998b; HINHP guajava, Lantana camara, Blechnum potential fire; and risk of extinction Database 2001; 61 FR 53089). occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, from naturally-occurring events and/or The primary threats to Phyllostegia Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline reduced reproductive vigor due to the hirsuta are habitat degradation and/or fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, small number of populations (Service destruction by feral pigs; potential Passiflora edulis (passion fruit), 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR impacts from military activities; Passiflora ligularis, Toona ciliata, 53089). rockslides; rats; and competition with Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora Sanicula mariversa (NCN) Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum subcordata, Clidemia hirta, and Psidium occidentale, Pimenta dioica, Paspalum cattleianum; and risk of extinction from Sanicula mariversa, a member of the conjugatum, Rubus rosifolius, Drymaria naturally-occurring events and/or parsley family (Apiaceae), is an upright cordata, Axonopus fissifolius, Athyrium reduced reproductive vigor due to the herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall sp. (NCN), Adiantum raddianum, small number of populations and which produces a caudex (a single Melinis minutiflora, Physalis peruviana individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR branched stem from a sturdy base) (poha), Buddleia asiatica, Schinus 53089; HINHP Database 2001). growing just beneath the surface of the terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Lantana soil. There are many heart- to kidney- Pritchardia kaalae (loulu) camara, Rubus argutus, or Psidium shaped, leathery, three- to five-lobed cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001). Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the leaves growing from the base of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single- plant. Leaves on the stem become Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN) stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The smaller and more deeply lobed the Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of waxy, hairless leaves are thin and closer they are to the tip of the stem. the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an herb. papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes Flowers are arranged in one to four The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales more or less flat-topped clusters; each to 5 in) long. Usually six flowers are are scattered on the lower leaf surface. cluster comprises 10 to 20 flowers and arranged along a flowering stalk. The The flowering stalks are composed of is located at the end of the stem or in calyx is glabrous and the corolla tube is one or more branches. The round fruits the leaf axils. Each flower cluster has hairless. The species is distinguished are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) in eight to 12 bracts beneath it and from others of the genus by the diameter. Pritchardia kaalae is comprises both male and

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hermaphroditic flowers. There are five (0.2 in) long. Capsules are about 4 mm Pipturus albidus, Cyrtandra laxiflora, nearly circular, fused, toothed, yellow (0.2 in) long, and seeds are dark grayish Hedyotis acuminata, Selaginella petals. The egg-shaped fruit is covered brown and about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. arbuscula, Cyrtandra calpidicarpa, with hooked prickles and separates into This species can be distinguished from Boehmeria grandis, Claoxylon two single-seeded parts. The larger size other members of its genus by its very sandwicense, Diospyros hillebrandii, of the plant and basal leaves, the color short stems and its thick leaves with one Dryopteris unidentata, Alyxia of the flower petals, and the hooked conspicuous vein (Wagner et al. 1999). oliviformis, Charpentiera sp., Athyrium prickles on the fruit separate this This plant has been observed in sandwichianum, Xylosma hawaiiensis species from others of the genus in flower from March through June. Based (maua), Nothocestrum longifolium Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999). on field and greenhouse observations, (aiea), Athyrium arnottii (hoio), or Sanicula mariversa is known to Schiedea kaalae has perfect flowers Pisonia umbellifera (HINHP Database flower from February through May, and (each individual has both male and 2001; Service 1998b). fruits can be found until August. Dry female reproductive organs). A series of The major threats to Schiedea kaalae fruits remain on infructescences for a experimental self-pollinations, within- are habitat degradation by feral pigs and long time and may persist beyond population crosses, and crosses among goats; competition from the alien plant August. No further information is populations have demonstrated that species Passiflora suberosa, Psidium available on reproductive cycles, Schiedea kaalae experiences cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale, specific environmental requirements, or moderately strong inbreeding Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, limiting factors (Service 1998b). depression. These results indicate that Thlypteris parasitica, Oplismenus Historically, Sanicula mariversa was reductions in population size could hirtellus, Cordyline fruticosa, Rubus known from the central Waianae result in expression of inbreeding rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius, Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to depression in seedlings, with Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This potentially deleterious consequences for subcordata, Clidemia hirta, Melinus species is now extant on Ohikilolo the long-term persistence of this species. minutiflora, and Myrica faya; fire; Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge, Consistent with the evidence for predation by introduced slugs and Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of inbreeding depression, Schiedea kaalae snails; and the small number of extant Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city, and appears to be an outcrossing species. individuals and a risk of extinction from county lands. The four known Under greenhouse conditions, flowers naturally occurring events and/or populations contain approximately 170 do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the reduced reproductive vigor due to the individuals (HINHP Database 2001; field, this species was observed being small number of remaining individuals GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). visited by the introduced syrphid fly, (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b). Sanicula mariversa typically grows on Simosyrphus grandicornis. The fly did Schiedea kealiae (NCN) well-drained, dry slopes and rock faces not appear to be foraging for nectar but in mesic shrublands and open grassy may have been feeding on pollen. Schiedea kealiae, a member of the areas at elevations between 582 and 978 Individuals of Schiedea kaalae appear pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated to be long-lived, but there is no subshrub with weakly ascending to species include Carex meyenii, evidence of regeneration from seed sprawling stems which form loose Eragrostis sp., Bidens torta, under field conditions. Seedlings of clumps. The lower stems are smooth Metrosideros tremuloides, Doryopteris Schiedea kaale, like those of other while the upper stems and flowering sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha Schiedea species in mesic or wet sites stalk bear glands. The opposite leaves (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. are apparently consumed by introduced are lance-shaped to elliptic lance- 2001). slugs and snails, which have been shaped and conspicuously three-veined The major threats to Sanicula observed feeding on Schiedea with a prominent midrib. The flowering mariversa are habitat degradation by membranacea, a mesic forest species stalk have numerous unisexual flowers feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in dry in crowded clusters. The green sepals of from the alien plant species areas produce abundant seedlings the male flowers are approximately 2.5 Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Ageratina following winter rains, presumably mm (0.1 in) long. The sepals of the riparia, Erigeron karvinskianus, Schinus because dry areas have fewer alien female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to terebinthifolius, and Melinus predators (Service 1998b; Weller and 0.09 in) long, are slightly shorter. The minutiflora; trampling by humans on or Sakai, unpublished data). nectaries are inconspicuous. The near trails; and the risk of extinction Historically, Schiedea kaalae was capsular fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 due to the small number of populations known from the north-central and in) long. The species is distinguished (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; south-central Waianae Mountains and from others of this endemic Hawaiian 56 FR 55770). the northern Koolau Mountains of genus by the length of the sepals and Oahu. This species remains on State and nectaries and the flowering stalk Schiedea kaalae (NCN). private lands at Pahole Gulch, Kaluaa exclusively with stalkless glands Schiedea kaalae, a member of the Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, (Wagner et al. 1999). pink family (Caryophyllaceae), has a Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and Schiedea kealiae has been observed in short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 Makaua Stream. The eight known flower in December. A series of self- in) long. The thick, single-veined leaves populations contain only 49 individuals pollinations, intra-populational crosses, are bunched at the top of the stem; they (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). and crosses among populations have are long and elliptic or broader toward Schiedea kaalae typically grows on demonstrated that many related the tip and can reach a length of 24 cm steep slopes, cliffs, streambanks, and Schiedea sp. experience moderately (9.4 in) and a width of 6 cm (2.4 in). deep shade in diverse mesic and wet strong inbreeding depression. These Flowers are in a panicle (an open, much forests at elevations between 64 and 869 results indicate that reductions in branched inflorescence). The flowers m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated species population size could result in lack petals, but have purple bracts and include Pisonia sandwicensis, expression of inbreeding depression sepals. Stamens and nectaries each Psychotria hathewayi, Pouteria among seedlings, with potentially number five and are about 4 to 5 mm sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, deleterious consequences for the long

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term persistence of this species. lobes and white, deeply notched petals. those of S. kaalae are small and deep Individuals of Schiedea kealiae appear Mature capsules have not been seen. It purple (Weller and Sakai 1999). to be long-lived, however there is no is the only species of the genus on Oahu Stenogyne kanehoana generally evidence of regeneration from seed and can be distinguished from other flowers from February through March, under field conditions. Seedlings of Silene species by its white petals and a but flowering depends on precipitation Schiedea species occurring in mesic or calyx which is more than 19 mm (0.7 in) and flowers have been noted from wet sites are apparently consumed by long and densely covered with short January to as late as April. Fruits mature introduced slugs and snails, which have hairs (Wagner et al. 1999). within 6 weeks. The life span of this been observed feeding on Schiedea Silene perlmanii flowers in the spring, species appears to be about 7 to 12 membranacea, a mesic forest species depending on climatic conditions. years. No further information is from Kauai. Schiedea occurring in dry Flowers last for a day. Fruits develop in available on reproductive cycles, areas produce abundant seedlings a few weeks. No further information is specific environmental requirements, or following winter rains, presumably available on reproductive cycles, limiting factors (Service 1998b). because dry areas have fewer alien specific environmental requirements, or Stenogyne kanehoana was known predators (Service 1998b; Weller and limiting factors (Service 1998b). from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa, Sakai, unpublished data). Silene perlmanii was discovered in Waianae Mountains, near the summit of Historically, Schiedea kealiae was the 1980s and was known from a few the ridge connecting Puu Kanehoa with known from the northern Waianae individuals in two populations in the Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua Mountains and one collection from the southern Waianae Mountains on Federal to the south; a distance totaling Palikea area, near the southern end of and privately owned lands. The approximately 2.8 km (1.75 mi). This the same mountain range. Currently, populations were about 1.6 km (1 mi) population consisting of two plants near four populations totaling between 265 apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. As the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately and 315 plants are located on the cliffs of December 1997, no individuals are owned land was found dead recently. above Dillingham Airfield and Camp known to be extant in the wild (GDSI An additional population in Kaluaa Erdman and at Kaena Point at the 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service Gulch was discovered in 2000 by Joan northern end of the Waianae Mountains. 1998b; 56 FR 55770). Currently, this Yoshioka of TNCH. This population These populations occur on private and species is known only from individuals consist of one to six individual plants State lands, and State lands under under propagation at the National and is located on private owned land Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 2001; GDSI 2001; U.S. Army (Army) pers. comm. 2002). Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592). 2001b). Silene perlmanii typically grew on The remnant population of Stenogyne Schiedea kealiae is usually found on steep rocky slopes in Acacia koa- kanehoana is found in lowland mesic steep slopes and cliff faces and bases in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis mesic forest at elevations between 493 and 3,831 ft) elevation. Associated forest at elevations between 46 and 341 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (Service native plant species include Acacia koa, m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated plant 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria species include Sicyos sp. (anunu), 55770). sp., Freycinetia arborea, Bidens sp., Plumbago zeylanica, Lepidium The major threats to Silene perlmanii Chamaesyce sp., Alyxia oliviformis, bidentatum (anaunau), Lipochaeta are competition from the alien plant Cibotium sp., or Scaevola sp. (HINHP remyi (nehe), Myoporum sandwicense, species Erigeron karvinskianus, Database 2001). Hibiscus arnottianus, Psydrax odorata, Ageratina adenophora, Passiflora The major threats to Stenogyne Bidens sp., or Sida fallax (HINHP suberosa, Schinus terebinthifolius, kanehoana are habitat degradation and Database 2001). Myrica faya, and Melinis minutiflora; competition for space, water, light, and The major threats to Schiedea kealiae feral pigs; and the risk of extinction nutrients by naturalized, alien species are competition with the alien plant from naturally-occurring events and (especially Clidemia hirta, Schinus species Schinus terebinthifolius, reduced reproductive vigor due to the terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Panicum maximum, and Leucaena small number of individuals (Service Passiflora suberosa, and Paspalum leucocephala; predation by introduced 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR conjugatum). The extremely small slugs and snails; lack of a pollinator; 55770). number of individual plants and their and risk of extinction from naturally- restricted distribution increases the Stenogyne kanehoana (NCN) occurring events and/or reduced potential for extinction from naturally- reproductive vigor due to the small Stenogyne kanehoana is a scandent occurring events. Other potential threats number of existing populations. The vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae) which have been suggested include fire Kaena Point population is additionally with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and deforestation, but, at present, these threatened by naturally-occurring rock and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) long. The leaves probably are not serious threats to the slides and fire (Service 1998b; HINHP are oppositely arranged and are species. Feral pigs, the two spotted Database 2001; 61 FR 53089). narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, and thin leafhopper, and hikers are also thought but densely hairy. The flowers are in to be a threat to this species (Service Silene perlmanii (NCN) clusters of three to six per leaf axil; the 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR Silene perlmanii, a member of the petals are fused into a strongly curved 20592). pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a tube, white or pale yellow with short, perennial plant with stems that are pink, corolla lobes. The fruit consists of Tetramolopium filiforme (NCN) woody at the base. It usually is much four fleshy, black nutlets. Stenogyne Tetramolopium filiforme, a member of branched from the base and often forms kanehoana is distinguished from the the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf clumps. Stems are 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 only other member of the genus shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall in) long, and leaves are in the shape of occurring on Oahu, S. kaalae, primarily with complexly branched stems. The narrow ellipses. A few flowers are by the size and color of its flowers. The leaves are much longer than wide; from arranged in clusters at the ends of stems. flowers of S. kanehoana are large, white 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long and 0.4 Each flower has fused sepals with five to yellow, and tipped in pink, while to 1.2 mm (0.02 to 0.05 in) wide. The

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flower heads are single or grouped in trampling or collection by humans on or Myrsine fosbergii (kolea), Pouteria clusters of two to four, each having a near trails (Service 1998b; HINHP sandwicensis, Wikstroemia sp., Sadleria bell-shaped involucre (one or more Database 2001). sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, whorls of bracts situated below and Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa (Oheohe) close to a flower, flower cluster, or linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, fruit). There are 35 to 52 white or pale Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, a Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, lavender ray florets in a single circle at member of the ginseng family Psychotria spp., Labordia sp., Hedyotis the edge of the head. There are 18 to 30 (Araliaceae), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to fosbergii (manono), Bidens sp., Dubautia maroon (rarely yellow) disk florets in 33 ft) tall, either hairless or with fuzzy, laxa, Cibotium sp., or the endangered the center of each head. The ray florets short-lived hairs on the young leaves Cyanea humboldtiara (Service 1998b; are female, while the disk florets and flower clusters. The leaves have HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482). function as male flowers. Fruits are seven to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic The major threats to Tetraplasandra achenes (a small dry indehiscent one- leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is folded gymnocarpa are competition with the seeded fruit). This species is upward along the midvein. The flowers alien plant species Pterolepis glomerata, distinguished from the other extant are usually arranged in threes or in an Aleurites moluccana, Eucalyptus sp. species on Oahu by its separate male umbrella-shaped arrangement. Petals (gum tree), Setaria palmifolia, and female flowers both on the same usually number five or six per flower, Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk Island plant, and its inflorescence of one to with an equal number of stamens. The pine), Ardisia elliptica (shoebutton four heads (Lowrey 1999). ovary, which usually has three or four ardisia), Sacciolepis indica, Erigeron In cultivation, Tetramolopium sections, appears placed atop the karvinskianus, Axonopus fissifolius, filiforme germinates in about 3 weeks. receptacle (base of the flower) in a Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta Fifteen weeks after germination, the superior position, due to the expansion and Psidium cattleianum; the two plants are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) of the ovary disk (outgrowth of the spotted leafhopper; habitat degradation high and they produce their first buds. receptacle) and the reduction of the by feral pigs; and reduced reproductive The first blossoms are noted about 18 hypanthium (basal portion of the vigor due to the species’ limited gene weeks after germination. During growth flower). Fruits are purplish, oval or top- pool, a consequence of the small an inflorescence forms at the apex of shaded drupes, that enclose a papery number of extant individuals (Service each shoot while new shoots develop endocarp and single seeds. 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR laterally. Tetramolopium filiforme is Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is 14482). relatively short-lived and usually lives distinguished from all other species in Trematolobelia singularis (NCN) less than 5 years. In the wild, it usually the genus in that its ovary appears fully flowers in the late winter or spring but superior (Lowrey 1999). Trematolobelia singularis, a member flowering can also be induced by heavy This species was observed in flower of the bellflower family rainfall (Service 1998b). and fruit in November 1991 and in fruit (Campanulacea), is an unbranched Historically, Tetramolopium filiforme in May and September. No further shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) was known from the northern Waianae information exists on reproductive long. The long and narrow leaves are 10 Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau cycles, longevity, specific to 18 cm (4 to 7 in) long and 1 to 1.8 Valley, and Makaha Valley. This species environmental requirements, or limiting cm (0.4 to 0.7 in) wide. The remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki factors (Service 1998b). unbranched, erect flowering stalk is 20 Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa was to 42 cm (8 to 16.5 in) long. The violet Waianae Kai and Puu Kawiwi on historically known from Punaluu, petals are about 5 cm (0.2 in) long and Federal, State, city, and county lands. Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, collectively form a three-lobed tube. The The six known populations are and the region between Niu and largest lobe is curved downward and the estimated to contain approximately 253 Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of other two are bent backward, giving the individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Oahu. This species was also sighted in appearance of two lips. The capsules are Database 2001; GDSI 2001). the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. almost round and contain numerous Tetramolopium filiforme typically Currently, 20 populations are scattered small, wind-dispersed seeds. This grows on dry cliff faces and ridges in along the summit ridges of the Koolau species differs from others of this dry and mesic forests at elevations of Mountains from the region of Paumalu endemic Hawaiian genus by the 247 to 978 m (810 to 3,208 ft). at the northern extreme to Kuliouou and unbranched, erect flowering stalk Associated species include Bidens torta, Waimanalo at the southeastern most (Lammers 1999). Carex meyenii, Peperomia tetraphylla point, on Federal, State, city, and This species has been observed in (ala ala wai nui), Schiedea sp., Sida county lands. Fewer than 100 flower in October. No additional fallax, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia individuals are known (HINHP Database information exists on reproductive australis, or Schiedea mannii (HINHP 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). cycles, longevity, specific Database 2001). Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa is environmental requirements, or limiting The major threats to Tetramolopium typically found on windswept summit factors (Service 1998b). filiforme are habitat degradation by feral ridges, slopes, or in gullies in wet or Trematolobelia singularis has been goats; competition from the alien plant sometimes mesic lowland forests and reported only from the southern Koolau species Ageratina riparia, Lantana shrublands between elevations of 93 Mountains. Approximately 165 plants camara, Melinis repens, Acacia confusa, and 959 m (305 and 3,146 ft). are known from three populations Kalanchoe pinnata, Schinus Associated plant species include Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Cheirodendron sp., Antidesma Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Melinis minutiflora, and Erigeron platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Lanipo. These populations are found on karvinskianus; fire; military activities; Hedyotis terminalis, Diplopterygium State and private lands (HINHP and a risk of extinction from naturally- pinnatum, Melicope spp., Database 2001; GDSI 2001). occurring events and/or reduced Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe mauka), This species usually grows on steep, reproductive vigor due to the small Bobea elaitor, Acacia koa, Cibotium windswept cliff faces or slopes in number of remaining populations and chamissoi, Lobelia hypoleuca (NCN), Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

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linearis lowland wet shrubland from Urera kaalae typically grows on Ridge, Halona, and Puu Kumakalii on 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic Federal, State, city, and county lands. elevation. Associated plant species forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m The five known populations contain 59 include Eugenia sp.(nioi), Wikstroemia (1,440 to 3,523 ft). Associated species individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA sp., Melicope sp., Sadleria sp., Cibotium include Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Database 2001; GDSI 2001). sp., Broussaisia arguta, or Dubautia laxa Canavalia sp., Charpentiera sp., Senna Viola chamissoniana ssp. (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; gaudichaudii (kolomona), Claoxylon chamissoniana typically grows on dry 61 FR 53089). sandwicense, Pleomele sp., Xylosma cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in The threats to Trematolobelia hawaiiense, Chamaesyce sp., Antidesma mesic shrubland and cliff vegetation at singularis are habitat degradation by platyphyllum, Athyrium sp., Streblus elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to feral pigs; potential predation by rats pendulinus, Hedyotis acuminata, 3,769 ft). Associated species include and slugs; competition with the Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, Chamaesyce sp., Dodonaea aggressive alien plant species Clidemia Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia viscosa, Schiedea sp., Dubautia sp., hirta; and risk of extinction from arborea, Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, Peperomia sp., Lipochaeta tenuis, naturally-occurring events and/or Psychotria sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, Rumex sp., Artemisia australis, Bidens reduced reproductive vigor due to the or Nestegis sandwicensis (Service torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp., small number of extant populations are 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database Metrosideros polymorpha, or Styphelia serious (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). tameiameiae (pukiawe) (Service 1998b; 2001; 61 FR 53089). The major threats to Urera kaalae are 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001). habitat degradation by feral pigs; The major threats to Viola Urera kaalae (Opuhe) competition from the alien plant species chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana are Urera kaalae, a member of the nettle Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, habitat degradation by feral goats and family (Urticaceae), is a small tree or Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris pigs; competition from the alien the shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall. The sap parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, Clidemia plant species Myrica faya, Schinus of the plant becomes greenish black hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Heliocarpus terebinthifolius, Erigeron karvinskianus, when exposed to air. The leaves are pale popayaensis, Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum green, thin and membranous, heart- Myrica faya, Passiflora subcordata, riparia, and Melinis minutiflora; fire; shaped, 10 to 27 cm (4 to 11 in) long by Melinis minutiflora, and Psidium landslides; and the small number of 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) wide, with three cattleianum; fire; rockslides; and the extant individuals and a risk of main veins and toothed margins. The small number of extant individuals and extinction from naturally occurring flowers are either male or female and a risk of extinction from naturally events and/or reduced reproductive may grow on the same or different occurring events and/or reduced vigor due to the small number of plants. They are arranged in three- reproductive vigor due to the small remaining individuals (Service 1998b; branched inflorescences. Sepals of male number of remaining individuals 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001). flowers are fused into rather globe- (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Viola oahuensis (NCN) shaped structures about 1.5 mm (0.06 Database 2001). in) long. Sepals of female flowers are Viola oahuensis, a member of the less than 1 mm (0.04 in) long, and the Viola chamissoniana ssp. violet family (Violaceae), is usually an inner pair becomes slightly fleshy to chamissoniana (Olopu) erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm enclose the achene along about half of Viola chamissoniana ssp. (2.4 to 16 in) tall. The papery-textured its 1 mm (0.04 in) length. This species chamissoniana, a member of the violet leaves are elliptic-egg-shaped to elliptic. can be distinguished from the other family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub The leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm Hawaiian species of the genus by its up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall. The toothed (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The narrowly heart-shaped leaves (Wagner et al. leaves, usually clustered at branch tips, triangular stipules (either pair of 1999). are triangular-oval to heart-shaped in appendages borne at the base of the leaf Urera kaalae has been observed outline. Each flowering stalk produces in many plants) have fringed edges. One flowering in the spring. It is difficult to one or two flowers with five sepals and to two flowers are borne on stalks predict when seeds will be produced, five white, purple-tinged petals. typically 25 to 60 mm (1 to 2.4 in) long. and, when they are produced, they are Capsules contain dark brown to almost The petals are pale yellow, the upper often sterile. This may be an indication black seeds. This subspecies can be ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, the of pollinator limitation. The plants are distinguished from the other members lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) fast-growing. No further information is of the genus in the Waianae Mountains long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm available on reproductive cycles, by the small size of its leaves (Wagner (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 specific environmental requirements, or et al. 1999). to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This limiting factors (Service 1998b). Viola chamissoniana ssp. species is distinguished from other Historically, Urera kaalae was known chamissoniana has been observed in Hawaiian members of the genus by the from the central to southern windward fruit and flower in April, August and stipule characters, the length of the leaf Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka October. No further information is stalks, and the length and papery to Kupehau Gulch. This species now available on flowering cycle, pollination texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. occurs only in North and South vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, 1999). Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch, specific environmental requirements, or Viola oahuensis has been observed Napepeiauolelo, Halona, and Kaluaa limiting factors (Service 1998b). flowering in August and September. No Gulches, North and South Palawai, Puu Historically, Viola chamissoniana further information is available on Hapapa, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and ssp. chamissoniana was known from the reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Waianae Kai on Federal, State, and central and southern Waianae environmental requirements, or limiting private lands. The 11 known Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This factors (Service 1998b). populations contain approximately 41 taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge, Historically, Viola oahuensis was individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli and known from 17 populations in the GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered

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over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance probably measured in days at most. Due environmental requirements are from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The nine to the weak differences between the unknown (Service 1997). extant populations, which total fewer seasons in the habitats where this Currently and historically, Alectryon than 200 individuals, are now found species is found, there seems to be no macrococcus var. macrococcus occurs from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide evidence of seasonality in growth or on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On to the Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide. reproduction. Adenophorus periens Oahu, there are a total of 34 populations appears to be susceptible to volcanic These populations are found on Federal, containing around 300 individuals. emissions and/or resultant acid State, and private lands (HINHP These populations are found in Kapuna Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA precipitation. Additional information on Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Database 2001). reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Ekahanui Gulch, Manuwai Gulch, Viola oahuensis is generally found on environmental requirements, and Mohiakea Gulch, Makua Valley, Puu Ku exposed, windswept ridges of moderate limiting factors is not available (Linney Makalii, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, to steep slope in wet Metrosideros 1989). polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Historically, Adenophorus periens Palikea Gulch, Makaha, Pahole Gulch, shrublands and Metrosideros was known from Kauai, the Koolau Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Waieli polymorpha mixed montane bogs in the Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Kaaua Gulch, cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is Puu Hapapa, Mikilua subdistrict, Kaawa 3,146 ft) elevation. This species known from several locations on Kauai, Gulch, and Napepeiauolelo Gulch on typically grows among wind-stunted Molokai, and Hawaii. This species is no Federal, State, city, county, and private Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium sp., longer extant on the island of Oahu. It lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Labordia sp., Dubautia laxa, was collected in 1909 on the west ridge 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner et al. Wikstroemia sp., Hedyotis terminalis, of Palolo crater and the west ridge of 1999; EDA, in litt. 2001). Antidesma sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Palolo Valley (HINHP Database 2001). Alectryon macrococcus var. Melicope sp., Bidens macrocarpa, Adenophorus periens grows macrococcus grows on slopes, ridges, or Machaerina sp., Sadleria sp., or epiphytically on trees in Metrosideros in gulches within mesic lowland forests polymorpha and Metrosideros rugosa Vaccinium sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP between elevations of 367 and 941 m wet forests between 309 and 867 m Database 2001; 61 FR 53089). (1,204 and 3,086 ft). Associated native (1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. The primary threats to Viola plant species include Pisonia Associated native plant species include oahuensis are habitat degradation and/ sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, or destruction by feral pigs; potential Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron spp., Machaerina angustifolia, Streblus pendulinus, Psychotria impacts from military activities; hathewayi, Pouteria sandwicensis, competition with Pterolepis sp. (NCN), Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, or Cibotium sp. (HINHP Pisonia umbellifera, Diplazium Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, sandwichianum, Claoxylon Psidium cattleianum, and Paspalum Database 2001). The threats to Adenophorus periens sandwicense, Neraudia sp., Pipturus conjugatum; and risk of extinction from are habitat degradation by feral pigs and albidus, Diospyros hillebrandii, naturally-occurring events and/or goats and competition with the alien Charpentiera sp., Hibiscus arnottianus, reduced reproductive vigor due to the plant species Psidium cattleianum Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros small number of populations (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; HINHP sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, (Service1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Database 2001). Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., Antidesma 61 FR 53089). platyphyllum, Myrsine lanaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus (Mahoe) Multi-Island Species Psydrax odorata, Canavalia sp., or Alectryon macrococcus, a member of Adenophorus periens (Pendant kihi Alyxia oliviformis (HINHP Database the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), 2001). fern) consists of two varieties, macrococcus The threats to Alectryon macrococcus Adenophorus periens, a member of and auwahiensis, both trees with var. macrococcus on Oahu are impacts the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) reddish brown branches and net veined of feral goats and pigs; impacts of the and a short-lived perennial, is a small, paper, or leather, leaves with one to five alien plant species Heliocarpos pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg- popayanensis, Toona ciliata, Syzygium ground) fern. This species differs from shaped leaflets. The underside of the other species in this endemic Hawaiian leaf has dense brown hairs, only when cumini, Aleurites moluccana, Blechnum genus by having hairs along the pinna young in A. macrococcus var. occidentale, Oplismenus hirtellus, (a leaflet or primary division of a macrococcus, and whether young or Psidium guajava, Melinus minutiflora, pinnate leaf or frond) margins, by the mature (persistent) in A. macrococcus Clidemia hirta, Pennisetum pinnae being at right angles to the var. auwahiensis. Alectryon clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Buddleia midrib axis, by the placement of the sori macrococcus var. auwahiensis is only asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus on the pinnae, and the degree of found on the island of Maui. The only rosifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Lanatana dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989). member of its genus found in Hawaii, camara, Schinus terebinthifolius, and Little is known about the life history this species is distinguished from other Psidium cattleianum; damage from the of Adenophorus periens, which seems members of its family by being a tree black twig borer; seed predation by rats, to grow only in closed canopy dense with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more mice (Mus domesticus), and insects; forest with high humidity. Its breeding in diameter (Wagner et al. 1999). fire; depressed reproductive vigor; loss system is unknown but outbreeding is Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively of pollinators; depressed reproductive very likely to be the predominant mode slow growing, long lived tree that grows vigor; and due to the very small of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to remaining number of individuals and wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on periodic drought. Little else is known their limited distribution, a single the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack about the life history of this species. natural or human-caused environmental a thick resistant coat which may Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, disturbance could easily be catastrophic indicate their longevity is brief, seed dispersal agents, and specific (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

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Bonamia menziesii (NCN) Kalanchoe pinnata, Panicum maximum, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. Bonamia menziesii, a member of the Melia azerdarach, Syzygium cumini, 2001). morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana The major threats to Cenchrus and a short-lived perennial, is a vine camara, Hyptis pectinata, and Rivina agrimonioides var. agrimonioides on with twining branches that are fuzzy humilis; fire; an alien bug (Physomerus Oahu are habitat degradation and/or when young. This species is the only grossipes); and military activities (59 FR destruction by feral pigs; competition member of the genus that is endemic to 56333; Service 1999; HINHP Database with the alien plant species Schinus the Hawaiian Islands and differs from 2001). terebinthifolius, Blechnum occidentale, Ageratina riparia, Psidium cattleianum, other genera in the family by its two Cenchrus agrimonioides (Kamanomano) styles, longer stems and petioles, and Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, rounder leaves (Austin 1999). Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of Clidemia hirta, Casuarina sp. Little is known about the life history the grass family (Poaceae) and a short- (ironwood), Paspalum conjugatum, and of Bonamia menziesii. Reproductive lived perennial, is a grass with leaf Rubus argutus; trampling and fire from cycles, longevity, specific blades which are flat or folded and have military activities; and a risk of environmental requirements, and a prominent midrib. There are two extinction from naturally occurring limiting factors are unknown (Service varieties, Cenchrus agrimonioides var. events and/or reduced reproductive 1999). laysanensis and Cenchrus vigor due to the small number of Historically, Bonamia menziesii was agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They existing individuals (Service 1999; 61 known from Kauai, the Waianae differ from each other in that var. FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001). Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter Centaurium sebaeoides (Awiwi) the Island of Hawaii. Currently, this stems, and narrower leaves. Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis is only Centaurium sebaeoides, a member of species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. There known from the Northwest Hawaiian Islands. This species is distinguished annual herb with fleshy leaves and are 16 total populations containing a stalkless flowers. This species is total of fewer than 100 individual plants from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the distinguished from Centaurium on Oahu. On Oahu, populations are erythraea, which is naturalized in found in Niu Valley, Makaleha Valley, arrangement and position of the bristles (O’Conner 1999). Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the Makua-Keaau Ridge, Wailupe, Waialae unbranched arrangement of the flower Nui-Kapakahi Ridge and Kapakahi Little is known about the life history of Cenchrus agrimonioides. cluster (Wagner et al. 1999). Gulch, Kaluakauila Gulch, Keawaula, Centaurium sebaeoides has been Hawaii loa Ridge and Kului Gulch, Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and observed flowering in April. Flowering Nanakuli Valley, Kuaokala, Halona, may be induced by heavy rainfall. Waialae Iki, Kapuna Gulch, Mikilua, limiting factors are generally unknown, however, this species has been observed Populations are found in dry areas, and Waianae Kai, and Alaiheihe Gulch on plants are more likely to be found Federal, State, and private lands to produce fruit year round (Service 1999). following heavy rains (56 FR 55770). (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Historically, Centaurium sebaeoides Database 2001). Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Bonamia menziesii is found on steep var. agrimonioides was known from the Lanai, and Maui. This species is slopes or level ground in dry or mesic Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, and currently extant on Kauai, Maui, Lanai, forest in open or closed canopy at Maui. This variety is currently extant on and Oahu. Currently on Oahu, three elevations between 31 and 809 m (102 Oahu and Maui. Currently, Cenchrus populations of this species remains with and 2,654 ft). Associated species agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is a total of between 60 and 80 individuals include Alyxia oliviformis, Pleomele sp., known from a total of eight populations at Kaena Point, Koko Head, and on the Sida fallax, Waltheria indica, Erythrina containing between 113 and 118 slopes above Halona Point on State, sandwicensis (wili wili), Rauvolfia individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, private, city, and county lands (HINHP sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., Acacia koa, populations are found in the Pahole Database 2001; Service 1999; Wagner et Styphelia tameiameiae, Dodonaea Gulch, on the Makaha-Waianae Kai al. 1999). viscosa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Ridge, in or near Kahanahaiki Gulch, in Centaurium sebaeoides typically Psydrax odorata, Dianella sandwicensis east Makaleha, Puu Kaua, Huliwai grows in volcanic or clay soils or on (ukiuki), Diospyros sandwicensis, Gulch, and in the Pualii Drainage, on cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata Federal, State, city, county, and private plains below 368 m (1,207 ft) elevation. (mokihana), Melicope barbigera (alani), lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Associated species include Artemisia Myoporum sandwicense, Nestegis 2001; EDA Database 2001; 61 FR 53108; sp., Bidens sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum Service 1999). Lipochaeta succulenta (nehe), or sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or Sapindus Cenchrus agrimonioides var. Lysimachia sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi) oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001; agrimonioides is usually found on dry (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770; Service 1999). upper slopes, or ridges in lowland Wagner et al. 1999). The primary threats to Bonamia mixed mesic forest at elevations The major threats to Centaurium menziesii on Oahu are habitat between 357 and 890 m (1,171 and sebaeoides on Oahu are habitat degradation and possible predation by 2,919 ft). Associated plant species degradation by feral goats and cattle; wild and feral pigs, goats, and cattle; include Acacia koa, Metrosideros competition from the alien plant species competition with the alien plant species polymorpha, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax Leucaena leucocephala; trampling by Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass), odorata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Carex humans on or near trails; and fire (56 FR Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites wahuensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, 55770; Service 1999). moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Psychotria sp., Bobea sp., Chamaesyce Montanoa hibiscifolia, Schinus multiformis, Gahnia beecheyi (NCN), Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila) terebinthifolius, Grevillea robusta, Coprosma foliosa, Styphelia Colubrina oppositifolia, a member of Toona ciliata, Pimenta dioica, tameiameiae, or Eragrostis variabilis the Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and

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a long-lived perennial, is a tree with Schofield Barracks in the Waianae North Haleauau Gulch, Pahole NAR, Pia extremely hard red wood. This species Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; Maui; and Gulch, Kului Gulch, and in Waialae Iki- is readily distinguished from the other the island of Hawaii. This species is Kapakahi on Federal, State, city, county, species in Hawaii by several characters currently extant on Oahu, Molokai, and private lands in a total of six opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Oahu, populations containing nine individuals and entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. four populations with more than 80 (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA 1999). individuals are found in the Waianae Database 2001). Colubrina oppositifolia was observed Mountains in Makaleha Valley, Kaaawa Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is in fruit and flower during September Gulch, Makua Valley and Waianae Kai typically found in mesic forest often and June, and in flower during Forest Reserve on Federal, State, and dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha December and January. No other life private lands (HINHP Database 2001; or Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia history information is currently GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). koa, or on rocky or steep slopes of available (HINHP Database 2001). Ctenitis squamigera is found on gentle stream banks, at elevations between 114 Historically, Colubrina oppositifolia to steep slopes in Metrosideros and 746 m (374 and 2,447 ft). was known from Oahu, Maui and the polymorpha/Diospyros sandwicensis Associated plant species include island of Hawaii. This species now mesic forest and diverse mesic forest at Cyanea angustifolia (haha), Joinvillea occurs on the island of Hawaii, Oahu, elevations of 387 to 923 m (1,269 to sp. (ohe), Clermontia persicaefolia (oha and Maui. Currently there are a total of 3,027 ft). Associated native plant taxa wai), Melicope sp., Dicranopteris five populations containing a total of 61 include Alyxia oliviformis, Hibiscus sp., linearis, Coprosma sp., Alyxia individuals on Oahu. On Oahu, Diospyros hillebrandii, Nestegis oliviformis, Syzygium sandwicensis, populations are found in Kaumokunui sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Pouteria Diplazium sandwichianum, Antidesma Gulch, Makaleha Valley, and Manuwai sandwicensis, Carex meyenii, Dodonaea sp., Bobea sp., Myrsine sp., Nestegis Gulch on State and private lands viscosa, Freycinetia arborea, Pisonia sp., sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., or (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). Dryopteris unidentata, Doodia Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108; Service Habitats of Colubrina oppositifolia are kunthiana, Myrsine sp., Psychotria sp., 1999). lowland dry and mesic forests or Xylosma sp. (HINHP Database 2001). The threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis, The primary threats to Ctenitis grimesiana on Oahu are habitat found at elevations between 277 and squamigera on Oahu are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused 761 m (909 and 2,496 ft). Associated degradation by feral pigs and goats; by wild and feral goats and pigs; native species include Alyxia competition with the alien plant competition with the alien plant oliviformis, Nestegis sandwicensis, species, Blechnum occidentale, species, Clidemia hirta, Psidium Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Ageratina riparia, Toona ciliata, cattleianum, and Toona ciliata; random or Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP Clidemia hirta, Aleurites moluccana, naturally occurring events causing Database 2001). Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, extinction due to the small number of The threats to this species on Oahu Psidium cattleianum and Schinus existing individuals; fire; trampling by are habitat destruction by feral pigs and terebinthifolius; fire; decreased hikers and/or military activities; goats; competition with the alien plant reproductive vigor and extinction landslides; rats; and predation by species Syzygium cumini, Psidium caused by naturally occurring events various species of slugs (61 FR 53108; cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, due to the small number of existing Service 1999). Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, populations (Service 1998a; HINHP Cyperus trachysanthos (Puukaa) and Schinus terebinthifolius; the Database 2001; 59 FR 49025). introduction of black twig borer; Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Chinese rose beetles; fire; small the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a (Haha) population numbers; limited perennial grass-like plant with a short distributions; and disturbance by Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a rhizome (underground stem). The culms military and unauthorized personnel (59 member of the bellflower family (aerial stems) are densely tufted, FR 10305; Service 1996c; HINHP (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, Database 2001). perennial, is a shrub with pinnately sticky, and leafy at the base. This divided leaves. This species is species is distinguished from others in Ctenitis squamigera (Pauoa) distinguished from others in this the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf Ctenitis squamigera, a member of the endemic Hawaiian genus by the sheath with partitions at the nodes, the wood fern family (Aspleniaceae), has a pinnately lobed leaf margins and the shape of the glumes, and the length of rhizome creeping above the ground that width of the leaf blades. This subspecies the culms (Koyama 1999). is densely covered with scales similar to is distinguished from the other two Little is known about the life history those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. subspecies by the shape and size of the of Cyperus trachysanthos. Reproductive It can be readily distinguished from calyx lobes which overlap at the base cycles, longevity, specific other Hawaiian species of Ctenitis by (Lammers 1999). environmental requirements, and the dense covering of tan colored scales Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown (Service on its frond (Degener and Degener of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. 1999). 1957). Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific Historically, Cyperus trachysanthos Reproductive cycles, longevity, environmental requirements, and was known from Niihau, Kauai, specific environmental requirements, limiting factors are unknown (Service scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and limiting factors are unknown for 1999). and Lanai. This species is now extant on Ctenitis squamigera (Service 1998a). Currently and historically, Cyanea Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, it is known Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known from the Kaena Point NAR, nearby recorded from Kauai; Kaluanui, from the Waianae and Koolau Manini Gulch, State land at Diamond southeast of Kahana Bay, Pauoa, Mountains on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Head, Makapuu, Queens Beach, and the Nuuanu, Niu, and Wailupe in the and Maui. On Oahu, there are Kawainui Marsh area, on Federal, State, Koolau Mountains, Mt. Kaala NAR and populations known from Palikea Gulch, and private lands. There are six

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populations with a total of 40 odorata, Coprosma sp., Dodonaea dense brown hairs. Eugenia koolauensis individuals on Oahu (HINHP Database viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine is one of two species in the genus that 2001; Service 1999) sp., Psychotria sp., Syzygium are native to Hawaii, it differs from the Cyperus trachysanthos is usually sandwicensis, or Wikstroemia sp. other species in having leaves that are found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999). densely hairy on the lower surface and soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff seeps) The major threats to Diellia erecta on leaf margins that curve under the leaves on coastal cliffs or talus slopes at Oahu are habitat degradation by pigs; (Wagner et al. 1999). elevations above 248 m (813 ft). competition with alien plant species, This species has been observed in Associated native species include including Blechnum occidentale, flower from February to December in Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau) (Service 1999; Psidium cattleianum, Schinus various years. No other information Koyama 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP terebinthifolius, Cordyline fruticosa, exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, Database 2001). Oplismenus hirtellus, Schefflera specific environmental requirements, or The threats to Cyperus trachysanthos actinophylla, Clidemia hirta, and limiting factors (Service 1998b). on Oahu are a risk of extinction from Phymatosorus scolopendria (NCN); and Eugenia koolauensis was historically naturally occurring events due to the random naturally occurring events known from Maunaloa on western small number of populations; causing extinction and/or reduced Molokai and from Kaipapau Valley, competition with alien plant species; reproductive vigor due to the small Hanaimoa and Kahawainui Gulches, feral goats; fire; off-road vehicles to all number of existing individuals (HINHP and a gully southeast of Kahuku on populations; and pumping of wetlands Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; Service Oahu. Currently, this species is only for flood and mosquito control; 1999). found on Oahu in ten populations on modifications to the wetland Federal, State, and private lands topography; mowing; herbicide Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, application; and run-off from nearby Diplazium molokaiense, a member of Kaleleiki Gulch, Aimuu Gulch, Kaunala Hawaii Army National Guard (HIARNG) the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), Gulch, Pahipahialua Gulch, Oio Gulch, activities such as the cleaning of has a short prostrate rhizome. The leaf and Palikea Gulch. A total of fewer than vehicles, dumping of paints or thinners, stalks are 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) long 70 individuals occur in the Koolau or the use of pesticides to the Diamond and green or straw colored. The frond is populations (HINHP Database 2001; Head population (61 FR 53108; Service thin textured, ovate-oblong, 15 to 50 cm EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001). 1999). (6 to 20 in) long and 10 to 15 cm (4 to Eugenia koolauensis is found on gentle to steep slopes or ridges in mesic Diellia erecta (NCN) 6 in) wide, truncate at the base, and pinnate with a pinnatifid apex. The sori or dry forests dominated by Diellia erecta, a member of the are 0.8 to 1.3 cm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long and Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae) and a lie alongside the side veins of the sp. from 57 to 437 m (187 to 1,433 ft) short-lived perennial, is a fern that pinnae. Diplazium molokaiense can be in elevation. Other associated plant grows in tufts of three to nine lance distinguished from other species of species include Bobea elaitor, Rauvolfia shaped fronds which emerge from a Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, rhizome covered with brown to dark combination of characters, including Pouteria sandwicensis, Dicranopteris gray scales. This species differs from venation pattern, the length and linearis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex other members of the genus in having arrangement of the sori, frond shape, meyenii, Myrsine lessertiana, Nestegis brown or dark gray scales usually more and the degree of dissection of the frond sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, or than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or (Wagner and Wagner 1992). Psydrax odorata (HINHP Database 2001; separate sori (one of the dots on the Reproductive cycles, longevity, Service 1998b). underside of a fertile fern frond specific environmental requirements The major threats to Eugenia consisting of a cluster of spores) along and limiting factors are for Diplazium koolauensis on Oahu are habitat both margins, shiny black midribs that molokaiense are unknown (Service degradation by feral pigs; competition have a hardened surface, and veins that 1998a). with alien plant species such as do not usually encircle the sori (Degener Historically, Diplazium molokaiense Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus sp., and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952). was found on Kauai, Makaleha and Cordyline fruticosa, Passiflora laurifolia Little is known about the life history Schofield Barracks on Oahu, Molokai, (yellow granadilla), Oplismenus of Diellia erecta. Reproductive cycles, Lanai, and Maui. However, within the hirtellus, Acacia confusa, Araucaria longevity, specific environmental last 20 years, only one population of one columnaris, Toona ciliata, Melia requirements, and limiting factors are individual has been recorded from azedarach, Grevillea robusta, Aleurites unknown (Service 1999). Waiopai Gulch, East Maui on DHHL moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Historically, Diellia erecta was known land. This species was last collected on Passiflora suberosa, Panicum from Kauai; the Koolau Mountains on Oahu in 1945 from Kolekole Pass to maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Ardisia Oahu; Molokai; Lanai; Maui; and the Kaala (HINHP Database 2001). elliptica, Schinus terebinthifolius, island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu was Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, from Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii. found on steep rocky wooded gulch and Lantana camara; and the limited On Oahu, it is known from a single walls in wet forests from 618 to 1,202 numbers of this species make it population containing at least 20 plants m (2,027 to 3,943 ft) elevation (HINHP vulnerable to extinction due to naturally on Hawaii Loa Ridge on State and Database 2001). caused events and reduced reproductive private lands (HINHP Database 2001; No other information is available for vigor (59 FR 14482; HINHP Database GDSI 2001). Diplazium molokaiense on Oahu. 2001). Diellia erecta is found on moderate to steep gulch slopes or sparsely vegetated Eugenia koolauensis (Nioi) Euphorbia haeleeleana (Akoko) rock faces in mesic forest at elevations Eugenia koolauensis, a member of the Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of between 118 and 550 m (387 and 1,804 myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is a small the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a ft). Associated native plant species tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and short-lived perennial, is a dioecious include Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax 23 ft) tall with branch tips covered with (female and male flowers on separate

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plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 ft) tall. Flueggea neowawraea (Mehamehame) Diospyros hillebrandii, Pisonia The alternate leaves are papery in Flueggea neowawraea, a member of umbellifera, Charpentiera sp., texture, elliptic, and usually 10 to 15 cm the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a Claoxylon sandwicensis, Antidesma (4 to 6 in) long and 4 to 6 cm (2 in) long-lived perennial, is a large tree up platyphyllum, Sapindus oahuensis, wide. Male trees bear many small male to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in Pittosporum sp., Erythrina flowers within a cyathium (a compact diameter with white oblong pores sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicense, inflorescence with small individual covering its scaly, pale brown bark. The Antidesma pulvinatum, Bobea sp., flowers). The female trees have cyathia thin, papery, oval leaves, 4 to 14 cm (1.5 Psydrax odorata, Nestegis sandwicensis, with a single female flower surrounded to 5.5 in) long and 2 to 9 cm (0.8 to 3.5 Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Streblus by numerous abortive male flowers. The in) wide, are green on the upper surface pendulina, and Chamaesyce herbstii (akoko) (HINHP Database 2001; Hayden capsules (dry fruit that open at maturity) and pale green on the lower surface. 1999). are round. This species is distinguished This species is usually dioecious The primary threat to the continued from others in the family in that it is a (having separate male and female tree, whereas most of the other species existence of Flueggea neowawraea on plants) with unisexual flowers lacking Oahu is the black twig borer that has are herbs or shrubs, as well as by the petals. Male flowers, on stalks less than large leaves with prominent veins affected all known Flueggea 4 mm (0.2 in) long, have five green neowawraea plants. Other major threats (Wagner et al. 1999). sepals with brownish tips. The female Individual trees of Euphorbia include habitat degradation by feral and flowers, on stalks 1 to 2.5 mm (0.04 to wild ungulates, pigs and goats; haeleeleana bear only male or female 0.1 in) long, have sepals of unequal flowers, and must be cross-pollinated competition with the alien plant species length with irregular margins. This Aleurites moluccana, Schinus from a different tree to produce viable species is the only member of the genus seed. This species sets fruit between terebinthifolius, Psidium spp., Grevillea found in Hawaii and can be robusta, Paspalum conjugatum, August and October. Little else is distinguished from other species in the known about the life history of this Passiflora suberosa, Toona ciliata, genus by its large size; scaly bark; the Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Ficus species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, shape, size, and color of the leaves; specific environmental requirements, macrophylla, Blechnum occidentale, flowers clustered along the branches; Kalanchoe pinnata, Syzygium cumini, and limiting factors are unknown and the size and shape of the fruits (Service 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). Ageratina riparia, Rivina sp., Melinis (Hayden 1999). minutiflora, and Ficus microcarpa; fire; Euphorbia haeleeleana is known Individual trees of Flueggea Chinese rose beetle; the small historically and currently from neowawraea bear only male or female population size with its limited gene northwestern Kauai and the Waianae flowers, and must be cross-pollinated pool and depressed reproductive vigor, Mountains of Oahu. On Oahu, six from a different tree to produce viable compounded by a requirement for cross- populations of approximately 134 seed. Little else is known about the life pollination because the species is individuals are known from Keawaula history of this species. Reproductive dioecious; military activities are Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, cycles, longevity, specific possible threats at the Lualualei Naval Kaumokunui-Kaumokuiki Ridge, and environmental requirements, and Reservation and the Army’s Schofield Alaieihe Gulch on Federal, State, and limiting factors are unknown (Service Barracks; and predation of the fruit by private lands (HINHP Database 2001; 1999; Hayden 1999). rats (Service 1999; HINHP Database GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). Historically, Flueggea neowawraea 2001). Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu is was known from Molokai, Oahu, Kauai usually found in dry forest that is often and the island of Hawaii. Currently, Gouania meyenii (NCN) dominated by Diospyros sp. The plant is Flueggea neowawraea is known from Gouania meyenii, a member of the typically found at elevations between Kauai, Oahu, east Maui, and Hawaii. On buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a 156 and 586 m (512 and 1,922 ft). Oahu, Flueggea neowawraea is known short-lived perennial, is an erect to Associated plant species include from 19 locations with approximately spreading shrub. The main character Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa, 31 individuals on Federal, State, city, that tells this species apart from other Erythrina sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., county, and private lands Makua Valley, members of its genus are its two to three Reynoldsia sandwicensis, or Sapindus Makaha, Alaiheihe Gulch, Kaluaa winged fruits, peduncle length, and the oahuensis (HINHP Database 2001). Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Ekahanui hairiness of the fruits (Wagner et al. The main threats to Euphorbia Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Keaau Valley, 1999). haeleeleana on Oahu are habitat Kahanahaiki Valley, Kaawa Gulch, Gouania meyenii flowers from March degradation and/or destruction by wild Waianae Kai, Palikea Gulch, Manuwai to May. Seed capsules develop in about and feral ungulates including goats and Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kauhiuhi, six to eight weeks. Plants appear to live pigs; predation by rats; fire; potential Mikilua, and Lualualei (HINHP about ten to 18 years in the wild. No military activities; and competition with Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA other information exists on specific the alien plant species, Panicum Database 2001). environmental requirements or limiting maximum, Grevillea robusta, Toona Flueggea neowawraea occurs on gulch factors (Service 1998b). ciliata, Lantana camara, Aleurites slopes, ridge crests, or near streams in Historically, Gouania meyenii was moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Melia dry or mesic forest at elevations of 323 known from central and southern areas azedarach, Psidium cattleianum, to 1,006 m (1,059 to 3,300 ft). of the Waianae Mountains, from Passiflora suberosa, Schinus Associated plant species include Kamaileunu Ridge to Honouliuli. This terenbinthifolius, Hyptis pectinata, Pisonia sandwicensis, Hibiscus species was also recorded from Melinus minutiflora, Kalanchoe arnottianus, Morinda sandwicensis Diamond Head in 1831. Currently, this pinnata, Caesalpinia decapetala (wait-a- (noni), Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia species is found on Oahu and Kauai. On bit), Ficus microcarpa, Digitaria oliviformis, Chamaesyce multiformis, Oahu, this species is found on Makaha- insularis (sourgrass), Rivina humilis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sp., Waianae Kai Ridge on State, private, Coffea arabica, and Leucaena Pleomele sp., Myoporum sandwicense, city, and county lands. The three known leucocephala (HINHP Database 2001). Pteralyxia sp., Pipturis albidus, populations on Oahu contain an

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estimated 63 individuals (HINHP m (128 to 3,208 ft). Associated plant Hesperomania arborescens (NCN) Database 2001; Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI species include Erythrina sandwicensis, Hesperomannia arborescens, a 2001). Dodonea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus, member of the aster family (Asteraceae), Gouania meyenii typically grows on Pipturis albidus, Urera glabra, is a small shrubby tree that usually moderate to steep slopes in dry Chamaesyce sp., Psychotria sp., stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This shrubland or mesic lowland forest at Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Nestegia member of an endemic Hawaiian genus elevations of 17 to 930 m (56 to 3,050 sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Carex differs from other Hesperomannia ft). Associated plant species include meyenii, or Diospyros sandwicensis species in having the following Diospyros sandwicensis, Charpentiera (Service 1998b). combination of characters erect to sp., Alyxia oliviformis, Pisonia sp., The major threats to Gouania vitifolia ascending flower heads, thick flower Hibiscus sp., Canavalia sp., Sophora are competition from alien plant species head stalks, and usually hairless and chrysophylla, Sida fallax, Schiedea sp., particularly Panicum sp. (panic grass), relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. Dubautia sherffiana, Psydrax odorata, Leucaena leucocephala, Toona ciliata, 1999). Eragrostis sp., Dryopteris unidentata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites This species was observed in flower Sapindus oahuensis, Myrsine sp. (kolea) moluccana, Melinis minutiflora, Hyptis from April through June and fruit Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce sp., pectinata, Cordyline fruticosa, during March and June. No other Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope Passilfora edulis, Passiflora ligularis, information is available on reproductive sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., Oplismenus hirtellus, Lantana camara, cycles, longevity, specific Carex meyenii, Diospyros sp., Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica, environmental requirements, and Lysimachia sp., or Senna gaudichaudii Psidium cattleianum and Schinus (HINHP Database 2001). limiting factors (Service 1998b). terebinthifolius; habitat destruction by Hesperomannia arborescens was The major threats to Gouania meyenii feral pigs; and a threat of random on Oahu are competition from the alien formerly known from Molokai, Lanai, extinction and reduced reproductive and scattered populations throughout plant species Pimenta dioica, Psidium vigor due to the small number of extant guajava, Lantana camara, Melinis the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, from individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 Koolauloa and Pupukea at its northern minutiflora, Grevillea robusta, Leucaena FR 32932). leucocephala, Kalanchoe pinnata, extreme to Konahuanui at the southern Oplismenus hirtellus, Psidium Hedyotis coriacea (Kioele) end. This species is now known from cattleianum, and Schinus Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Oahu, Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the there are 23 populations containing terebinthifolius; fire; habitat degradation coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small by feral pigs and goats; and the small between 86 and 93 individuals on shrub with leathery leaves which are private, city, county, State, and Federal number of extant populations and a risk generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 of extinction from naturally occurring lands at a few disjunct locations to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually upslope of Kahuku, Laie, and events and/or reduced reproductive 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This vigor due to the small number of Malaekahana; along Poamoho Trail species is distinguished from others of above Poamoho Stream; along Waikane- remaining individuals (HINHP Database the genus by its small, triangular calyx 2001). Schofield Trail near the ridge summit; at lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and Kipapa Gulch; on Halawa Ridge; Gouania vitifolia (NCN) the combination of capsules which are Waimanalo-Niu divide, Kainawaanui, Gouania vitifolia, a member of the longer than wide and flower buds which Kaukonahua Gulch, Maakua-Kaipapau buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a are square in cross section (Wagner et al. Ridge, Kapakahi Gulch, Halemano- climbing shrub or woody vine with 1999). Opaeula Ridge, Kawailoa Trail, tendrils. The species is the only Little is known about the life history Kaimananui Gulch, and upper Palolo Hawaiian member of the genus with of Hedyotis coriacea. Flowering cycles, Valley to Niu Valley (HINHP Database tendrils and toothed leaf margins pollination vectors, seed dispersal 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; (Wagner et al. 1999). agents, longevity, specific Service 1998b). Gouania vitifolia flowers from March environmental requirements, and Hesperomannia arborescens on Oahu, to May. Seed capsules develop in about limiting factors are unknown (Service is often found on slopes or ridges in 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about 1997). association with Scaevola glabra (ohe 10 to18 years in the wild. No other Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was naupaka), Broussaisia arguta, Melicope information exists on specific known from the Waianae and Koolau sp., Acacia koa, Machaerina environmental requirements or limiting Mountains on Oahu and the Army’s angustifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, factors. (Service 1998b). Pohakuloa Training Area on the island Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Scaevola Historically, Gouania vitifolia was of Hawaii. Currently, this species is gaudichaudiana (naupaka kahakai), known from West Maui; the Kau District extant on Maui and Hawaii. This Dubautia sp., Labordia sessilis of the island of Hawaii; and the species was last collected on Oahu in (kamakahala), Cibotium sp., Perotettia northwestern portion of the Waianae the 1800s (HINHP Database 2001). sandwicensis, Pipturus sp., Wikstroemia Mountains in Makaleha, Keaau, and Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, sp., Cheirodendron sp., Coprosma sp., Waianae Kai Valleys on Oahu. rocky, slopes in dry to mesic Dodonaea Myrsine sp., Bobea elatior, Hibiscus Currently, this species is extant on Oahu viscosa dominated shrublands or forests arnottianus, Metrosideros polymorpha, and the island of Hawaii. On Oahu, it at elevations of 57 to 836 m (187 to Nestegis sandwicensis, Dicranopteris is known from two populations on State 2,742 ft). Associated species include linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, and private lands, located at Waianae Metrosideros polymorpha, Styphelia Psychotria mariniana, Syzygium Kai and Keaau Valley, totaling 44 tameiameiae, or Alyxia oliviformis sandwicensis, and common Melicope individuals (HINHP Database 2001; (HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20772). spp. It typically grows on steep slopes, GDSI 2001; Wagner et al. 1999). The major threats to Hedyotis ridge tops, and gulches in lowland wet Gouania vitifolia typically grows on coriacea are the small number of forests and occasionally in shrublands the sides of ridges and gulches in dry to remaining individuals; fire; and alien between 110 and 1,147 m (361 and mesic forests at elevations of 39 to 978 weeds (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). 3,762 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database

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2001; Wagner et al. 1999; Service reproductive vigor due to the small Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 1998b). number of remaining individuals (56 FR mokuleianus on Oahu occurs on slopes, The major threats to Hesperomannia 55770; HINHP Database 2001). cliffs, and arid ledges in lowland dry arborescens are habitat degradation by forest and shrubland from 24 to 490 m Hibiscus brackenridgei (Mao hau hele) feral pigs and goats; competition with (79 to 1,607 ft) in elevation. Associated the alien plant species Clidemia hirta, Hibiscus brackenridgei, a member of plant species include Erythrina Psidium cattleianum, Leptospermum the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, scoparium, and Axonopus fissifolius; sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. Waltheria indica, Doryopteris sp., fire; impact by humans; and extinction This species differs from other members Lepidium bidentatum, Lipochaeta due to random environmental events or of the genus in having the following remyi, Bidens amplectans (kookoolau), reduced reproductive vigor due to this combination of characteristics yellow Chamaesyce sp., Reynoldsia species’ limited numbers (59 FR 14482; petals, a calyx consisting of triangular sandwicensis, Pleomele halapepe, HINHP Database 2001) lobes with raised veins and a single Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) viscosa., Psydrax odorata, or Sida and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an fallax. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. Hesperomannia arbuscula, a member elliptic scar. Three subspecies of molokaiana occurs in dry shrublands of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a Hibiscus brackenridgei are now between 23 and 580 m (75 to 1,902 ft) small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 recognized, brackenridgei, molokaiana, elevation. Associated plant species ft) tall. This species can be and mokuleianus. Subspecies include Waltheria indica, Sida fallax, distinguished from other members of molokaiana and mokuleianus are found Doryopteris sp., Dodonea viscosa, and the genus by the erect flower heads and on the island of Oahu. When we listed Heteropogon contortus (HINHP the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which this species in 1994 only two Database 2001; GDSI Database 2001; are one to two times as long as wide subspecies, brackenridgei and EDA, in litt. 2001). (Wagner et al. 1999). mokuleianus, were recognized. The primary threats to Hibiscus Hesperomannia arbuscula usually Subsequent to the final rule listing this brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus on flowers in the spring depending on species in 1994, we became aware of Oahu are habitat degradation and precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 Wilson’s (1993) taxonomic treatment of possible predation by pigs, goats, cattle, weeks and trees last about 10 to 15 this group in which Hibicsus and rats; competition with the alien years. No further information is brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana was plant species Panicum maximum, available on reproductive cycles, changed to subspecies status and Syzygium cumini, Melia azedarach, specific environmental requirements, or recognized as distinct from Hibicsus Aleurites moluccana, Hyptis pectinata, limiting factors (Service 1998b). brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei. Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus Historically, Hesperomannia Wilson’s (1993) treatment is cited in the terebinthifolius, Toona ciliata, arbuscula was known from the central supplement in the revised edition of the Caesalpinia decapetala, Ageratum and southern Waianae Mountains, from Manual of the Flowering Plants of conyzoides, Glycine wightii (NCN), Makaleha to Puu Kanehoa on Oahu, and Hawaii as the basis for recognizing Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, from West Maui. This species is Hibicsus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana. Coffea arabica, Spathodea campanulata currently known to be extant on the We will address this name change in a (African tulip tree), and Passiflora Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge and in future Federal Register notice (HINHP edulis; road construction; fire; and Kaluaa and Kapuna Gulches on Oahu Database 2000; Bates 1999; Wilson 1993; susceptibility extinction caused by and on West Maui. The six known Wagner et al. 1999). random environmental events or populations on Oahu contain between Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to reduced reproductive vigor due to small 90 and 92 individuals on State, private, flower continuously from early February population size and a limited number of city, and county lands (HINHP Database through late May, and intermittently at populations. The primary threats to 2001; GDSI 2001). other times of year. Intermittent Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana Hesperomannia arbuscula on Oahu flowering may possibly be tied to day on Oahu are habitat degradation and typically grows on slopes and ridges in length. Little else is known about the possible predation by pigs and goats; dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia life history of this plant. Pollination competition with the alien plant species koa and Metrosideros polymorpha at biology, longevity, specific Panicum maximum, Leucaena elevations of 370 and 1,053 m (1,214 environmental requirements, and leucocephala, and Ageratum and 3,454 ft). Associated species limiting factors are unknown (Service conyzoides; fire; Chinese rose beetle; include Syzygium sandwicensis, 1999). and susceptibility extinction caused by Freycinetia arborea, Antidesma sp., Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. random environmental events or Bobea elatior, Hibiscus sp., Diospyros mokuleianus is currently known from reduced reproductive vigor due to small hillebrandii, Hedyotis terminalis, Bidens Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii; it may population size and a limited number of sp., Alyxia oliviformis, and Psychotria possibly occur on Kauai. On Oahu there populations (HINHP Database 2001; 59 sp., or the endangered Cyanea are a total of fewer than 206 individual FR 56333). longifleua (HINHP Database 2001; plants in five populations— Service 1998b; Wagner et al. 1999). Kaumokunui Gulch, Kawaiu Gulch, Isodendrion laurifolium (Aupaka) The major threats to Hesperomannia Palikea Gulch, Kihakapu Gulch, and Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of arbuscula on Oahu are habitat Kaimuhole Gulch on State and private the violet family (Violaceae), is a degradation by feral pigs; competition lands. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. slender, straight shrub with few from the alien plant species Lantana molokaiana is currently known from branches. The species is distinguished camara, Psidium cattleianum, Rubus Oahu. On Oahu, there are a total of 5 from others in the genus by its leathery, argutus, Clidemia hirta, and Schinus individual plants in one population in oblong-elliptic, narrowly elliptic lance- terebinthifolius; trampling by humans; Makua Valley on land under federal shaped leaves (Wagner et al. 1999). and the small number of populations jurisdiction (Joel Lau, TNCH, pers. Little is known about the life history and a risk of extinction from naturally comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; of this plant. Reproductive cycles, occurring events and/or reduced GDSI 2001). longevity, specific environmental

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requirements, and limiting factors are Makaua Gulch, and Kaukonahua Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) unknown (Service 1999). Stream, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Lobelia niihauensis, a member of the Historically, Isodendrion laurifolium Database 2001). bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a was known from scattered locations on Isodendrion longifolium on Oahu is small, branched shrub. This species is Kauai and the Waianae and Koolau found on steep slopes and stream banks distinguished from others in the genus mountains of Oahu. Currently, this in mixed mesic or lowland wet by its leaves lacking or nearly lacking species is found on Kauai and Oahu. On Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris leaf stalks, the magenta-colored flowers, Oahu, there are a total of between 22 linearis forest, usually between 363 and the width of the leaf, and length of the and 23 individuals found in five 964 m (1,191 and 3,162 ft) elevation. flowers (56 FR 55770). locations on State, private, city, and Associated plant species include Lobelia niihauensis flowers in late county lands Makaha in the Waianae Syzygium sandwicensis, Pouteria summer and early fall. Fruits mature a Mountains, East Makaleha Valley, sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psydrax month to 6 weeks later. Plants are long- Waianae Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and odorata, Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope lived and are known to live as long as Kaumokunui Gulch, (Schofield Barracks sp., Pittosporum sp., Carex sp., Military Reservation) (HINHP Database 20 years (Service 1998b). Selaginella arbuscula, Isachne pallens Historically, Lobelia niihauensis was 2001; GDSI 2001). (NCN), Bobea brevipes (ahakea lau lii), Isodendrion laurifolium on Oahu is known from the Waianae Mountains of Antidesma sp., Cyanea sp. (haha), usually found between 90 and 959 m Oahu (Uluhulu Gulch to Nanakuli Cyrtandra sp., Hedyotis terminalis, (295 and 3,146 ft) elevation on gulch Valley), from Kauai, and Niihau. It is Peperomia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, slopes, in ravines, and on ridges in now known to be extant only on Kauai or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; diverse mesic or dry forest dominated and Oahu. On Oahu, this species Service 1999). by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia remains on Ohikilolo Ridge, koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or The major threats to Isodendrion Kaimokuiki-Manuwai Ridge, Diospyros sandwicensis with one or longifolium on Oahu are habitat Kamaileunu Ridge, Mt. Kaala, Makaha- more of the following associated native degradation or destruction by feral goats Waianae Kai, Makua Military plant species Nestegis sandwicensis, and pigs; and competition with the alien Reservation, Nanakuli, South Mohiakea Hibiscus arnottianus, Alyxia oliviformis, plants, Clidemia hirta, Psidium Gulch, East of Puu Kalena, Kahanahaiki Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Psydrax cattleianum, Thelypteris parasitica, Valley, between Puu Hapapa and Puu odorata, Carex wahuensis, Charpentiera Paspalum conjugatum, Oplismenus Kanehoa, Puu Kailio, between Kolekole tomentosa (papala), Doodia sp., hirtellus, Ageratina riparia, and Pass and Puu Hapapa, North of Palikea, Dryopteris unidentata, Sapindus sp. Blechnum occidentale. The Palikea Puu Kaua-Kauhiuhi-Pahoa-Halona (soapberry), Antidesma pulvinatum, Gulch population is potentially subdistricts, and Lualualei Naval Smilax melastomifolia (hoi kuahiwi), threatened by fire (HINHP Database Magazine in 21 populations containing Antidesma platyphyllum, Xylosma 2001; 61 FR 53108). between 362 and 397 individual plants on Federal, State, city, and county lands hawaiiense, Hedyotis terminalis, Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Pisonia sp., or Pouteria sandwicensis kula) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999). Database 2001). The primary threats to Isodendrion Isodendrion pyrifolium, a member of Lobelia niihauensis on Oahu typically laurifolium on Oahu are habitat the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, grows on exposed mesic or dry cliffs degradation by feral goats and pigs; branched shrub. The species is and ledges, at elevations from 339 to competition with the alien plant species distinguished from other taxa in the 926 m (1,112 to 3,037 ft). Associated Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites genus by its smaller, green-yellow plant species include Osteomeles moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf anthyllidifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, Psidium cattleianum, Toona ciliata, and veins (Wagner et al. 1999). Schiedea mannii, Carex meyenii, Grevillea robusta; and a potential threat During periods of drought, this Doryopteris sp., Sida fallax, Styphelia from military activities (HINHP species will drop all but the newest tameiameiae, Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., Database 2001; 61 FR 53108). leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta tenuis, or Artemisia sp. (HINHP Isodendrion longifolium (Aupaka) produce flowers with seeds ripening 1 to 2 months later. No further Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). Isodendrion longifolium, a member of information is available on reproductive On Oahu, the major threats to Lobelia the violet family (Violaceae), is a cycles, specific environmental niihauensis are habitat degradation and slender, straight shrub. The hairless, requirements, or limiting factors predation by feral goats, rats, and slugs; leathery, lance shaped leaves (Service 1996c). fire; military activities; and competition distinguish this species from others in from the alien plant species Schinus Isodendrion pyrifolium was known the genus (Wagner et al. 1999). terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, historically from Oahu’s central Little is known about the life history Acacia confusa, Grevillea robusta, Waianae mountains, Maui, Hawaii, of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, longevity, specific environmental Melinis repens, Ageratina riparia, this species is found on Hawaii. This requirements, and limiting factors are Erigeron karvinskianus, Kalanchoe species was last collected on Oahu in unknown (Service 1999). pinnata, and Ficus microcarpa (HINHP the late 1800s (HINHP Database 2001). Historically, Isodendrion longifolium Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). was known from scattered locations on Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu was Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on found on bare rocky hills and in Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) Oahu. Currently, Isodendrion wooded ravines in dry shrublands at Lysimachia filifolia, a member of the longifolium is known from populations low elevations from 363 to 964 m (1,191 primrose family (), is a on Kauai and Oahu. On Oahu, there are to 3,162 ft.) (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP small shrub 15 to 50 cm (0.5 to 1.6 ft) a total of 30 individual plants in four Database 2001). tall. The linear leaves measure 15 to 54 locations on Federal, State, and private No threat information is available for mm (0.6 to 2.1 in) long and 0.3 to 1.8 lands Palikea Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Isodendrion pyrifolium on Oahu. mm (0.01 to 0.07 in) wide and are

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usually alternately arranged. They are (2 to 10 in) wide. About five to 18 its life cycle. The species is the only single veined and sparsely hairy or spikes, comprised of numerous member of the genus native to Hawaii hairless. The bell shaped flowers are spikelets, form each cluster. Each and is closely related to Marsilea vestita reddish purple, 6 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 spikelet, measuring about 8 to 14 mm of the western coast of the United States in) long, and borne singly on flower (0.3 to 0.6 in) in length, is yellowish (Service 1996a). stalks about 18 to 30 mm (0.7 to 1.2 in) brown or grayish brown and is Sexual reproduction of Marsilea long which elongate upon fruiting. comprised of eight to 25 densely villosa is initiated through the Fruits are thick, hard capsules about 5 arranged flowers. The glumes (bracts production of a hard sporocarp borne on mm (0.2 in) long which contain beneath each flower), which are less the rhizome of a leaf pair node. The numerous minute, nearly black, than twice as long as wide, are young sporocarp is covered with rust- irregularly shaped seeds. This species is spreading and overlap tightly. The colored hairs which are lost as the distinguished from other taxa of the lowest glume does not overlap the base sporocarp matures. The sporocarp will genus by its leaf shape and width, calyx of the uppermost glume. This species mature only if the soil dries below lobe shape, and corolla length (Service differs from other members of the genus threshold levels for leaf growth. The 1995b). by its three-sided, slightly concave, sporocarp remains in the soil for an Little is known about the life history smooth stems; the length and number of extended period of time and must be of Lysimachia filifolia. Flowering cycles, spikelets; the leaf width; and the length scarified before it will open. It is not pollination vectors, seed dispersal and diameter of stems. The two known how the sporocarp (a structure agents, longevity, specific subspecies are distinguished primarily in or on which spores are produced) is environmental requirements, and by larger and more numerous spikelets, scarified in Marsilea villosa but limiting factors are unknown (Service larger achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits), bacterial action is thought to erode the 1995b). and more overlapping and yellower wall of the sporocarp to the point that Historically, Lysimachia filifolia was glumes in ssp. pennatiformis as water can be absorbed and force the known only from Kauai. This species is compared with ssp. bryanii. Subsequent sporocarp to open, as in other Marsilea now known from Oahu and Kauai. On to the final rule listing this species in species (Service 1996a). Oahu, there is one population 1994, we became aware of Tucker’s Marsilea villosa was historically containing a total of 50 individuals, on (1994) treatment of this genus in which known from Oahu, Molokai, and the slopes of Waiahole Valley in the the genus Mariscus was changed to Niihau. Currently, it is found on Oahu Koolau Mountains on State land Cyperus. Tucker’s (1994) treatment is and Molokai. There are four populations (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001). cited in the supplement in the revised with an unknown total number of On Oahu, Lysimachia filifolia edition of the Manual of the Flowering individuals on the island of Oahu Koko typically grows on mossy banks at the Plants of Hawaii as the basis for Head Crater, on the Lualualei Naval base of cliff faces within the spray zone recognizing Mariscus as Cyperus. We Reservation, Kealakipapa, and of waterfalls or along streams in will address this name change in a Ihiihilauakea, on Federal, city, county, lowland wet forests at elevations of 65 future Federal Register notice (Service and private lands (HINHP Database to 798 m (213 to 2,617 ft). Associated 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1996a). plants include mosses, ferns, liverworts, Reproductive cycles, longevity, Marsilea villosa typically grows in and Pilea peploides (NCN) (Service specific environmental requirements, cinder craters, vernal pools surrounded 1995b; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et and limiting factors are unknown for by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud al. 1999). Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. flats, or lowland grasslands at elevations The major threat to Lysimachia pennatiformis (Service 1999). 424 and 1,032 m (1,391 and 3,385 ft ft). filifolia on Oahu is competition with the Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis Associated native plant species include alien plant species Ageratina riparia, was known from Kauai, Oahu (Waianae Sida fallax (HINHP Database 2001). Schefflera actinophylla, Cordyline Mountains on a ridge above Makaha The main reason for the decline of fruticosa, Pluchea sp. (sourbush), and Valley), East Maui, the island of Hawaii, Marsilea villosa on Oahu is habitat Blechnum occidentale. Additionally, and from Laysan (ssp. bryani) in the destruction and the destruction of individuals of the species are vulnerable Northwestern Islands. Only one natural hydrology; many of the areas to rock slides. Because only one population has been seen in the last 70 from which it is known to have population of Lysimachia filifolia occurs years on the main islands, when an occurred are now sugar cane fields, on each of only two islands, the species unknown number of plants were seen industrial parks, housing developments, is threatened by extinction due to sometime in Keanae Valley on Maui in and pastures. The greatest immediate naturally caused events (HINHP the 1970s (HINHP Database 2001). threats to the survival of this species are Database 2001; 59 FR 09304). Mariscus pennatiformis typically the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic plants, such as Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) grows in mesic and wet Metrosideros polymorpha forest and Metrosideros Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Panicum Mariscus pennatiformis, a member of polymorpha-Acacia koa forest at maximum, Bidens pilosa and Cynodon the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a elevations between 424 and 1,032 m dactylon (Bermuda grass); and the perennial plant with a woody root (1,391 and 3,385 ft). The associated disturbance of areas where the plant system covered with brown scales. The native plant species on Oahu are grows by off-road vehicles or by grazing stout, smooth, three-angled stems are unknown (J. Lau, in litt. 2001). cattle; continued development and between 0.4 and 1.2 m (1.3 and 4 ft) No threat information is available for habitat degradation; fire; small long, slightly concave, and 3 to 7 mm Mariscus pennatiformis on Oahu. population size; and fragmentation, (0.1 to 0.3 in) in diameter in the lower trampling and other impacts from Marsilea villosa (Ihiihi) part. The three to five linear, somewhat humans and introduced mammals (57 leathery leaves are 8 to 17 mm (0.3 to Marsilea villosa, a member of the FR 27863; HINHP Database 2001). 0.7 in) wide and at least as long as the marsilea family (Marsileaceae) is an stem. Each flower cluster, umbrella- aquatic to semiaquatic fern similar in Melicope pallida (Alani) shaped and moderately dense, is 4 to 15 appearance to a four-leaved clover that Melicope pallida, a member of the cm (1.5 to 6 in) long and five to 25 cm requires periodic flooding to complete citrus family (Rutaceae), is a tree with

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grayish white hairs and black, resinous in a spike at the ends of the stem. Blechnum occidentale, Oplismenus new growth. The species differs from Membranous bracts grow below each hirtellus, Schefflera actinophylla, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope flower. Two of the bracts and the sepals Spathodea campanulata, Psidium knudsenii, and other members of the fall off with the mature fruit. This guajava, Triumfetta semitriloba genus by presence of resinous new species is distinguished from the only (Sacramento bur), Buddleia asiatica, growth, leaves folded and in clusters of other species in the genus by its Ageratina adenophora, Ficus three, and fruits with separate carpels inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm (0.2 microphylla, Kalanchoe pinnata, (Wagner et al. 1999). in) in diameter or less, which is covered Adiantum hispidulum, Caesalpinia Little is known about the life history with short hairs (Wagner et al. 1999). decapetala, Cordyline fruticosa, of Melicope pallida. Flowering cycles, Nototrichium humile is found on and Pimenta dioica, Montanoa hibiscifolia, pollination vectors, seed dispersal at the base of rock cliffs and talus slopes Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena agents, longevity, specific in areas that do not receive full sun all leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora, and environmental requirements, and day. Plants have been observed Psidium cattleianum; road building and limiting factors are unknown (Service flowering after heavy rain, but flowering maintenance; and fire (Service 1998b; 1995b). is generally heaviest in the spring and HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). Melicope pallida is currently and summer. Fruits mature a few weeks after historically known from Kauai and flowering. In cultivation, this species is Peucedanum sandwicense (Makou) Oahu on State and private lands from known to live for more than a decade Peucedanum sandwicense, a short the Waianae Mountains, the base of (Service 1998b). lived perennial and a member of the Mount Kaala and near Palikea, within Historically and currently, parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley- TNCH’s privately owned Honouliuli Nototrichium humile is known from scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems Preserve. On Oahu, it is currently Oahu and Maui. Currently, on Oahu, it arise from a short, vertical, perennial known from the base of Mount Kaala is found in Kapuhi Gulch, Pahole stem with several fleshy roots. This near Palikea in the Waianae Mountains. Gulch, Kealia, Kahanahaiki, Kaluakauila species is the only member of the genus There is a single population with a Gulch, along Makua-Keaau Ridge to in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and single individual (HINHP Database Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, and Affolter 1999). 2001; GDSI 2001). Nanakuli, where it occurs on Federal, Information on the life history of this Melicope pallida usually grows on State, city, county, and private lands. plant, reproductive cycles, longevity, steep rock faces in lowland dry or mesic There are a total of 21 populations specific environmental requirements, forests at elevations of 234 to 841 m containing between 775 and 995 and limiting factors are generally (768 to 2,758 ft). Associated plant individuals on the island of Oahu unknown (Service 1995b). species include Psychotria mariniana, (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database Historically and currently, Bobea elatior, Acacia koa, Cibotium sp., 2001; GDSI 2001). Peucedanum sandwicense is known Wikstroemia oahuensis, Syzygium Nototrichium humile typically grows from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, at elevations of 185 to 806 m (607 to Discoveries in 1990 extended the known Dryopteris sp. (NCN), Metrosideros 2,644 ft) on cliff faces, gulches, distribution of this species to the island polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, streambanks, or steep slopes in dry or of Oahu. O n Oahu, there are a total of Sapindus oahuensis, Tetraplasandra sp. mesic forests often dominated by four populations containing 51 (ohiohe), Xylosma hawaiiense or the Sapindus oahuensis or Diospyros individual plants on State, city, and endangered Abutilon sandwicense sandwicensis. Associated species county lands Keaau Valley, Puu (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 09304). include Erythrina sandwicensis, Sicyos Kawiwi, Waianae Kai, and Kamaileunu The major threat to Melicope pallida sp., Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nestegis Ridge, (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database on Oahu is competition from introduced sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, 2001). plants, especially Andropogon Myoporum sandwicense, Metrosideros Peucedanum sandwicense grows on virginicus, Psidium cattleianum, polymorpha, Antidesma pulvinatum, cliffs, slopes, and ridges in Metrosideros Pterolepis glomerata, Clidemia hirta, Pouteria sandwicensis, Charpentiera polymorpha lowland mesic forest and Toona ciliata. A potential threat to sp., Hibiscus sp., Alyxia oliviformis, between 395 and 977 m (1,296 and Melicope pallida is the black twig borer, Pisonia umbellifera, Lipochaeta tenuis, 3,205 ft) elevation and is associated which is known to occur in areas where Stenogyne sp., Artemisia australis, with native species such as Dodonaea this species grows and to feed on Bidens cervicata (kookoolau), Carex viscosa, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis sp, members of the genus Melicope. wahuensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Santalum ellipticum (iliahialoe), Additional threats to Melicope pallida Peperomia sp., Dodoanea viscosa, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Osteomeles are fire; habitat degradation by feral Canavalia sp., Psydrax odorata, anthyllidifolia, Scaevola sericea pigs; and extinction due to naturally Syzygium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia (naupaka kahakai), Senna gaudichaudii, caused events and/or reduced sandwicensis, Pleomele sp., Eugenia Pittosporum halophilum (hoawa), Sida reproductive vigor due to the small reinwartiana, Myrsine lanaiensis, or the fallax, Plumbago zeylandica, Artemisia number of existing individuals (HINHP endangered species Abutilon australis, Portulaca lutea (ihi), Database 2001; 59 FR 09304). sandwicense (Service 1998b; HINHP Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense Database 2001; 56 FR 55770). (anaunau), Schiedea globosa (NCN), Nototrichium humile (Kului) On Oahu, the major threats to Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Nototrichium humile, a member of the Nototrichium humile are habitat Peperomia remyi (alaala wai nui), amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), is an degradation by feral goats and pigs; Plechranthus parviflorus, and Dianella upright to trailing shrub with branched military activities; competition from the sandwicensis (Constance and Affolter stems to 1.5 m (5 ft) long. Stems and alien plant species Grevillea robusta, 1999; Service 1995b; HINHP Database young leaves are covered with short Panicum maximum, Lantana camara, 2001). hairs. Leaves are oppositely arranged, Hyptis pectinata, Rivina humilis, Threats to Peucedanum sandwicense oval to oblong in outline, 3 to 9 cm (1.2 Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, on Oahu are habitat degradation by feral to 3.5 in) long, and 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 Coffea arabica, Passiflora suberosa, goats and pigs and competition with the in) wide. Stalkless flowers are arranged Melia azedarach, Syzygium cumini, non-native plant species Schinus

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terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, spaced along a stem; there are two Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN) Kalanchoe pinnata, and Lantana shorter flowering stems directly below Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of camara (HINHP Database 2001). the main stem. The flowers have fused the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a sepals and white petals fused into a tube Phlegmariurus nutans (Wawaeiole) perennial herb with forward-bending and flaring into a smaller upper and a hairs on the stems and straight or Phlegmariurus nutans is a member of larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark slightly curved hairs on the flowering the clubmoss family (Lycopodiaceae). green to black nutlets. A suite of stalk. The egg-shaped to broadly egg- This species can be distinguished from technical characteristics concerning the shaped, wrinkled leaves are usually 19 others of the genus in Hawaii by its kind and amount of hair, the number of to 33 cm (7.5 to 13 in) long and 7.5 to epiphytic habit, simple or forking flowers in a cluster, and details of the 15.3 cm (3 to 6 in) wide. The leaf fruiting spikes, and larger and stiffer various plant parts separate this species leaves (59 FR 14482). surfaces are usually conspicuously from other members of the genus dotted with coarse or stiff hairs, This species has been observed fertile, (Wagner et al. 1999). with spores, in May and December. No especially along the veins, and the edges other information is available on Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants are toothed. The leaf stalks are typically reproductive cycles, longevity, specific live for approximately 5 years. The 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, with environmental requirements, or limiting species is known to flower in late winter straight, spreading hairs. Usually six factors (Service 1998b). and spring. Additional information on hairy flowers are arranged along a Historically, Phlegmariurus nutans the life history of this plant, flowering stalk with a main terminal was known from the island of Kauai and reproductive cycles, specific stem and many side branches from scattered locations in the Koolau environmental requirements, and immediately below. The individual Mountains of Oahu, bounded by limiting factors is generally unknown flower stalks are usually 8 to 15 mm (0.3 Kaluanui Valley to the north, Paalaa to (Service 1998b). to 0.6 in) long with rather coarse or stiff the west, and Mount Tantalus to the Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was hairs. The calyx is bell-shaped and has south. On Oahu, this species is now known from the central and southern short, stiff hairs. The corolla is white, known from only five populations Waianae Mountains, from Mt. Kaala to sometimes tinged with purple, and has containing seven individual plants on Honouliuli, and from Makiki in the short, stiff hairs. The upper corolla lip Federal and State lands Kaukonahua Koolau Mountains of Oahu; Molokai; is about 3 mm (0.1 in) long while the Gulch, Kahana, and Kaipapau Gulch, and East Maui. Currently, this species is lower lip is about 6 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA only known from Oahu and Maui. On in) long. The mature fruits are nutlets Database 2001). Oahu, this species remains only in about 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The Phlegmariurus nutans on Oahu grows Kaluaa Gulch, Palawai Gulch, Puu species is distinguished from others of on tree trunks, usually on open ridges, Kumakalii, Mohiakea Gulch, Huliwai the genus by the egg-shaped to broadly forested slopes, and cliffs in Gulch, Waieli Gulch, and Pualii Gulch egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks usually 6 Metrosideros polymorpha dominated on Federal and private lands. The eight to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, and the wet forests, cliffs, and shrublands and populations contain between 85 and 105 lower corolla lip 6 to 9 mm (0.24 to 0.36 occasionally mesic forests between 227 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; in) long. Phyllostegia parviflora var. and 846 m (745 and 2,775 ft) in GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). glabriuscula has fewer glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent elevation. Associated native plant Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on species include Machaerina leaves, and usually unbranched steep slopes and in gulches in diverse inflorescences compared with angustifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis, mesic to wet forests at elevations of 519 Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora. to 928 m (1,702 to 3,044 ft). Associated Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei has sandwicensis, Elaphoglossum sp. plant species include Pouteria (ekaha), Hibiscus sp., Psychotria shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphyllum, the leaf stalks, and fewer gland-tipped mariniana, Cyrtandra laxiflora, Dryopteris unidentata, Carex meyenii, Hedyotis terminalis, Broussaisia arguta, hairs in the inflorescence. At the time of Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce listing of this species, only two varieties or Dicranopteris linearis (HINHP multiformis, Acacia koa, Claoxylon Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001; were recognized, P. p. var. glabriuscula sandwicense, Alyxia oliviformis, and P. p. var. parviflora. Subsequent to Service 1998b). Myrsine sp., Diospyros hillebrandii, The primary threat to Phlegmariurus the final rule listing this species in Psychotria hathewayi, Pipturus alba, nutans on Oahu is susceptibility to 1996, we became aware of Wagner et al. Urera glabra, or Pisonia umbellifera extinction from naturally caused events (1999) taxonomic treatment of this (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, in litt. and decreased reproductive vigor group in which Phyllostegia parviflora 2001). because of the small number of var. lydgatei was changed to variety remaining individuals and limited The major threats to Phyllostegia status and recognized as distinct from distribution of the species. Additional mollis are competition from the alien Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora. threats to Phlegmariurus nutans are plant species Passiflora suberosa, Wagner et al. (1999) treatment is cited feral pigs; floods; and the alien plants Psidium cattleianum, Kalanchoe in the supplement in the revised edition Clidemia hirta, Paspalum conjugatum, pinnata, Blechnum occidentale, of the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Sacciolepis indica, and Psidium Clidemia hirta, Ageratina adenophora, Hawaii as the basis for recognizing cattleianum (HINHP Database 2001). Thelypteris parasitica, Heliocarpus Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei. popayanensis, Rubus rosifolius, and This name change will be addressed in Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) Schinus terebinthifolius; rockslides; a future Federal Register notice (Wagner Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived habitat degradation and predation by et al. 1999). member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), feral pigs and goats; and the small Historically, Phyllostegia parviflora grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, number of extant populations, which was known from three islands Oahu, nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are makes the species vulnerable to random Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now oval in outline with rounded teeth. mass mortality events (HINHP Database known only from two populations on Flowers, usually in groups of six, are 2001). Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora var.

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glabriuscula was only known from the large branched stems, flowers at nearly species Erigeron karvinskianus, Melinis island of Hawaii on private land and has right angles to the axis of the flower minutiflora, and Schinus not been observed since the 1800s. cluster, and fruits that break open at a terebinthifolius (HINHP Database 2001; Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora point two-thirds from the base. The four 59 FR 56333; Service 1999). was known from Oahu and Maui, but is varieties, anomala, laxiflora, Platanthera holochila (NCN) now known from only 30 plants on the longibracteata, and princeps, are east side of Puu Pauao, on State and distinguished by the branching and Platanthera holochila, a short-lived Federal lands. Phyllostegia parviflora pubescence of the stems; the size, perennial and a member of the orchid var. lydgatei is known from only four pubescence, and venation of the leaves; family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, plants in North Pualii Gulch on private the density of the inflorescence; and the deciduous herb. The stems arise from land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI orientation of the flowers (Wagner et al. underground tubers, the pale green 2001). 1999). leaves are lance to egg-shaped and the Phyllostegia parviflora var. lydgatei is Little is known about the life history greenish-yellow flowers occur in open typically found on moderate to steep of Plantago princeps. Reproductive spikes. This is the only species of this slopes in mesic forest from 555 to 881 cycles, longevity, specific genus that occurs in the Hawaiian m (1,820 to 2,890 ft) elevation. Native environmental requirements, and Islands (Wagner et al. 1999). vegetation associated with Phyllostegia limiting factors are generally unknown. Little is known about the life history parviflora var. lydgatei includes However, individuals have been of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Xylosma hawaiiense, Claoxylon observed in fruit from April through longevity, specific environmental sandwicense, Antidesma platyphyllum, September (Service 1999). requirements, and limiting factors are Pouteria sandwicensis, Pipturus Plantago princeps is historically and unknown (Service 1999). albidus, Myrsine lessertiana, currently found on Kauai, Oahu, Historically, Platanthera holochila Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, foliosa, Dryopteris unidentata, extant on the island of Hawaii. Plantago and Kauai. Currently, Platanthera Selaginella arbuscula, or Pipturus alba. princeps var. anomala is currently holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora is known from Kauai; var. longibracteata and Maui. This species was last typically found in Metrosideros is known from Kauai and Oahu; var. collected on Oahu in 1938 in the area polymorpha mixed lowland wet forest princeps is known from Oahu; and var. from Puu Kainapuaa to Kawainui- from 232 to 867 m (761 to 2,844 ft) laxiflora is known from Molokai and Kaipapau summit ridge and Kipapa elevation. Native vegetation associated Maui. On Oahu, there are currently no Gulch (HINHP Database 2001). with Phyllostegia parviflora var. remaining populations of var. On Oahu, Platanthera holochila was parviflora includes Cibotium sp., longibracteata, and six remaining found in Metrosideros polymorpha- Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia populations consisting of between 130 Dicranopteris linearis montane wet arguta, Antidesma sp., Pritchardia sp. and 180 individuals of var. princeps on forest or Metrosideros polymorpha (loulu), Tetraplasandra sp., Touchardia Federal, State, city, county, and private mixed montane bogs between 447 and latifolia, Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron lands Palawai Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, 867 m (1,466 and 2,844 ft) elevation. sp. (Olapa), Phyllostegia glabra (NCN), Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua- Associated native plant species include Cyrtandra sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Makaha Ridge, Mohiakea Gulch, and Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides or Melicope sp. (HINHP Database 2001). Pahole Gulch, (GDSI 2001; HINHP (kukae nene), Styphelia tameiameiae, The major threats to Phyllostegia Database 2001; EDA Database 2001). Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola parviflora var. lydgatei are habitat On Oahu, Plantago princeps var. chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), degradation and/or destruction by feral longibracteata is typically found on the Sadleria sp., Lythrum maritimum pigs; landslides, rockslides, competition sides of waterfalls and wet rock faces at (pukamole), Deschampsia nubigena with the alien plant species Schinus around 64 and 835 m (210 and 2,739 ft) (hair grass), Luzula hawaiiensis (wood terebinthifolius, Passiflora suberosa, elevation. Associated native plant rush), Sisyrinchium acre (mauu la ili), Rubus rosifolius, Psidium cattleianum, species include Lobelia gaudichaudii Broussaisia arguta, Clermontia sp. (oha Ageratina adenophora, Thelypteris (NCN), Scaevola glabra, Bidens sp., wai), Lycopodium cernuum parasitica, and Rivina humilis; and Eugenia sp., Coprosma granadensis (wawaeiole), Dubautia scabra (naenae), extinction and/or reduced reproductive (makole), or Metrosideros rugosa Polypodium pellucidum (ae), Mareletia vigor due to the small number of (HINHP Database 2001). Plantago gahniiformis (NCN), and Vaccinium remaining individuals and in each princeps var. princeps is typically found reticulatum (ohelo ai) (61 FR 53108; respective population. The major threats on slopes and ledges in Metrosideros Service 1999). to Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora polymorpha lowland mesic forests and Pteris lidgatei (NCN) on Oahu are competition with the alien shrublands between 110 to 1,064 m (361 plant species Clidemia hirta and to 3,490 ft) elevation. Associated native Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member Ageratina sp.; and extinction and/or plant species include Lysimachia sp., of the maidenhair fern family reduced reproductive vigor due to the Chamaesyce sp., Eragrostis sp., Pilea (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial small number of remaining individuals peploides, Artemisia australis, Viola sp. herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has and in each respective population (pamakani), Dubautia plantaginea, and a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 Bidens sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA, thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in) long FR 53108). in litt. 2001). when mature. The fronds, including the The primary threats to Plantago leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) princeps var. longibracteata on Oahu long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) wide. Plantago princeps, a short-lived are predation and habitat degradation by The leafy portion of the frond is oblong- member of the plantain family feral pigs and goats and competition deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick, (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or with various alien plant species. The brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are robust short lived perennial herb. This primary threats to Plantago princeps apparently marginal in position, either species differs from other native var. princeps on Oahu are rockslides fused into long linear sori, or more members of the genus in Hawaii by its and competition with the alien plant typically separated into distinct shorter

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sori, with intermediate conditions being heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. Schiedea hookeri (NCN) common. Pteris lidgatei can be The leaf lobes are circular to inversely Schiedea hookeri, a member of the distinguished from other species of egg-shaped. The leaf veins are pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the impressed on the upper surface and sprawling or clumped perennial herb. texture of its fronds and the tendency of prominent on the lower surface. The The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to 1.6 ft) long, the sori along the leaf margins to be leaf margins bear short, sharp teeth. The curve slightly upward or lie close to the broken into short segments instead of basal leaf stalks are slender and abruptly ground and often produce matted being fused into continuous marginal sheathed at the base. The leaves are clumps. The thin, opposite leaves are sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992; Wagner palmately three-to five-lobed. The small narrowly lance-shaped to narrowly 1949). purple, or cream-colored with a purple elliptic. The petalless, perfect flowers Additional information on the life tinge, flowers occur in branched are borne in open branched history of this plant, reproductive terminal clusters, each of which inflorescences, which are hairy, cycles, longevity, specific contains six to ten flowers. Each flower somewhat sticky, and 5 to 22 cm (2 to environmental requirements, and cluster contains one to three perfect 9 in) long. The lance-shaped sepals are limiting factors is generally unknown flowers and five to seven staminate green to purple and 3 to 4.5 mm (1.2 to (Service 1998a). Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found flowers. Below the inflorescence is a 1.8 in) long. The fruit is a capsule about on Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. series of about ten oblong or inversely 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is Currently, this species is known from lance-shaped bracts. The nearly distinguished from others in this Oahu and Maui. Five populations with spherical fruits are covered with endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, approximately 13 individuals occur on prickles. This species is distinguished hairy, and sometimes sticky Oahu on Federal, State, and private from others in the genus by the number inflorescence, and by the size of the lands Kaluanui, Kawainui drainage, of flowers per cluster and by the color capsules (Wagner et al. 1999). Kaukonahua Gulch, Kawai Iki Stream, of the petals (Constance and Affolter Little is known about the life history Waimano Stream and Waimano Gulch, 1999). of Schiedea hookeri. Based on field and (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA greenhouse observations, it is Additional information on the life hermaphroditic, which means each Database 2001). history of Sanicula purpurea, Pteris lidgatei on Oahu grows on steep individual has both male and female reproductive cycles, longevity, specific reproductive organs. Mature fruits have stream banks and cliffs around 75 m environmental requirements, and (246 ft) elevation in wet Metrosideros been observed in June and August. limiting factors is generally unknown Schiedea hookeri appears to be an polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis (Service 1999). forest with Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina outcrossing species. Under greenhouse angustifolia, Selaginella arbuscula, Historically and currently, Sanicula conditions, flowers do not set fruit Isachne pallens, Thelypteris purpurea is known from Oahu and West unless pollinated. In the field, the sandwicensis, Diploterygium pinnatum., Maui. On Oahu, four populations species is presumed to be pollinated by Sadleria sp., Broussaisia arguta, totaling between 21 individuals are insects, although none have been Cibotium chamissoi, Dicranopteris currently known from Kaukonahua- observed (a related species, Schiedea linearis, Elaphoglossum crassifolium Kahana Divide, Helemano-Punaluu lydgatei on Molokai, is apparently (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa, Asplenium Divide, the summit between Aiea and pollinated by native, night-flying sp. (NCN), Doodia lyonii (NCN), or Waimano, and North Kaukonahue- moths). A series of self-pollinations, Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Punaluu on Federal, State, and private within population crosses, and crosses Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database among populations have demonstrated The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei 2001; EDA Database 2001). that Schiedea hookeri experiences moderately strong inbreeding on Oahu are competition with the alien Sanicula purpurea on Oahu typically depression. These results indicate that plant species Psidium cattleianum, grows in open Metrosideros polymorpha reductions in population size could Sacciolepis indica, Thelypteris mixed montane bogs and windswept result in expression of inbreeding parasitica, Ageratina riparia, Paspalum shrublands within the cloud zone depression among progeny, with conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata, and between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and deleterious consequences for the long- Clidemia hirta; habitat destruction by 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated plant term persistence of this species. feral pigs, and a risk of extinction due species include Cheirodendron sp., Individuals of Schiedea hookeri appear to random environmental events and a Sadleria pallida, Bidens sp., to be long-lived, but there is no risk of extinction from naturally Dicanthelium koolauensis, Styphelia evidence of reproduction from seed occurring events and/or reduced tameiameiae, Gahnia beechyi, Plantago reproductive vigor due to the small under field conditions. Seedlings of pachyphylla (laukahi kuahiwi), Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites number of remaining individuals Lycopodium sp., Vaccinium sp., or (HINHP Database 2001). are apparently consumed by introduced Machaerina angustifolia (HINHP slugs and snails, which have been Sanicula purpurea (NCN) Database 2001; EDA, in litt. 2001). observed feeding on Schiedea Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived The major threats to Sanicula membranacea, another mesic forest member of the parsley family purpurea on Oahu are habitat species that occurs on Kauai. In contrast (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 degradation by feral pigs; a risk of to mesic-forest species, Schiedea to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, arising from extinction due to random environmental occurring in dry areas produce a massive perennial stem. The stems are events, and/or reduced reproductive abundant seedlings following winter tufted and branched, with the lower vigor due to the small number of rains, presumably because the drier sites portion of the stem lying close to the existing populations; sun exposure; and have fewer alien consumers. Schiedea ground, while the upper portion rises competition with the alien plant species hookeri differs considerably through its above the ground. The basal leaves are Axonopus fissifolius and Clidemia hirta range in potential for clonal growth. numerous and leathery in texture and (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are are kidney-shaped or circular to egg- Database 2001). upright, and show little potential for

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clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) platyphyllum, or the endangered has been detected for individuals at Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the Cyanea longiflora, (HINHP Database Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001). Schiedea nuttalii on Oahu is seriously decumbent and plants apparently root at generally hairless, erect subshrub. This threatened by competition with the the nodes (Service 1999; HINHP species is distinguished from others in alien plant species Psidium Database 2001; Weller and Sakai, this endemic Hawaiian genus by its cattleianum, Paspalum conjugatum, unpublished data). habit, length of the stem internodes, Historically, Schiedea hookeri was Clidemia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, length of the inflorescence, number of known from the Waianae Mountains of Grevillea robusta, and Andropogon flowers per inflorescence, smaller Oahu and from a single fragmentary virginicus; predation by the black twig leaves, smaller flowers, and smaller collection from Haleakala on Maui that borer, slugs, and snails; habitat seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). may represent Schiedea menziesii rather degradation by feral pigs; and a risk of Little is known about the life history than Schiedea hookeri. Currently, this extinction from naturally occurring of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and species is known from 17 populations events (e.g., landslides) and/or reduced greenhouse observations, it is on Oahu containing between 328 and reproductive vigor due to the small hermaphroditic (flowers contain both 378 individuals in East Makaleha, number of individuals (Service 1999; 61 sexes). Plants located close to the Makua Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Kaluakauila FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001). rim on Oahu have been under Gulch, between Kalaulula and Kanewai observation for 10 years, and they Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai) Streams, Kaluaa Gulch, north of Puu Ku Makalii, Waianae Kai, Makua-Makaha appear to be long-lived. Schiedea Sesbania tomentosa, a short lived Ridge, between Kolekole Pass and Puu nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing perennial and a member of the pea Hapapa, southwest of Puu Kaua, Palikea species. Under greenhouse conditions, family (Fabaceae), is typically a Gulch, Makaha, Kamaileunu Ridge, and plants fail to set seed unless pollinated, sprawling shrub but may also be a small Kahanahaiki on Federal, State, city, suggesting that this species requires tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 county, and private lands (HINHP insects for pollination. Seedlings of to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets which Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites are usually sparsely to densely covered Database 2001; Service 1999). are apparently consumed by introduced with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon Schiedea hookeri on Oahu is usually slugs and snails. These have been tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet found on slopes, cliffs and cliff bases, observed feeding on Schiedea or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania rock walls, and ledges in diverse mesic membranacea, another mesic forest tomentosa is the only endemic or dry lowland forest, often with species occurring on Kauai. In contrast Hawaiian species in the genus, differing Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros to mesic forest species, Schiedea from the naturalized Sesbania sesban by sandwicensis, or Diospyros hillebrandii occurring in dry areas produce the color of the flowers, the longer dominant, and at elevations between abundant seedlings following winter petals and calyx, and the number of 208 and 978 m (682 and 3,208 ft). rains, presumably because there are seeds per pod (Geesink et al. 1999). Associated plants species include Carex fewer alien predators in drier sites. The pollination biology of Sesbania wahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Acacia Fruits and flowers are abundant in the tomentosa is being studied by David koa, Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, wet season but can be found throughout Hopper, a graduate student in the Pouteria sandwicensis, Hibiscus sp., the year. Reproductive cycles, longevity, Department of Zoology at the University Charpentiera tomentosa, Styphelia specific environmental requirements, of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary tameiameiae, Sida fallax, Pisonia and limiting factors are unknown findings suggest that although many sandwicensis, Lipochaeta tenuis, (Service 1999). insects visit Sesbania flowers, the Stenogyne sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, Historically Schiedea nuttallii was majority of successful pollination is Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonaea viscosa, known from scattered locations on accomplished by native bees of the Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, or southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and genus Hylaeus and that populations at Eragrostis grandis (Service 1999). Maui. Currently, known populations Kaena Point on Oahu are probably The primary threats to Schiedea occur on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena hookeri on Oahu are habitat degradation Oahu, five populations with 49 Point is highest during the winter-spring and/or destruction by feral goats and individuals are found on Pahole-Makua rains, and gradually declines throughout pigs; competition with the alien plants Ridge, Pahole-Kahanahaiki Ridge, the rest of the year. Other aspects of this species Schinus terebinthifolius, Ekahanui Gulch Kahanahaiki Valley, plant’s life history are unknown Kalanchoe pinnata, Blechnum and Pahole Gulch, on Federal, State, (Service 1999). occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, and private lands (HINHP Database Currently, Sesbania tomentosa occurs Clidemia hirta, Heliocarpus 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; on at least six of the eight main popayanensis, Psidium cattleianum, Service 1999). Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Ageratina riparia, Thelypteris Schiedea nuttallii on Oahu typically Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) parasitica, Toona ciliata, Melia grows on rock walls, forested slopes, and in the Northwestern Hawaiian azedarach, Grevillea robusta, Aleurites and steep walls in Acacia koa- Islands (Nihoa and Necker). It is no moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Panicum Metrosideros polymorpha lowland longer extant on Niihau and Lanai. On maximum, Hyptis pectinata, Lantana mesic forest and Metrosideros Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is known camara, Ageratina adenophora, polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa forest at from three populations of 54 to 55 wild Adiantum hispidulum, Melinis elevations between 436 and 1185 m and approximately 200 outplanted minutiflora, Pimenta dioica, Psidium (1,430 and 3,887 ft). Associated native individuals on State-owned land within guajava, and Cordyline fruticosa; and plant species include Alyxia oliviformis, the Kaena Point NAR and from predation by introduced slugs and Bidens torta, Psydrax odorata, Cibotium Keawaula on State and private lands snails. The Kaluakauila Gulch chamissoi, Hedyotis terminalis, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; 59 population is also potentially threatened Perrottetia sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, FR 56333; Service 1999). by fire and military activities (Service Coprosma sp., Peperomia sp., On Oahu, Sesbania tomentosa is 1999). Machaerina sp., Pipturis sp., Antidesma found on cliff faces, broken basalt, and

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sand dunes with rock outcrops in Ageratina riparia, Schinus members of the family by being a non- Scaevola sericea coastal dry shrubland terebinthifolius, Lantana camara, succulent annual with an umbrella- and Sporobolus virginicus (aki aki), Melinis repens, Melinis minutiflora, and shaped inflorescence (Constance and mixed grasslands between sea level and Erigeron karvinskianus (HINHP Affolter 1999). 152 m (499 ft) elevation. Associated Database 2001; 57 FR 46325; Service Reproductive cycles, longevity, plant species include Heliotropium sp. 1996d). specific environmental requirements, (ahinahina), Jacquemontia Solanum sandwicense (Popolo and limiting factors are unknown sandwicensis, Myoporum sandwicense, aiakeakua) (Service 1999). or Sida fallax, Lipochaeta sp., (HINHP Historically and currently, Database 2001; Service 1999). Solanum sandwicense, a member of Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known from The primary threats to Sesbania the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a Kauai, Oahu, Lanai and the island of tomentosa on Oahu are competition large sprawling shrub. The younger Hawaii. On Oahu, there are two known with the alien plant species Leucana branches are more densely hairy than populations totaling between 110 and leucocephala and Lantana camara; lack older branches and the oval leaves 910 individuals, on Makua-Keaau Ridge of adequate pollination; seed predation usually have up to four lobes along the and near the entrance of Diamond Head by rats, mice and, potentially, non- margins. This short-lived perennial on State, Federal, city, and county lands native insects; and destruction by species differs from others of the genus (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA random environmental events (e.g., fire); in having dense hairs on young plant Database 2001). parts, a greater height, and its lack of hikers; and motorcycles and other all Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Oahu prickles (Symon 1999). terrain vehicles (59 FR 56333; Service typically grows on steep-vertical cliffs Little is known about the life history 1999; HINHP Database 2001). or at the base of cliffs and ridges in of Solanum sandwicense. Flowering coastal dry cliff vegetation at elevations Silene lanceolata (NCN) cycles, pollination vectors, seed of 25 to 839 m (82 to 2,752 ft). Silene lanceolata, a member of the dispersal agents, longevity, specific Associated plant species include pink family, is an upright, perennial environmental requirements, and Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 limiting factors are unknown (Service Bidens sp., Santalum ellipticum, in) long, which are woody at the base. 1995b). The narrow leaves are smooth except for Historically, Solanum sandwicense Waltheria indica, Heteropogon a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers was known from both Oahu and Kauai. contortus, or Doryopteris sp. (HINHP are arranged in open clusters. The Currently, this species is only known Database 2001; EDA, in litt., 2001). flowers are white with deeply-lobed, from Kauai (Joan Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. The primary threats to Spermolepis clawed petals. The capsule opens at the comm., 2000; HINHP Database 2001; hawaiiensis on Oahu are habitat top to release reddish-brown seeds. This GDSI Database 2001; 65 FR 66808 59 FR degradation by feral goats; competition species is distinguished from Silene 09304; Service 1995b). with various alien plant species such as alexandri, the only other member of the Solanum sandwicense on Oahu was Melinis minutiflora, Lantana camara, genus found on Molokai, by its smaller found on talus slopes and in streambeds and grasses; and habitat destruction and flowers and capsules and its stamens, in open, sunny areas at elevations extinction due to natural environmental which are shorter than the sepals between 131 and 1,006 m (430 and events such as erosion, landslides, and (Wagner et al. 1999). 3,300 ft). Associated plant species rockslides due to natural weathering Currently, no life history information included Pisonia sp. or Psychotria sp. (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 56333; is available for Silene lanceolata (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Service 1999). (Service 1996d). Database 2001). Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. The historical range of Silene The major threats to populations of lepidotum (NCN) lanceolata includes five Hawaiian Solanum sandwicense on Oahu were Islands Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, habitat degradation by feral pigs; and Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. and the island of Hawaii. Silene competition with alien the plant species lepidotum, a member of the aster family lanceolata is presently extant on the Passiflora suberosa, Psidium sp., and (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; landslides; cm (4.7 to 14 in) tall, branching near the On Oahu, there are two populations and a risk of extinction from naturally ends of the stems. Leaves of this taxon with 62 individuals located in Koiahi occurring events and reduced are lance-shaped, wider at the leaf tip, Gulch and Waianae Kai on Federal and reproductive vigor due to the small and measure 25 to 45 mm (1.0 to 1.8 in) State lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP number of existing individuals (59 FR long and 1 to 7 mm (0.04 to 0.3 in) wide. Database 2001; EDA Database 2001). 09304; Service 1995b; HINHP Database Flower heads are arranged in groups of On Oahu, Silene lanceolata grows on 2001). six to 12. The involucre is bell-shaped cliff faces and ledges of gullies in dry to and less than 4 mm (0.2 in) high. Florets mesic shrubland and cliff communities Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) are either female or bisexual, with both at elevations of about 351 to 978 m Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of occurring on the same plant. There are (1,151 to 3,208 ft). Associated native the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a 21 to 40 white to pinkish lavender ray plant species include Artemisia slender annual herb with few branches. florets 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 in) long aurstralis, Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance- on the periphery of each head. In the manni, Bidens sp., Carex sp., shaped divisions, are oblong to center of each head there are four to Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Chamaesyce somewhat oval in outline and grow on eleven maroon to pale salmon disk sp., Lysimachia sp. or the endangered stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, florets. The fruits are achenes, 1.6 to 2.5 Tetramolopium filfilforme (pamakani) compound umbrella-shaped mm (0.06 to 0.1 in) long and 0.5 to 0.8 (HINHP Database 2001). inflorescence arising from the stem, mm (0.02 to 0.03 in) wide. This taxon The threats to Silene lanceolata on opposite the leaves. Spermolepis can be distinguished from the other Oahu are habitat destruction by feral hawaiiensis is the only member of the extant species on Oahu by its goats and pigs; wildfires; and genus native to Hawaii. It is hermaphroditic (having both male and competition with the alien plant species distinguished from other native female flowers) disk flowers and its

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inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 330 to 1,157 m (1,082 to 3,795 ft). yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, 1999). Associated species include Eragrostis and thin pods which may or may not be Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. sp., Carex wahuensis, Bidens sp., or slightly inflated (Geesink et al. 1999). lepidotum is a short-lived perennial that Metrosideros polymorpha (HINHP Additional information on the life has been observed producing fruit and Database 2001). history of this plant, reproductive flowers from April through July. No The major threats to Tetramolopium cycles, longevity, specific further other information is available on lepidotum ssp. lepidotum on Oahu are environmental requirements, and reproductive cycles, longevity, specific competition from the alien plant species limiting factors are generally unknown environmental requirements, or limiting Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis (Service 1999). factors (59 FR 09304; Service 1995b). minutiflora, and Andropogon virginicus; Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was Historically, Tetramolopium habitat degradation and predation by known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum was known goats and pigs; fire; and the small Currently, Vigna o-wahuensis is known from nearly the entire length of the number of populations (Service 1998b; from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Waianae Mountains, from Makua Valley 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001). Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii. There to Cachexia Ridge, as well as from the are no currently known populations on Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) island of Lanai. On Oahu, a total of four Niihau or Oahu. The last collection on populations of approximately 15 Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the Oahu was made in 1938 on the Mokulua individual plants are currently known pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender Islets and North Islet (HINHP Database from Federal, State, and private lands twining perennial herb with fuzzy 2001). on Mauna Kapu, Ekahanui-Lualualei stems. Each leaf is made up of three Vigna o-wahuensis on Oahu occurred summit, Waianae Kai, and Puu Hapapa. leaflets which vary in shape from round on open dry fossil reef, climbing over TNCH has outplanted three individuals to linear, and are sparsely or moderately shrubs and grasses on limestone deposit in a fenced exclosure within Honouliuli covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in and on fairly steep slopes from sea level Preserve. These individuals have since clusters of one to four, have thin, to 609 m (0 to 1,998 ft) in elevation. The died, yet two healthy Tetramolopium translucent, pale yellow or greenish associated native plant species for this lepidotum ssp. lepidotum have sprouted yellow petals. The two lowermost petals plant are unknown for Oahu (HINHP near the exclosure (56 FR 55770; are fused and appear distinctly beaked. Database 2001). Lowrey 1999; Service 1998b; HINHP The sparsely hairy calyx has The threats for this species are 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001). asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long unknown for Oahu. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. slender pods that may or may not be A summary of populations and lepidotum typically grows on grassy slightly inflated and contain seven to 15 landownership for these 101 plant ridge tops, slopes, or cliffs in gray to black seeds. This species differs species reported from Oahu is given in windblown dry forests at elevations of from others in the genus by its thin Table 2.

TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON OAHU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 101 SPECIES REPORTED FROM OAHU

Number of Landownership/jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Abutilon sandwicense ...... 16 X 26 XX Adenophorus periens ...... 0 Alectryon macrococcus ...... 34 X126 XX Alsinidendron obovatum ...... 5 X1 X Alsinidendron trinerve ...... 3 X2 X Bonamia menziesii ...... 16 X16 XX Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... 8 X12 XX Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 X X Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana ...... 13 X1 X Chamaesyce deppeana ...... 1 X Chamaesyce herbstii ...... 4 X X Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... 4 X6 X Chamaesyce rockii ...... 16 X 238 XX Colubrina oppositifolia ...... 5 X X Ctenitis squamigera ...... 4 X12 XX Cyanea acuminata ...... 22 X238 XX Cyanea crispa ...... 11 X3 XX Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... 6 X2 XX Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ...... 6 X X Cyanea humboltiana ...... 8 X3,8 XX Cyanea koolauensis ...... 25 X2348 XX Cyanea longiflora ...... 4 X X Cyanea pinnatifida ...... 0 Cyanea st.-johnii ...... 6 X3 XX Cyanea superba ...... 1 X1 X Cyanea truncata ...... 1 X X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 6 X7 X Cyrtandra crenata ...... 0 Cyrtandra dentata ...... 8 X13 X Cyrtandra polyantha ...... 1 X X Cyrtandra subumbellata ...... 2 X28 XX

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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON OAHU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 101 SPECIES REPORTED FROM OAHU—Continued

Number of Landownership/jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Cyrtandra viridiflora ...... 8 X38 XX Delissea subcordata ...... 18 X12 XX Diellia erecta ...... 1 X X Diellia falcata ...... 29 X126 XX Diellia unisora ...... 4 X X Diplazium molokaiense ...... 0 Dubautia herbstobatae ...... 4 X1 X Eragrostis fosbergii ...... 4 X2 X Eugenia koolauensis ...... 10 X34 XX Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 6 X1 XX Flueggea neowawraea ...... 19 X126 XX Gardenia mannii ...... 31 X2348 XX Gouania meyenii ...... 3 X X Gouania vitifolia ...... 2 X X Hedyotis coriacea ...... 0 Hedyotis degeneri ...... 5 X1 X Hedyotis parvula ...... 5 X16 X Hesperomannia arborescens ...... 23 X348 XX Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... 6 X X Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 6 X16 XX Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 5 X X Isodendrion longifolium ...... 4 X2 XX Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 Labordia cyrtandrae ...... 9 X X Lepidium arbuscula ...... 10 X126 X Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...... 5 X26 X Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...... 12 X126 X Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis ...... 4 X238 XX Lobelia monostachya ...... 1 X X Lobelia niihauensis ...... 21 X126 X Lobelia oahuensis ...... 10 X1238 XX Lysimachia filifolia ...... 1 X Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 0 Marsilea villosa ...... 4 X6 XX Melicope lydgatei ...... 4 X3 XX Melicope pallida ...... 1 X X Melicope saint-johnii ...... 5 X6 X Myrsine juddii ...... 3 X3 X Neraudia angulata ...... 5 X126 XX Nototrichium humile ...... 21 X126 XX Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 4 X Phlegmariurus nutans ...... 5 X238 X Phyllostegia hirsuta ...... 23 X2368 XX Phyllostegia kaalaensis ...... 4 X X Phyllostegia mollis ...... 8 X2 X Phyllostegia parviflora ...... 2 X3 XX Plantago princeps ...... 6 X1236 XX Platanthera holochila ...... 0 Pritichardia kaalae ...... 6 X12 X Pteris lidgatei ...... 5 X238 XX Sanicula mariversa ...... 4 X16 X Sanicula purpurea ...... 4 X238 XX Schiedea hookeri ...... 17 X126 XX Schiedea kaalae ...... 8 X X Schiedea kealiae ...... 4 X5 XX Schiedea nuttallii ...... 5 X12 XX Sesbania tomentosa ...... 3 X X Silene lanceolata ...... 2 X1 X Silene perlmanii ...... 0 Solanum sandwicense ...... 0 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 2 X1 X Stenogyne kanehoana ...... 1 X Tetramolopium filiforme ...... 6 X16 X Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... 4 X26 XX Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ...... 20 X2348 XX Trematalobelia singularis ...... 3 X X Urera kaalae ...... 11 X26 XX Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 0 Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana ...... 5 X126 X

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TABLE 2.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON OAHU, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 101 SPECIES REPORTED FROM OAHU—Continued

Number of Landownership/jurisdiction Species current popu- lations Federal State Private

Viola oahuensis ...... 9 X238 XX 1 Makua Military Reservation. 2 Schofield Barracks Military Reservation/Schofield Barracks East Range. 3 Kawailoa Training Area. 4 Kahuku Training Area. 5 Dillingham Military Reservation. 6 Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor Lualualei Branch and Naval Computer and Telecommunication Area Master Station Pacific Transmitting Facility at Lualualei. 7 Hawaii Army National Guard. 8 Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge.

Previous Federal Action kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), named therein. As a result of that Federal action on these plants began Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, review, on June 16, 1976, we published as a result of section 12 of the Sesbania tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi a proposed rule in the Federal Register Endangered Species Act of 1973, as and Sesbania tomentosa var. (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), tomentosa), Silene lanceolata, Solanum status pursuant to section 4 of the Act which directed the Secretary of the sandwicense (as Solanum hillebrandii for approximately 1,700 Smithsonian Institution to prepare a and Solanum kauaiense), taxa, including all of the above taxa report on plants considered to be Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. considered to be endangered or thought endangered, threatened, or extinct in the lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa to be extinct; Diellia erecta was also United States. This report, designated as (as Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa var. included in the 1976 document. The list House Document No. 94–51, was pupukeensis), Urera kaalae, Vigna o- of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on presented to Congress on January 9, wahuensis (as Vigna sandwicensis var. the basis of comments and data received 1975. In that document, Abutilon heterophylla and var. sandwicensis), by the Smithsonian Institution and the sandwicense (as Abutilon sandwicense Viola chamissoniana ssp. Service in response to House Document var. sandwicense), Adenophorus chamissoniana (as Viola No. 94–51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as chamissoniana), and Viola oahuensis Register publication. Alectryon macrococcum var. were considered endangered; Diellia General comments received in macrococcum and Hesperomannia erecta, Diellia unisora, Huperzia nutans response to the 1976 proposal are arborescens var. bushiana and var. (as Lycopodium nutans), Lipochaeta summarized in an April 26, 1978, swezeyi), Hesperomannia arbuscula, tenuifolia, Lobelia monostachya (as Federal Register publication (43 FR Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus Lobelia hillebrandii var. monostachya), 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. Lysimachia filifolia, and Phyllostegia required that all proposals over 2 years mokuleianus, and var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’), hirsuta (as Phyllostegia hirsuta var. old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, hirsuta and var. laxior) were considered was given to proposals already over 2 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis threatened; and, Chamaesyce deppeana years old. On December 10, 1979, we (as Lobelia gaudichaudii var. (as Euphorbia deppeana), Ctenitis published a notice in the Federal koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, Eugenia koolauensis (as Eugenia portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal Melicope lydgatei (as Pelea descendens molokaiana), Gouania meyenii, that had not been made final, along with and Pelea lydgatei), Melicope pallida (as Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis cookiana, four other proposals that had expired. Pelea leveillei and Pelea pallida), Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion We published updated notices of review Melicope saint-johnii (as Pelea saint- pyrifolium, Plantago princeps (as for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR johnii var. elongata), Neraudia Plantago princeps var. acaulis, var. 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR angulata, Nototricium humile, denticulata, and var. queleniana), Pteris 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia lidgatei, and Tetramolopium filiforme, September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), mollis, Plantago princeps (as Plantago were considered to be extinct. On July February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A princeps var. elata, var. laxifolia, var. 1, 1975, we published a notice in the summary of the status categories for princeps), Lipochaeta lobata var. Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of our these 101 plant species in the 1980– leptophylla, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. acceptance of the Smithsonian report as 1996 notices of review can be found in koolauensis (as Lobelia gaudichaudii a petition within the context of section Table 3(a). We listed the 101 species as var. koolauensis), Lobelia niihauensis, 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, endangered or threatened between 1991 Lobelia oahuensis, Marsilea villosa, and gave notice of our intention to and 1996. A summary of the listing Pritchardia kaalae (as Pritchardia review the status of the plant taxa actions can be found in Table 3(b).

TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU

Federal Register notice of review Species 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Abutilon sandwicense ...... C1 C1 C1 Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1

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TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 C1 C1 Alsinidendron obovatum ...... C1 C1 C1 Alsinidendron trinerve ...... C1 C1 C1 Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 Cenchrus agrimonioides Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana Chamaesyce deppeana ...... C1 C1 C1 Chamaesyce herbstii ...... C1 Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Chamaesyce rockii ...... 3A 3A C1 Colubrina oppositifolia Ctenitis squamigera ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea acuminata Cyanea crispa ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... C1* C1* C1* Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ...... C1 C1 ...... C2 Cyanea humboltiana ...... C2 Cyanea koolauensis ...... C1 C1 3C Cyanea longiflora Cyanea pinnatifida ...... C1 C1 Cyanea st.-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea superba ...... C1 C1 3C Cyanea truncata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C1 Cyrtandra crenata ...... C2 Cyrtandra dentata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyrtandra polyantha ...... 3C Cyrtandra subumbellata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyrtandra viridiflora ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Delissea subcordata ...... C2 Diellia erecta ...... 3C 3C Diellia falcata ...... C1 C1 C1 Diellia unisora ...... C1 C1 C1 Diplazium molokaiense ...... C1 C1 C1* Dubautia herbstobatae ...... C1* C1* C1 Eragrostis fosbergii ...... C1 C1 C1 Eugenia koolauensis ...... C1 C1 C1* C2* Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Gardenia mannii Gouania meyenii ...... 3A 3A C1 Gouania vitifolia ...... C1* C1* C1* Hedyotis coriacea ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis degeneri ...... C1 C1 C1 Hedyotis parvula ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion longifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 3C Labordia cyrtandrae ...... C1* C1* 3A Lepidium arbuscula ...... C2 C2 Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...... C1* C2 C2 Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia monostachya ...... C1 C1 3B Lobelia niihauensis ...... C1 3A Lobelia oahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lysimachia filifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... C2 C2 C1 Marsilea villosa ...... C1 Melicope lydgatei ...... C2 Melicope pallida ...... C1 C1 ...... Melicope saint-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Myrsine juddii ...... C1 C1 C1* Neraudia angulata ...... C1* ...... Nototrichium humile ...... C1 C1 3C Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C1 C1 C1

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TABLE 3(a).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Federal Register notice of review Species 12/15/80 9/27/85 2/20/90 9/30/93

Phlegmariurus nutans ...... C1 C1 C1 Phyllostegia hirsuta ...... C2 C2 C2 Phyllostegia kaalaensis ...... C1 C2 3C Phyllostegia mollis Phyllostegia parviflora ...... C1 C1 C1 Plantago princeps Platanthera holochila ...... C2 C2 C1 Pritchardia kaalae ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Pteris lidgatei ...... 3C 3C Sanicula mariversa ...... C1 ...... Sanicula purpurea ...... C1 ...... Schiedea hookeri ...... C2 Schiedea kaalae ...... C1 C1 C1 Schiedea kealiae ...... 3C 3C Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1 Silene lanceolata ...... C1 C1 C1 Silene perlmanii ...... C1 Solanum sandwicense ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Stenogyne kanehoana ...... C1 C1 C1 Tetramolopium filiforme ...... C1 C1 C1 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... C1 C1 C1 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ...... 3B 3B C1 Trematalobelia singularis ...... C2 C2 Urera kaalae ...... C1 C1 C1 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola oahuensis ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Key: C: Taxa for which the Service has on file sufficient information on the biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. (The 1996 Notice of Review discontinued the use of different categories of candidates (as described below; candidates were redefined as species meeting the definition of former C1 species.) C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3B: Names that, on the basis of current taxonomic understanding (usually as represented in published revisions and monographs), do not rep- resent distinct taxa meeting the Act’s definition of ‘‘species’’. Such supposed entities could be reevaluated in the future on the basis of new infor- mation. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. If further research or changes in habitat conditions indicate a significant decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in categories 1 or 2. Federal Register Notices of Review: 1980: 45 FR 82479 1985: 50 FR 39525 1990: 55 FR 6183 1993: 58 FR 51144 1996: 61 FR 7596

TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Abutilon sandwicense ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Alsinidendron obovatum ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Alsinidendron trinerve ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Bonamia menziesii ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Chamaesyce deppeana ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Chamaesyce herbstii ...... E 10/02/95 55 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Chamaesyce kuwaleana ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Chamaesyce rockii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Colubrina oppositifolia ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/28/02 HI PR Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/26/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Cyanea acuminata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea crispa ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 59066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932 Cyanea humboltiana ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea koolauensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea longiflora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea pinnatifida ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Cyanea st.-johnii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51389 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyanea superba ...... E 07/17/90 55 FR 29072 09/11/91 56 FR 46235 Cyanea truncata ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 Cyrtandra crenata ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyrtandra dentata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyrtandra polyantha ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Cyrtandra subumbellata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Cyrtandra viridiflora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Delissea subcordata ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Diellia erecta ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Diellia falcata ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Diellia unisora ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/26/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Dubautia herbstobatae ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Eragrostis fosbergii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Eugenia koolauensis ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Gardenia mannii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Gouania meyenii ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Gouania vitifolia ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 59066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932 Hedyotis coriacea ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23772 05/15/92 56 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/28/02 HI PR Hedyotis degeneri ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Hedyotis parvula ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Isodendrion laurifolium ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Isodendrion longifolium ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... T 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 Labordia cyrtandrae ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lepidium arbuscula ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Lipochaeta tenuifolia ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lobelia monostachya ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Lobelia niihauensis ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Lobelia oahuensis ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Lysimachia filifolia ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 58012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 05/14/02 67 FR 34522 05/28/02 HI PR Marsilea villosa ...... E 02/15/91 56 FR 6349 06/22/92 57 FR 27863 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Melicope lydgatei ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Melicope pallida ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 2/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Melicope saint-johnii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Myrsine juddii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Neraudia angulata ...... E 9/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Nototrichium humile ...... E 9/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Peucedanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Phlegmariurus nutans ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Phyllostegia hirsuta ...... T 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Phyllostegia kaalaensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Phyllostegia mollis ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Phyllostegia parviflora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/00 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Pritichardia kaalae ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Pteris lidgatei ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/26/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Sanicula mariversa ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Sanicula purpurea ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 Schiedea hookeri ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 Schiedea kaalae ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Schiedea kealiae ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/14/02 67 FR 34522 05/28/02 HI PR Silene lanceolata ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Silene perlmanii ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Solanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 55862 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Stenogyne kanehoana ...... E 01/23/91 56 FR 2493 05/13/92 57 FR 20592 Tetramolopium filiforme ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 Trematalobelia singularis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Urera kaalae ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770

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TABLE 3(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 101 PLANT SPECIES FROM OAHU—Continued

Proposed rule Final rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Reg- Federal Reg- Federal Date ister Date ister Date Register

Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 12/29/00 65 FR 83158 01/28/02 67 FR 3939 04/03/02 67 FR 15856 03/04/02 67 FR 9806 04/05/02 67 FR 16492 05/28/02 HI PR Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 Viola oahuensis ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 Key: E = Endangered. T = Threatened.

Critical Habitat that we did not consider benefits governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as outside of the consultation Department of Defense—Army, Navy, amended, and implementing regulations requirements. In the court’s view, these Air Force). Only a few responses offered (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the potential benefits include substantive information on the status of individual maximum extent prudent and and procedural protections. The court plant species or on current management determinable, the Secretary will find held that, substantively, designation actions for one or more of the 245 that critical habitat designation is not establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ Hawaiian plants. While some of the prudent when one or both of the prior to consultation and indicates respondents expressed support for the following situations exist: (1) the where compliance with section 7 of the designation of critical habitat for 245 species is threatened by taking or other Act is required. Procedurally, the court Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent human activity, and identification of stated that the designation of critical opposed the designation of critical critical habitat can be expected to habitat educates the public and State habitat for these plants. In general, these increase the degree of threat to the and local governments and affords them respondents opposed designation species, or (2) such designation of an opportunity to participate in the because they believed it will cause critical habitat would not be beneficial designation (id. at 1288). The court also economic hardship, discourage to the species. At the time each plant stated that private lands may not be cooperative projects, polarize was listed, we determined that excluded from critical habitat relationships with hunters, or designation of critical habitat was not designation even though section 7 potentially increase trespass or prudent because it would not benefit the requirements apply only to Federal vandalism on private lands. In addition, plant and/or would increase the degree agencies. In addition to the potential commenters also cited a lack of of threat to the species. benefit of informing the public, State, information on the biological and The not prudent determinations for and local governments of the listing and ecological needs of these plants which, these species, along with others, were of the areas that are essential to the they suggested, may lead to designation challenged in Conservation Council for species’ conservation, the court found based on guesswork. The respondents Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 that there may be Federal activity on who supported the designation of (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the private property in the future, even critical habitat cited that designation United States District Court for the though no such activity may be would provide a uniform protection District of Hawaii, directed us to review occurring there at the present (id. at plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote the prudency determinations for 245 1285–88). funding for management of these plants; listed plant species in Hawaii, including On August 10, 1998, the court ordered educate the public and State these 101 species reported from Oahu. us to publish proposed critical habitat government; and protect partnerships Among other things, the court held that, designations or non-designations for at with landowners and build trust. in most cases, we did not sufficiently least 100 species by November 30, 2000, On November 7, 2000, we published demonstrate that the species are and to publish proposed designations or the first of the court-ordered prudency threatened by human activity or that non-designations for the remaining 145 determinations and proposed critical such threats would increase with the species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. habitat designations or non-designations designation of critical habitat. The court 2d 1074). for 76 Kauai and Niihau plants (65 FR also held that we failed to balance any On November 30, 1998, we published 66808). The prudency determinations risks of designating critical habitat a notice in the Federal Register and proposed critical habitat against any benefits (id. at 1283–85). requesting public comments on our designations for Maui and Kahoolawe Regarding our determination that reevaluation of whether designation of plants were published December 18, designating critical habitat would have critical habitat is prudent for the 245 2000 (65 FR 79192), for Lanai plants on no additional benefits to the species Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086), and above and beyond those already The comment period closed on March 1, for Molokai plants on December 29, provided through the section 7 1999, and was reopened from March 24, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All of these consultation requirement of the Act, the 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). proposed rules had been sent to the court ruled that we failed to consider We received more than 100 responses Federal Register on or by November 30, the specific effect of the consultation from individuals, non-profit 2000, as required by the court’s order. requirement on each species (id. at organizations, the Division of Forestry In those proposals, we determined that 1286–88). In addition, the court stated and Wildlife (DOFAW), county critical habitat was prudent for 45

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species (Adenophorus periens, prudency determinations and proposed been identified to help to avoid Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia critical habitat designations for the accidental damage to such areas. menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Hawaii Island plants. Publication of this In order to be included in a critical Centaurium sebaeoides, Colubrina proposal for plants from Oahu is habitat designation, the habitat must be oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, consistent with the August 10, 1998, ‘‘essential to the conservation of the Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, court order. species.’’ Critical habitat designations Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, identify, to the extent known and using Critical Habitat Diplazium molokaiense, Eugenia the best scientific and commercial data koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Critical habitat is defined in section 3 available, habitat areas that provide at Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania of the Act as—(i) The specific areas least one of the physical or biological meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis within the geographic area occupied by features essential to the conservation of coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, a species, at the time it is listed in the species (primary constituent Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus accordance with the Act, on which are elements, as defined at 50 CFR brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, found those physical or biological 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the Act Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion features (I) essential to the conservation states that not all areas that can be pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, of the species and (II) that may require occupied by a species should be Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus special management considerations or designated as critical habitat unless the pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, protection; and (ii) specific areas Secretary determines that such areas are Melicope pallida, Nototrichium humile, outside the geographic area occupied by essential to the conservation of the Peucedanum sandwicense, a species at the time it is listed, upon species. Our regulations (50 CFR Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia a determination that such areas are 424.12(e)) also state that, ‘‘The Secretary mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago essential for the conservation of the shall designate as critical habitat areas princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use outside the geographic area presently lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea of all methods and procedures that are occupied by the species only when a hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania necessary to bring an endangered or a designation limited to its present range tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum threatened species to the point at which would be inadequate to ensure the sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, listing under the Act is no longer conservation of the species.’’ Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. necessary. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis) that Critical habitat receives protection we take into consideration the economic are reported from Oahu as well as on under section 7 of the Act through the impact, and any other relevant impact, Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, prohibition against destruction or of specifying any particular area as or Molokai. adverse modification of critical habitat critical habitat. We may exclude areas On October 3, 2001, we submitted a with regard to actions carried out, from critical habitat designation when joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal funded, or authorized by a Federal the benefits of exclusion outweigh the Defense Fund requesting extension of agency. Section 7 also requires benefits of including the areas within the court order for the final rules to conferences on Federal actions that are critical habitat, provided the exclusion designate critical habitat for plants from likely to result in the destruction or will not result in extinction of the Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui adverse modification of proposed species. and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai critical habitat. Aside from the added Our Policy on Information Standards (September 16, 2002), and Molokai protection that may be provided under Under the Endangered Species Act, (October 16, 2002), citing the need to section 7, the Act does not provide other published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR revise the proposals to incorporate or forms of protection to lands designated 34271), provides criteria, establishes address new information and comments as critical habitat. Because consultation procedures, and provides guidance to received during the comment periods. under section 7 of the Act does not ensure that our decisions represent the The joint stipulation was approved and apply to activities on private or other best scientific and commercial data ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. non-Federal lands that do not involve a available. It requires that our biologists, In the revised proposed rules published Federal nexus, critical habitat to the extent consistent with the Act and on January 28, 2002 (67 FR 3939), designation would not afford any with the use of the best scientific and March 4, 2002 (67 FR 9806), April 3, additional regulatory protections under commercial data available, use primary 2002 (67 FR 15856), and April 5, 2002 the Act. and original sources of information as (67 FR 16492), we proposed that Critical habitat also provides non- the basis for recommendations to designation of critical habitat was regulatory benefits to the species by designate critical habitat. When prudent for Eugenia koolauensis, informing the public and private sectors determining which areas are critical Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion of areas that are important for species habitat, a primary source of information pyrifolium, Nototrichium humile, recovery and where conservation should be the listing rule for the species. Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia actions would be most effective. Additional information may be obtained parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and Designation of critical habitat can help from a recovery plan, articles in peer- Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. focus conservation activities for a listed reviewed journals, conservation plans lepidotum, eight species reported from species by identifying areas that contain developed by States and counties, Oahu as well as Kauai, Maui, Molokai, the physical and biological features that scientific status surveys and studies, and Lanai. The designation of critical are essential for the conservation of that and biological assessments or other habitat is proposed for all of these species, and can alert the public as well unpublished materials. species on Oahu. as land-managing agencies to the Section 4 of the Act requires that we On May 14, 2002, we published the importance of those areas. Critical designate critical habitat based on what prudency determinations and proposed habitat also identifies areas that may we know at the time of designation. critical habitat designations for the require special management Habitat is often dynamic, and species Northwestern Hawaiian Islands plants considerations or protection, and may may move from one area to another over (67 FR 34522) and in this issue of the help provide protection to areas where time. Furthermore, we recognize that Federal Register we are publishing the significant threats to the species have designation of critical habitat may not

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include all of the habitat areas that may To determine whether critical habitat from vandalism or collection. Given the eventually be determined to be would be prudent for each of the 56 above considerations, we propose that necessary for the recovery of the species for which a prudency designation of critical habitat for species. For these reasons, critical determination has not been made Pritchardia kaalae is not prudent. habitat designations do not signal that previously, we analyzed the potential One species, Cyrtandra crenata, habitat outside the designation is threats and benefits for each species in endemic to the island of Oahu, is no unimportant or may not be required for accordance with the court’s order. These longer extant in the wild. Cyrtandra recovery. Areas outside the critical 56 plants were listed as endangered crenata was last collected in 1932 from habitat designation will continue to be species under the Act between 1991 and Waikane Valley (HINHP Database 2001). subject to conservation actions that may 1996. At the time each plant was listed, In addition, this species is not known to be implemented under section 7(a)(1) of we determined that designation of be in storage or under propagation. the Act and to the regulatory protections critical habitat was not prudent because Under these circumstances, we propose afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy designation would increase the degree that designation of critical habitat for standard and the section 9 prohibitions, of threat to the species and/or would not Cyrtandra crenata is not prudent as determined on the basis of the best benefit the plant. We examined the because such designation would be of available information at the time of the evidence currently available for each of no benefit to this species. If this species action. Federally funded or assisted these species and found specific is rediscovered, we may revise this projects affecting listed species outside evidence of vandalism, disturbance, proposal to incorporate or address new their designated critical habitat areas and/or the threat of unrestricted information as new data becomes may still result in jeopardy findings in collection for one species of Pritchardia, available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 some cases. Similarly, critical habitat the native palm. At the time of listing, CFR 424.13(f)). designations made on the basis of the we determined that designation of We examined the evidence available best available information at the time of critical habitat was not prudent for for the other 54 taxa and have not, at designation will not control the Pritchardia kaalae because it would this time, found specific evidence of direction and substance of future increase the degree of threat from taking, vandalism, collection or trade of recovery plans, habitat conservation vandalism or collecting, and would these taxa or of similar species. plans (HCPs), or other species provide no benefit (61 FR 53108). Consequently, while we remain conservation planning efforts if new Recently, we received information on concerned that these activities could information available to these planning the commercial trade in palms potentially threaten these 54 plant efforts calls for a different outcome. conducted through the internet (Grant species in the future, consistent with Canterbury, Service, in litt. 2000). applicable regulations (50 CFR A. Prudency Redeterminations 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s Several nurseries advertise and sell In other proposals (65 FR 66808, 65 discussion of these regulations, we do seedlings and young plants, including FR 79192, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, not find that any of these species are 13 species of Hawaiian Pritchardia. 67 FR 3939, 67 FR 9806, 67 FR 15856, currently threatened by taking or other Seven of these species are federally 67 FR 16492), we proposed that human activity, which would be protected, including Pritchardia kaalae. designation of critical habitat was exacerbated by the designation of In light of this information, we believe prudent for 45 plants that are reported critical habitat. that designation of critical habitat from Oahu as well as from Kauai, In the absence of finding that critical Niihau, Lanai, Maui, Kahoolawe, and would likely increase the threat from habitat would increase threats to a Molokai. These 45 species are: vandalism or collection to this species species, if there are any benefits to Adenophorus periens, Alectryon of Pritchardia on the island of Oahu. critical habitat designation, then a macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, These plants are easy to identify, and prudent finding is warranted. The Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium they are attractive to collectors of rare potential benefits include (1) triggering sebaeoidea, Colubrina oppositifolia, palms either for their personal use or to section 7 consultation in new areas Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana trade or sell for personal gain (Johnson where it would not otherwise occur ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, 1996). We believe that the evidence because, for example, it is or has Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, shows that these species of palm may be become unoccupied or the occupancy is Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia attractive to such collectors. The final in question; (2) focusing conservation haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, listing rule for this species contained activities on the most essential areas; (3) Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, only general information on its providing educational benefits to State Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia distribution, but the publication of or county governments or private arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, precise maps and descriptions of critical entities; and (4) preventing people from Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion habitat in the Federal Register would causing inadvertent harm to the species. laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, make this species more vulnerable to In the case of these 54 plant species Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia incidents of vandalism or collection, there would be some benefit to critical niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, and, therefore, contribute to the decline habitat. The primary regulatory effect of Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea of these species and make recovery critical habitat is the section 7 villosa, Melicope pallida, Nototrichium more difficult. requirement that Federal agencies humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, We acknowledge that critical habitat refrain from taking any action that Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia designation, in some situations, may destroys or adversely affects critical mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago provide some value to the species, for habitat. Thirty-nine of these species are princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris example, by identifying areas important reported from federally owned lands or lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea for conservation and calling attention to lands under Federal jurisdiction hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania those areas in need of special (Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum protection. However, for Pritchardia obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, kaalae, we believe that the benefits of Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. designating critical habitat do not Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis. outweigh the potential increased threats rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea

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crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia koolauensis, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, parviflora, Plantago princeps, superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Lipochaeta Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula Silene perlmanii, Solanum lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium koolauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint- Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia Trematalobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, gymnocarpa, Trematalobelia singularis, angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Sanicula Viola chamissoniana ssp. Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola mariversa, Schiedea kealiae, chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. This information Tetramolopium filiforme, B. Methods Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Urera included the known locations, site- As required by the Act (section kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. specific species information from the 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR HINHP database and our own rare plant chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis) 424.12, we used the best scientific data (see Table 2), where most actions would database; species information from the available to determine areas that are Center for Plant Conservation’s (CPC) be subject to section 7. While some of essential to conserve Abutilon the species are located exclusively on rare plant monitoring database housed sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, at the University of Hawaii’s Lyon non-Federal lands with limited Federal Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron activities, there could be Federal actions Arboretum; island-wide Geographic obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Information System (GIS) coverages, affecting these lands in the future. Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus (e.g. vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, While a critical habitat designation for agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, elevation contours, land ownership); the habitat currently occupied by these Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, final listing rules for these 99 species; species would be unlikely to change the Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce recent biological surveys and reports; section 7 consultation outcome, since an herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, our recovery plans for these 99 species; action that destroys or adversely Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina discussions with botanical experts; and modifies such critical habitat would oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, recommendations from the Hawaii also be likely to result in jeopardy to the Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Pacific Plants Recovery Coordinating species, there may be instances where Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Committee (HPPRCC) (see also the section 7 consultation would be Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea discussion below) (Service 1994, 1995a, triggered only if critical habitat were humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, designated. There may also be some Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; HPPRCC educational or informational benefits to Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. the designation of critical habitat. Cyanea truncata, Cyperus 1999; J. Lau et al., pers. comm., 2001). Educational benefits include the trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an notification of landowner(s), land Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra effort to identify and map habitat it managers, and the general public of the subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, believed to be important for the importance of protecting the habitat of Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, recovery of 282 endangered and these species and dissemination of Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, threatened Hawaiian plant species. The information regarding their essential Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia HPPRCC identified these areas on most habitat requirements, particularly for herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, Cyanea pinnatifida and Silene Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia and in 1999, we published them in our perlmanii, two species currently only in haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island propagation. Therefore, we propose that Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Plants (Service 1999). The HPPRCC designation of critical habitat is prudent Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, expects there will be subsequent efforts for 54 plant species: Abutilon Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, to further refine the locations of sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum, Hesperomannia arborescens, important habitat areas and that new Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus survey information or research may also celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, lead to additional refinement of deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion identifying and mapping of habitat Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, important for the recovery of these rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata species. crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, The HPPRCC identified essential Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, habitat areas for all listed, proposed, koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia and candidate plants and evaluated pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johinii, Cyanea niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, species of concern to determine if superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus essential habitat areas would provide for dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, their habitat needs. However, the Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, HPPRCC’s mapping of habitat is distinct viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, from the regulatory designation of falcata, Diellia unisora, Dubautia Nototrichium humile, Pelea lydgatei, critical habitat as defined by the Act. herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Peucedanum sandwicense, More data has been collected since the Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia recommendations made by the HPPRCC

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