DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Ecology and Phenotype in Lichens: Examining Some Environmental Factors That

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Ecology and Phenotype in Lichens: Examining Some Environmental Factors That Chemical ecology and phenotype in lichens: examining some environmental factors that influence variability, species assemblages and chemical compounds By Mohanad Talal Zraik A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada Copyright © 2018 by Mohanad Talal Zraik ABSTRACT The general goal of this thesis was to explore the chemical ecology and macromorphological variability in lichens that colonize soils in five locations in Manitoba with respect to the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis (CNBH). The CNB hypothesize states that when a plant or lichen is growing in nutrient-poor conditions, the excess carbon may be shunted into biosynthesis of carbon-based secondary metabolites such as polyketides. Three specific goals were further examined in four chapters to investigate:1) the distribution of secondary metabolites and species assemblages with respect to soil characteristics (Ch. 2), which resulted in 2) a report on Cladonia magyarica and C. humilis in Manitoba, describing the habitat, and providing morphological and chemical comparisons to distinguish five species (Ch. 3), 3) the phenotype in lichen species showing plasticity with respect to soil type, temperature and precipitation (Ch. 4), and 4) the effect of temperature and moisture on the quantity of three secondary metabolites (atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid, and usnic acid) produced by three lichen species (Ch. 5). Field collections of lichens, soil features and environmental data were made in five locations. Secondary metabolites were determined using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Morphological and fecundity characteristics were podetium height, cup diameter, squamule diameter, apothecium diameter, number of apothecia on cup and presence of apothecia. Soil characteristics were pH, organic matter, sand content, and sand grain shapes. The results showed that usnic acid and atranorin supported the CNB hypothesis. Species as Cladonia magyarica and C. humulis were reported for the first time in Manitoba. The CNB hypothesis was not supported for all lichen species, which may have been complicated by variability in biotic and abiotic conditions. Temperature and moisture affected the stability of secondary metabolites and partial degradation i occurred. This thesis forms a foundation for further studies on the relationship between secondary metabolites with biotic and abiotic factors. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank first and foremost my advisor Dr. Michele Piercey-Normore. Thank-you very much Michele for accepting me for the project in your lab. Her patient guidance, understanding and support were integral for the completion of this project. Working with you was a privilege and I could not have asked for a better supervisor. I would like to thank my thesis committee of Dr. Jim Roth, Dr. Georg Hausner and Dr. John Sorensen for their guidance and advice regarding my thesis and during the candidacy exam and annual meetings. Thank-you Dr. Sorensen and your lab personnel for letting me work, and use your lab for a very long time to finish my HPLC analysis, and for all your guidance and valuable comments. My committee members were much appreciated and they taught me a lot about writing and data analysis. I would like to thank my labmates from the former Buller Lab 509; special thanks to Jennifer Doering and Chris Deduke. Their friendship, help and laughter made work enjoyable. Lab discussions taught me how to better analyze and interpret scientific papers. I would like to thank Dr. Tom Booth. He taught me a lot about efficient field work and data collection while being able to enjoy being outdoors. Thank-you Dr. John Markham, Dr. Bruce Ford, Diana Sawatzky and Dr. Sylvia Renault for providing your labs to finish my study. I would like to thank the Biological Sciences faculty and office staff, particularly Maureen Foster, Jaime Stringer and Sylvia Lapointe. In addition, I thank the Faculty of Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba Graduate Student Association, Canadian Botanical Association, and National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) for financial support offered throughout my project. iii Finally, I would like to thank my family: my beautiful wife Iman, my three angels Shamel, Hamza, Yussif, and my parents, who are overseas and I have not seen them for seven years, but I feel their support. Their love and support really helped me complete this project. iv DEDICATION To all the innocent people who were killed in my country, Syria, many of whom were friends and relatives; to you I dedicate this thesis. v Thesis, the publication status of chapters, and the role of each coauthor in each chapter Chapter Author Contributions of each author Article status 1 Mohanad Zraik MZ reviewed the literature, organized the Not to be chapter, and wrote the chapter. MPN edited published the chapter. 2 Mohanad Zraik MZ collected the material, performed Published in statistical analysis of the data and wrote the Botany 96(4): Tom Booth chapter. TB helped with field work, 267-279 Michele D. Piercey- discussed results and recommended Normore literature. MPN generated the original idea with me, guided the process and edited the chapter. 3 Mohanad Zraik MZ conducted the experiment, collected the Published in data, performed the analysis of the data and Evansia Tom Booth wrote the chapter. TB helped with field 33(3):136-144 Michele D. Piercey- work, discussed results and recommended Normore literature. MPN generated the original idea with me, guided the process and edited the chapter. 4 Mohanad Zraik MZ collected the material, performed HPLC Submitted to analysis and statistical analysis of the data the journal John Sorensen and wrote the chapter. JS helped with HPLC vi Michele D. Piercey- analysis. MPN generated the original idea Oecologia Normore with MZ, guided the process and edited the chapter 5 Mohanad Zraik MZ conducted the experiment, collected the To be data, performed the analysis of the data and submitted John Sorensen wrote the chapter. JS Reviewed, discussed Michele D. Piercey- the results and recommended literature. Normore MPN generated the original idea with me, guided the process and edited the chapter 6 Mohanad Zraik Final Discussion and Conclusions were Not to be written by MZ and edited by MPN. published vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................iii DEDECATION......................................................................................................................v THESIS, THE PUBLICATION STATUS OF CHAPTERS AND THE ROLE OF EACH COAUTHOR IN EACH CHAPTER....................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................xiv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................xviii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 General Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.2 Thesis goals and objectives...........................................................................................7 1.3 Literature review...........................................................................................................9 1.3.1. Lichen classification and taxonomy............................................................. 9 1.3.2. Soil and geology in Manitoba....................................................................... 11 1.3.3. Chemical ecology in lichens..........................................................................14 1.3.4. Lichen morphology and growth forms..........................................................14 1.3.5. Secondary metabolites...................................................................................17 1.3.6. Carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis.............................................................21 viii 1.3.7. Water availability and phenotypic plasticity................................................22 1.3.8. Techniques for studying lichen secondary metabolites...............................24 CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LICHEN SPECIES COMPOSITION, SECONDARY METABOLITES AND SOIL PH, ORGANIC MATTER, AND GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS IN MANITOBA 2.1 Abstract.......................................................................................................................27 2.2 Introduction................................................................................................................ 28 2.3 Materials and Methods.............................................................................................. 31 2.3.1. Experimental design and sample collection...................................................31 2.3.2. Soil characteristics.........................................................................................34 2.3.3. Statistical analyses.........................................................................................35
Load more

Recommended publications
  • St Kilda Lichen Survey April 2014
    A REPORT TO NATIONAL TRUST FOR SCOTLAND St Kilda Lichen Survey April 2014 Andy Acton, Brian Coppins, John Douglass & Steve Price Looking down to Village Bay, St. Kilda from Glacan Conachair Andy Acton [email protected] Brian Coppins [email protected] St. Kilda Lichen Survey Andy Acton, Brian Coppins, John Douglass, Steve Price Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Background............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Study areas............................................................................................................. 4 2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Field survey ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Data collation, laboratory work ................................................................................ 6 2.3 Ecological importance ............................................................................................. 7 2.4 Constraints ............................................................................................................. 7 3 RESULTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 8 4 MARITIME GRASSLAND (INCLUDING SWARDS DOMINATED BY PLANTAGO MARITIMA AND ARMERIA
    [Show full text]
  • Sommerfeltia : Is Owned and Edited by the Botanical Garden And
    I' ' '\ - ~ t sommerfeltia : is owned and edited by the Botanical Garden and . uscum, University of Oslo. SOMMERFELTIA is named in honour of the eminent Norwegian botamst and clergyman S0ren Ch 1st1an Sommerfelt (1794-1838). The generic name Sommerfe/tia has been useo m (1) the lichens by Florke 1827, now Solorina, (2) Fabaceae by Schumactler 1827, now Drepanm:arpus, and (3) Asteraceae by Lessing 1832, nom co ~- SOMMERFEL11A 1~ a stnt s of mo 10p:raphs in plant taxonomy. phytogeo­ graphy, phytosociology, plant el:olo 1. plant morphology, and evolutionary botany. Most paper~ are b_ ~01wcg1an authors. Authors not on the staff of the Botanical Garden and Museum in )slo pay a page charge of NOK 30.00. SOMMERFELTIA appear~ at im.:gular llltervals, non 1ally one article per volume. SOMMFRFE .,TIA SL P > .L v1 , ·. , suppl ~rnt,rh to SO\IIMERFELTIA. intended for publicauon nc,t mud d~l r> he l rigma rnOill.lg aphs. Authors, associated with the Botaa,rn lra { , id ~ useL 1 in O~lo, are responsible for their own co llributio 1 Technical editor: Rune ~ .. vorst. ~1k ar1 1 Addrcs~: SOMMERrELTIA. l old al 'ardc a10 Museum Lnivers'ty of o~Io Tr'lf1 h 1 I \tl'.ltil =~ B (h , .., O'ilo 5, r,.;or\\-ay Orckr: On ;:i standu ~ or 1 ' , v. u n t. •i t!l lt lf each volumt·) SOM\1ER- H I ·1 I i~ l Pl r cd at \(1 % dis oun Suhscriht!r~ to so~ MI:R ·1 l Tl ar )ff· d S0\1\1 ~RL~LnA Sl,l PLEME~T at O % d1 ..., 1 r , t>arate \tolurr l! a ~ ~upplied at the price~ m ii ' tt· I n Vl .
    [Show full text]
  • Umbilicariaceae Phylogeny TAXON 66 (6) • December 2017: 1282–1303
    Davydov & al. • Umbilicariaceae phylogeny TAXON 66 (6) • December 2017: 1282–1303 Umbilicariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) – Trait evolution and a new generic concept Evgeny A. Davydov,1 Derek Peršoh2 & Gerhard Rambold3 1 Altai State University, Lenin Ave. 61, Barnaul, 656049 Russia 2 Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AG Geobotanik, Gebäude ND 03/170, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 University of Bayreuth, Plant Systematics, Mycology Dept., Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany Author for correspondence: Evgeny A. Davydov, [email protected] ORCID EAD, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2316-8506; DP, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5561-0189 DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/666.2 Abstract To reconstruct hypotheses on the evolution of Umbilicariaceae, 644 sequences from three independent DNA regions were used, 433 of which were newly produced. The study includes a representative fraction (presumably about 80%) of the known species diversity of the Umbilicariaceae s.str. and is based on the phylograms obtained using maximum likelihood and a Bayesian phylogenetic inference framework. The analyses resulted in the recognition of eight well-supported clades, delimited by a combination of morphological and chemical features. None of the previous classifications within Umbilicariaceae s.str. were supported by the phylogenetic analyses. The distribution of the diagnostic morphological and chemical traits against the molecular phylogenetic topology revealed the following patterns of evolution: (1) Rhizinomorphs were gained at least four times independently and are lacking in most clades grouping in the proximity of Lasallia. (2) Asexual reproductive structures, i.e., thalloconidia and lichenized dispersal units, appear more or less mutually exclusive, being restricted to different clades.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Functional Trait Variation Along an East-West Climatic Gradient in Oregon and Among Habitats in Katmai National Park, Alaska
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Kaleigh Spickerman for the degree of Master of Science in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on June 11, 2015 Title: Lichen Functional Trait Variation Along an East-West Climatic Gradient in Oregon and Among Habitats in Katmai National Park, Alaska Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Bruce McCune Functional traits of vascular plants have been an important component of ecological studies for a number of years; however, in more recent times vascular plant ecologists have begun to formalize a set of key traits and universal system of trait measurement. Many recent studies hypothesize global generality of trait patterns, which would allow for comparison among ecosystems and biomes and provide a foundation for general rules and theories, the so-called “Holy Grail” of ecology. However, the majority of these studies focus on functional trait patterns of vascular plants, with a minority examining the patterns of cryptograms such as lichens. Lichens are an important component of many ecosystems due to their contributions to biodiversity and their key ecosystem services, such as contributions to mineral and hydrological cycles and ecosystem food webs. Lichens are also of special interest because of their reliance on atmospheric deposition for nutrients and water, which makes them particularly sensitive to air pollution. Therefore, they are often used as bioindicators of air pollution, climate change, and general ecosystem health. This thesis examines the functional trait patterns of lichens in two contrasting regions with fundamentally different kinds of data. To better understand the patterns of lichen functional traits, we examined reproductive, morphological, and chemical trait variation along precipitation and temperature gradients in Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens and Associated Fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
    The Lichenologist (2020), 52,61–181 doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079 Standard Paper Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Toby Spribille1,2,3 , Alan M. Fryday4 , Sergio Pérez-Ortega5 , Måns Svensson6, Tor Tønsberg7, Stefan Ekman6 , Håkon Holien8,9, Philipp Resl10 , Kevin Schneider11, Edith Stabentheiner2, Holger Thüs12,13 , Jan Vondrák14,15 and Lewis Sharman16 1Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada; 2Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; 3Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA; 4Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; 5Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014 Madrid, Spain; 6Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden; 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; 8Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729 Steinkjer, Norway; 9NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; 10Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany; 11Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; 12Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; 13Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; 14Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; 15Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic and 16Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Species List, Version 2018-07-24
    Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Species List, version 2018-07-24 Kenai National Wildlife Refuge biology staff July 24, 2018 2 Cover image: map of 16,213 georeferenced occurrence records included in the checklist. Contents Contents 3 Introduction 5 Purpose............................................................ 5 About the list......................................................... 5 Acknowledgments....................................................... 5 Native species 7 Vertebrates .......................................................... 7 Invertebrates ......................................................... 55 Vascular Plants........................................................ 91 Bryophytes ..........................................................164 Other Plants .........................................................171 Chromista...........................................................171 Fungi .............................................................173 Protozoans ..........................................................186 Non-native species 187 Vertebrates ..........................................................187 Invertebrates .........................................................187 Vascular Plants........................................................190 Extirpated species 207 Vertebrates ..........................................................207 Vascular Plants........................................................207 Change log 211 References 213 Index 215 3 Introduction Purpose to avoid implying
    [Show full text]
  • Photobiont Associations in Co-Occurring Umbilicate Lichens with Contrasting Modes of Reproduction in Coastal Norway
    The Lichenologist 48(5): 545–557 (2016) © British Lichen Society, 2016 doi:10.1017/S0024282916000232 Photobiont associations in co-occurring umbilicate lichens with contrasting modes of reproduction in coastal Norway Geir HESTMARK, François LUTZONI and Jolanta MIADLIKOWSKA Abstract: The identity and phylogenetic placement of photobionts associated with two lichen-forming fungi, Umbilicaria spodochroa and Lasallia pustulata were examined. These lichens commonly grow together in high abundance on coastal cliffs in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The mycobiont of U. spodochroa reproduces sexually through ascospores, and must find a suitable algal partner in the environment to re-establish the lichen symbiosis. Lasallia pustulata reproduces mainly vegetatively using symbiotic propagules (isidia) containing both symbiotic partners (photobiont and mycobiont). Based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) we detected seven haplotypes of the green-algal genus Trebouxia in 19 pairs of adjacent thalli of U. spodochroa and L. pustulata from five coastal localities in Norway. As expected, U. spodochroa associated with a higher diversity of photobionts (seven haplotypes) than the mostly asexually reproducing L. pustulata (four haplotypes). The latter was associated with the same haplotype in 15 of the 19 thalli sampled. Nine of the lichen pairs examined share the same algal haplotype, supporting the hypothesis that the mycobiont of U. spodochroa might associate with the photobiont ‘pirated’ from the abundant isidia produced by L. pustulata that are often scattered on the cliff surfaces. Up to six haplotypes of Trebouxia were found within a single sampling site, indicating a low level of specificity of both mycobionts for their algal partner. Most photobiont strains associated with species of Umbilicaria and Lasallia, including samples from this study, represent phylogenetically closely related taxa of Trebouxia grouped within a small number of main clades (Trebouxia sp., T.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Abundance and Biodiversity Along a Chronosequence from Young Managed Stands to Ancient Forest
    _ Lichen Abundance and Biodiversity Along a Chronosequence from Young Managed Stands to Ancient Forest By Peter N. Neitlich Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Masters of Science Field Naturalist Program Department of Botany University of Vermont December 3, 1993 We, the members of Peter Nathan Neitlichs graduate committee, assert by our signatures that he has satisfied the requirements for graduation from the University of Vermonts Field Naturalist Program (Department of Botany). We recommend to the Graduate College of the University of Vermont that he be awarded the degree of Master of Science. v. 44 3 tte- Dr. 1:key Hughes, Advisor Date /7 4/a_ Ifn . Bruce McCune Date C we I c) NA., .7( to.e, i 9 Dr. Cathy Paris Date r) kly..t,t611 /553 Alicia Daniel Date TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iii List of Tables iii List of Appendices iii Acknowledgements iv Abstract 1 Introduction 3 Methods 4 Study Area 4 Field Methods 11 Lab Analysis 13 Data Analysis 14 Results and Discussion 15 Effect of Stand Age on Lichen Species Composition 15 Effect of Stand Age on Lichen Abundance 20 Lichen Community Composition along a Chronosequence 29 Changes in Environmental Gradients through Time 34 Lichen Conservation and Forest Management 42 Amplifications 48 Invertebrates 48 Vertebrates 54 Nitrogen Fixation 56 Lichen Dispersal 58 References 63 Appendices 67 ii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Map of the study area 5 Fig. 2. Plant communities of the study area 6 Fig. 3. The effect of stand age on lichen species richness 15 Fig. 4. Epiphytic macrolichen biomass as a function of forest age 20 • Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Traits and Species As Indicators of Vegetation and Environment
    Lichen traits and species as indicators of vegetation and environment Nelson, P. R., McCune, B., & Swanson, D. K. (2015). Lichen traits and species as indicators of vegetation and environment. The Bryologist, 118(3), 252-263. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-118.3.252 10.1639/0007-2745-118.3.252 American Bryological and Lichenological Society Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Lichen traits and species as indicators of vegetation and environment Peter R. Nelson1,2,4, Bruce McCune1 and David K. Swanson3 1 2082 Cordley Hall, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A.; 2 Arts and Sciences Division, University of Maine-Fort Kent, 23 University Drive, Fort Kent, ME 04743, U.S.A.; 3 National Park Service 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, AK 99709, U.S.A. ABSTRACT. Lichens in the Arctic play important ecological roles. They also face the threats of increasing fire and shrub and tree expansion, exacerbated or caused by climate change. These forces may lead to changes not only in lichen community composition but also in the abundance, diversity and distribution of lichen functional traits. We sought to connect landscape-scale patterns of lichen community composition and traits to environmental gradients to both monitor lichen communities and clarify community-trait- environment relationships. We measured lichens throughout one of the largest and most remote U.S. National Parks within the Arctic. We then analyzed lichen community composition and species richness within ecologically informative lichen trait groups along environmental and vascular vegetation gradients. Macrolichen species richness in 0.4 ha plots averaged 41 species with a total landscape level observed gamma diversity of 262 macrolichen species.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Yosemite National Park, California
    North American Fungi Volume 8, Number 11, Pages 1-47 Published September 9, 2013 Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Yosemite National Park, California M. Hutten1, U. Arup2, O. Breuss3, T. L. Esslinger4, A. M. Fryday5, K. Knudsen6, J. C. Lendemer7, C. Printzen8, H. T. Root9, M. Schultz10, J. Sheard11, T. Tønsberg12, and B. McCune9 1Lassen Volcanic National Park, P.O. Box 100, Mineral, CA 96063 USA. 2Botanical Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden 3Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Botanische Abteilung, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Austria 4Dept. of Biological Sciences #2715, P.O. Box 6050, North Dakota State University, Fargo ND 58108, U.S.A. 5Dept. of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A. 6Dept. of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A. 7New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, U.S.A. 8Abt. Botanik & Molek. Evol., Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 9Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331, U.S.A. 10Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany 11Dept. of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada 12Museum of Natural History, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway Hutten, M., U. Arup, O. Breuss, T. L. Esslinger, A. M. Fryday, K. Knudsen, J. C. Lendemer, C. Printzen, H. T. Root, M. Schultz, J. Sheard, T. Tønsberg, and B. McCune. 2013. Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Yosemite National Park, California. North American Fungi 8(11): 1-47.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichenized and Lichenicolous Fungi from Mylonitized Areas of the Subnival Belt in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians)
    Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 427–449 ISSN 0003-3847 (print) ISSN 1797-2442 (online) Helsinki 20 December 2007 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2007 Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from mylonitized areas of the subnival belt in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) Adam Flakus Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 5 Sep. 2006, revised version received 16 Jan. 2007, accepted 27 Feb. 2007 Flakus, A. 2007: Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from mylonitized areas of the subnival belt in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 44: 427–449. The lichen biota of the mylonitized areas of the subnival belt in the Tatra Mts. (West- ern Carpathians) was examined. A list of 325 species, including 317 lichenized fungi, seven lichenicolous fungi and one not-lichenized saprophytic fungus (Melaspilea gib­ berulosa), is given based on literature records and the author’s original observations. As many as 105 species are recorded from the subnival belt of the Carpathians for the first time. Rhizocarpon glaucescens is reported as new to central Europe from its the southernmost locality. Other new records for several regions are added, e.g. Aspicilia polychroma var. rubrireagens, Lecanora bicinctoidea, L. cavicola, Porpidia speirea var. prochsthallina, and Thelocarpon sphaerosporum for the Carpathians; Artho­ nia muscigena and Lecanora stenotropa for the Western Carpathians, and Arthonia lapidicola, Cecidonia umbonella and Rhizocarpon grande for the entire range of the Tatra Mts. Thirteen species of lichenized Ascomycota (Aspicilia polychroma, Belle­ merea diamarta, B.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of Alaska
    A Genus Key To The LICHENS OF ALASKA By Linda Hasselbach and Peter Neitlich January 1998 National Park Service Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve 201 First Avenue Fairbanks, AK 99701 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge the following Individuals for their kind assistance: Jim Riley generously provided lichen photographs, with the exception of three copyrighted photos, Alectoria sarmentosa, Peltigera neopolydactyla and P. membranaceae, which are courtesy of Steve and Sylvia Sharnoff, and Neph­ roma arctica by Shelli Swanson. The line drawing on the cover, as well as those for Psoroma hypnarum and the 'lung-like' illustration, are the work of Alexander Mikulin as found In Lichens of Southeastern Alaska by Gelser, Dillman, Derr, and Stensvold. 'Cyphellae' and 'pseudocyphellae' are also by Alexander Mikulin as appear In Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest by McCune and Gelser. The Cladonia apothecia drawing is the work of Bruce McCune from Macrolichens of the Northern Rocky Mountains by McCune and Goward. Drawings of Brodoa oroarcttca, Physcia aipolia apothecia, and Peltigera veins are the work of Trevor Goward as found in The Lichens of British Columbia. Part I - Foliose and Squamulose Species by Goward, McCune and Meldlnger. And the drawings of Masonhalea and Cetraria ericitorum are the work of Bethia Brehmer as found In Thomson's American Arctic Macrolichens. All photographs and line drawings were used by permission. Chiska Derr, Walter Neitlich, Roger Rosentreter, Thetus Smith, and Shelli Swanson provided valuable editing and draft comments. Thanks to Patty Rost and the staff of Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve for making this project possible.
    [Show full text]