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Volume 6 Number 2 (2017) Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) Volume 6 Number 2 (2017) Faculty of Language and Communication Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak. www.ils.unimas.my www.cls.unimas.my Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) Editorial Committee Chief Editor Associate Professor Dr Su-Hie Ting, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Managing Editor Kee-Man Chuah, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Editorial Board Dr Hamidah Abdul Wahab, Universiti Malaysia Members Sarawak Dr Joseph Ramanair, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Monaliza Sarbini Zin, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Wan Robiah Meor Osman, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Wun-Chiew Pung, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Yahya Bakeri, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Production Associate Ai-Ping Ho, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Editor Kai-Chee Lam, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Advisory Board Emeritus Professor Roland Sussex OAM, University of Queensland, Australia Professor Dr Kamila Ghazali, Universiti Malaya Associate Professor Dr Ang Lay Hoon, Universiti Putra Malaysia Associate Professor Dr Theresa de Vet, University of Arizona Dr Kara McBride, World Learning, Washington D. C. Dr Salina Jaafar, Universiti Malaya Reviewers Professor Dr Kamarul Shukri Mat Teh, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Professor Dr Peter Sercombe, Newcastle University Associate Professor Dr Azman Che Mat, Universiti Teknologi MARA Terengganu Associate Professor Dr Hazlina Abdul Halim, Universiti Putra Malaysia Associate Professor Dr Sueraya Che Haron, International Islamic University Malaysia Dr Benedictus B. Dwijatmoko, Universitas Sanata Dharma Dr James McLellan, Universiti Brunei Darusalam Dr Kaliamman Ponnan, National Taiwan Normal University Dr Kara McBride, World Learning Dr Rohaidah Haron, Universiti Malaya Dr Sabariah bt Md Rashid, Universiti Putra Malaysia Dr Salina Jaafar, Universiti Malaya Lilly Metom, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak Sew Jyh Wee, National University of Singapore Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) ISSUES IN LANGUAGE STUDIES Issues in Language Studies is a publication of the Faculty of Language and Communication (formerly known as Centre for Language Studies), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. The journal publishes articles on teaching, learning and the study of languages two times a year in June and December. It offers a forum for the discussion of local issues that are of global concern. It is a refereed online journal published bi-annually. Currently it is indexed by Google Scholar and the Malaysian Citation Index. When submitting the work, contributors are requested to make a declaration that the submitted work has not been published, or is being considered for publication elsewhere. Contributors have to declare that the submitted work is their own and that copyright has not been breached in seeking the publication of the work. Views expressed by the author(s) in the article do(es) not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Committee. Articles and correspondence on editorial matters should be addressed to: Dr Su-Hie Ting Chief Editor Issues in Language Studies Faculty of Language and Communication Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] © 2017 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the copyright holder. For further details, visit www.ils.unimas.my Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) Notes for Contributors Manuscripts submitted to Issues in Language Studies should not exceed 7,000 words, including abstract, references, tables, figures and appendices. Detailed guidelines: Page 1: Title, author’s name and affiliation, postal and e-mail address of each author. Please indicate corresponding author with an asterisk. Page 2: Title, abstract not exceeding 200 words, 4-6 keywords. Articles not written in English should be accompanied by a title, abstract and keywords in English. Page 3 onwards: Text in single-spacing and margins – top and bottom, left and right – should be 1.5 inches wide, Calibri 11 point. Do not indent the first paragraph of each section. Indent the first line of subsequent paragraphs by ½ inch. Use the three-level headings in APA style: Centred Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Italicised, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading Indented, Italicised, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period Quotations. Use double quotation marks to enclose quotations of fewer than 40 words. Within this quotation, use single quotation marks to enclose quoted material. Long quotations should be placed in a block which is indented ½ inch from the left margin. Follow APA style for table titles and headings (placed above the table) and figures and figure captions (placed below the figure). Examples: Table 1 Types of communication strategies used across age groups Figure 1. Frequency of communication strategy use across age groups Do not use footnotes. If notes are unavoidable, use a numeral in superscript and list notes at the end of the article, before the References. Follow APA style (6th ed.) for citation and referencing, with the exception of Malay names which should be spelt in full in the text and the reference list. Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) Contents A Policy Proposal for Heritage Language Conservation: A Case for 1 Indonesia and Sarawak Bambang SUWARNO Between Knowledge and Use of Iban and Malay Multiword Expression: 12 An Insight into L1 and L2 Acquisition and Competence Shanthi Nadarajan Fiona Balan Incorporating Blogging into an EFL Writing Course: An Action Research 31 Anggri Muhtia Nur Arifah Drajati Learning Malay with Poems: 45 From Understanding Stylistics to Blogging Poetic Expressions Jyh Wee Sew Pragmatic Functions of Insya Allah in Indonesian Speeches 65 Hendi Pratama The Systemic Rules of Malay Standard Borrowing from Arabic: 78 Guidelines for Linguists and Translators Idris MANSOR Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) A POLICY PROPOSAL FOR HERITAGE LANGUAGE CONSERVATION: A CASE FOR INDONESIA AND SARAWAK Bambang SUWARNO Universitas Bengkulu, Indonesia Jalan W. R. Supratman, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia [email protected] Manuscript received 7 July 2017 Manuscript accepted 4 October 2017 ABSTRACT Heritage languages are declining in Indonesia and Sarawak. They need conservation due to their situations as endemic languages. Their decline could be attributed to the fact that they often do not possess significant roles in the public domains. As a result, their speakers see little rewards or prestige for maintaining them. In Indonesian and Malaysian constitutions there is a spirit for protecting heritage languages. However, their executions, through national laws, might not have provided adequate protection for the heritage languages. As heritage languages keep declining, a policy revision needs to be given consideration. A heritage language may better survive if it has some functions in the public domains. Thus, to conserve the heritage languages, there is a need for the revision of language policy, so that these languages may have roles in the public domains, with varying scope, depending on their size. Large regional languages may be given maximum roles in the public domains, while smaller regional languages may be given smaller roles. Language conservation areas could be developed, where heritage languages serve as co-official languages, besides the national language. These areas may range from a district to a province or a state. Keywords: language policy, language planning, heritage language, language conservation Introduction: Why Heritage Languages Must Be Conserved? Before starting the discussion, it is essential to define heritage language. Valdez (2005) defines heritage languages as the non-societal and non-majority languages that are spoken by groups that constitute linguistic minorities. It is important to distinguish between migrant languages and indigenous languages. A migrant language is one that is a minor language in a country but comes from another A policy proposal for heritage language conservation: a case for Indonesia and Sarawak 1 Issues in Language Studies (Vol. 6 No. 2 – 2017) country in which it may be a major language. An example is the Arabic language, which is a minor language in Malaysia, but comes from the Middle East, where it is a major dominant language. In contrast, an indigenous language is a minor language in a country and is not a dominant language in other countries either. It is the indigenous heritage languages that are usually threatened, and thus the discussion in the paper is limited to these types. In this paper, the term “heritage language”, “local language”, and “regional language” are used interchangeably. Various reasons can be put forward for heritage language conservation. For example, it can be argued that heritage languages are precious. However, a counter argument can be forwarded that the cultivation of heritage languages may hamper the cultivation of the required national language. However, there is a factual reason that all parties may agree with, that is, that various heritage languages in the world need conservation due to the fact that they are endemic languages. This is particularly true in South East Asia. For example, in Indonesia, apart from the Malay dialects, other languages practically only exist in the country. For example, according to Ethnologue (2017), the Javanese language, the largest heritage language, has 84,368,500 speakers. However, almost all of its speakers,
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