Pio Xii Il Papa Degli Ebrei
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Gottes Mächtige Dienerin Schwester Pascalina Und Papst Pius XII
Martha Schad Gottes mächtige Dienerin Schwester Pascalina und Papst Pius XII. Mit 25 Fotos Herbig Für Schwester Dr. Uta Fromherz, Kongregation der Schwestern vom Heiligen Kreuz, Menzingen in der Schweiz Inhalt Teil I Inhaltsverzeichnis/Leseprobe aus dem Verlagsprogramm der 1894–1929 Buchverlage LangenMüller Herbig nymphenburger terra magica In der Nuntiatur in München und Berlin Bitte beachten Sie folgende Informationen: Von Ebersberg nach Altötting 8 Der Inhalt dieser Leseprobe ist urheberrechtlich geschützt, Im Dienst für Nuntius Pacelli in München und Berlin 20 alle Rechte liegen bei der F. A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, München. Die Leseprobe ist nur für den privaten Gebrauch bestimmt und darf nur auf den Internet-Seiten www.herbig.net, Teil II www.herbig-verlag.de, www.langen-mueller-verlag.de, 1930–1939 www.nymphenburger-verlag.de, www.signumverlag.de und www.amalthea-verlag.de Im Vatikan mit dem direkt zum Download angeboten werden. Kardinalstaatssekretär Pacelli Die Übernahme der Leseprobe ist nur mit schriftlicher Genehmigung des Verlags Besuchen Sie uns im Internet unter: Der vatikanische Haushalt 50 gestattet. Die Veränderungwww d.heer digitalenrbig-verlag Lese.deprobe ist nicht zulässig. Reisen mit dem Kardinalstaatssekretär 67 »Mit brennender Sorge«, 1937 85 © 2007 by F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, München Alle Rechte vorbehalten Umschlaggestaltung: Wolfgang Heinzel Teil III Umschlagbild: Hans Lehnert, München 1939–1958 und dpa/picture-alliance, Frankfurt Lektorat: Dagmar von Keller Im Vatikan mit Papst Pius XII. Herstellung und Satz: VerlagsService Dr. Helmut Neuberger & Karl Schaumann GmbH, Heimstetten Judenverfolgung, Hunger und Not 94 Gesetzt aus der 11,5/14,5 Punkt Minion Das päpstliche Hilfswerk – Michael Kardinal Drucken und Binden: GGP Media GmbH, Pößneck Printed in Germany von Faulhaber 110 ISBN 978-3-7766-2531-8 Mächtige Hüterin 146 Teil IV 1959–1983 Oberin am päpstlichen nordamerikanischen Priesterkolleg in Rom Der vatikanische Haushalt Leben ohne Papst Pius XII. -
Pie XII, Précurseur Du Concile Vatican II ? Karim Schelkens
Document generated on 09/23/2021 8:21 a.m. Laval théologique et philosophique Pie XII, précurseur du Concile Vatican II ? Karim Schelkens Intuition et abstraction dans les théories de la connaissance anciennes et médiévales (I) Volume 66, Number 1, 2010 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/044326ar DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/044326ar See table of contents Publisher(s) Faculté de philosophie, Université Laval Faculté de théologie et de sciences religieuses, Université Laval ISSN 0023-9054 (print) 1703-8804 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Schelkens, K. (2010). Pie XII, précurseur du Concile Vatican II ? Laval théologique et philosophique, 66(1), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.7202/044326ar Tous droits réservés © Laval théologique et philosophique, Université Laval, This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit 2010 (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Laval théologique et philosophique, 66, 1 (février 2010) : 177-182 X note critique PIE XII, PRÉCURSEUR DU CONCILE VATICAN II ? Karim Schelkens Faculty of Theology Catholic University of Leuven ______________________ ans la décennie passée, plusieurs livres ont été écrits sur le rôle incontournable D qu’a joué le pape Pie XII dans l’histoire du XXe siècle. Encore aujourd’hui, sa position et son attitude vis-à-vis de l’Endlösung du régime totalitaire allemand durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale font l’objet de débats très vifs. -
Pio XII Eugenio Pacelli Il Pontefice Più Amato E Vituperato Nella Storia Della Chiesa
Alberto De Marco - Duilio Paoluzzi Pio XII Eugenio Pacelli il Pontefice più amato e vituperato nella storia della Chiesa Il libro è stato pubblicato in occasione delle celebrazioni del 140 anniversario della nascita di Pio XII, avvenuta a Roma in Via degli Orsini il 2 marzo 1876 e del 58 anniversario dalla morte, avvenuta il 9 ottobre 1958. : … La fede e la ragione sono come due ali con le quali lo spirito umano si innalza verso la contemplazione della veità … Papa Giovanni Paolo II L’itero iporto dei 5 Euro del libro, il ricavato dalla visione sul sito www.amiciditoto.it in pdf del libro Atoio de Curtis, Totò, il Grade Artista dalla Straordinaria Uaità, ohé di Eugeio Paelli, Pio XII il Pontefice più amato e vituperato nella storia della Chiesa e dei film documentari: relativi a questi due importanti personaggi e alla tragedia della ThyssenKrupp, saranno integralmente devoluti all’Ordie Religioso in India delle Missioarie della Carità di “. Madre Teresa di Calcutta, in particolare per aiutare i bambini abbandonati e per sostenere le famiglie delle donne lasciate dai mariti nella desolazione, costrette a prostituirsi per sopperire alle esigenze alimentari dei propri figli. E.M.S. Edizioni Movimento Salvemini ISBN 9788894129809 Finito di stampare nel mese di settembre 2016 Presso STAMPA FUSCO SRL Via Case Rosse, snc (zona ind.le) - 84133 Salerno 089.755035 - [email protected] Eugenio Pacelli, Pio XII il Pontefice più amato e vituperato nella storia della Chiesa Questo libro non può essere riprodotto o trasmesso in alcuna forma ezzo: elettoico, i disco, i fotocopia, etc… seza autoizzazioe scritta degli autori. -
DIRECTOR: Rafael Luis Breide Obeid CONSEJO CONSULTOR: Roberto Brie (†), Antonio Caponnetto, Mario Caponnetto, Alberto Caturell
BIBLIOTECA DEL PENSAMIENTO CATÓLICO AÑO 20 - Nº 56 PASCUA DE 2003 DIRECTOR: Rafael Luis Breide Obeid CONSEJO CONSULTOR: Roberto Brie (†), Antonio Caponnetto, Mario Caponnetto, Alberto Caturelli, Enrique Díaz Araujo, Jorge N. Ferro, P. Miguel A. Fuentes, Héctor H. Hernández, P. Pedro D. Martínez, Federico Mihura Seeber, Ennio Innocenti, Patricio H. Randle, Víctor E. Ordóñez, Carmelo Palumbo, Héctor Piccinali, Thomas Molnar, Diego Ibarra, P. Alfredo Sáenz FUNDACIÓN GLADIUS: M. Breide Obeid, H. Piccinali, J. Ferro, P. Rodríguez Barnes, E. Zancaner, E. Rodríguez Barnes, Z. Obeid La Fundación Gladius es miembro fundador de la Sociedad Internacional Tomás de Aquino (SITA), Sección Argentina La compra de las obras del fondo editorial y las suscripciones se pueden efectuar me- diante cheques y/o giros contra plaza Buenos Aires, a la orden de “Fundación Gladius” C. C. 376 (1000) Correo Central, Cap. Fed. Asimismo, puede escribir a la Fundación Gladius, para simple correspondencia o envío de artículos y/o recensiones: telefax 4803-4462 / 9426 ~ [email protected] Correspondencia a: FUNDACIÓN GLADIUS, C.C. 376 (1000) Correo Central, Bs. As., Rep. Argentina. Los artículos que llevan firmas no comprometen necesariamente el pensamiento de la Fundación y son de responsabilidad de quien firma. PARA LA VENTA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE EDICIONES GLADIUS Y SUSCRIPCIONES VÓRTICE EDITORIAL Y DISTRIBUIDORA Hipólito Yrigoyen 1970 (C1089AAL) Buenos Aires Telefax: 4952-8383 ~ [email protected] FRANQUEO PAGADO Impreso por EDICIONES BARAGA Concesión Nº 4039 del Centro Misional Baraga Colón 2544, Remedios de Escalada Buenos Aires, República Argentina Correo TARIFA REDUCIDA Central B Central Argentino Concesión Nº 1077 Agosto de 2002 Queda hecho el depósito que establece la ley 11.723 ISBN Nº 950-9674-56-7 Índice RAFAEL L. -
Did Pope Pius XII Help the Jews?
Did Pope Pius XII Help the Jews? by Margherita Marchione 1 Contents Part I - Overview………………………3 Did Pius XII help Jews? Part II - Yad Vashem …………………6 Does Pius XII deserve this honor? Part III - Testimonials…………………11 Is Jewish testimony available? Part IV - Four Hundred Visas……….16 Did Pius XII obtain these visas? Part V - Documentation………………19 When will vilification of Pius XII end? Part VI - World Press………………...23 How has the press responded? Part VII - Jewish Survivors…………...31 Have Survivors acknowledged help? Part VIII - Bombing of Rome…………34 Did the Pope help stop bombing? Part IX - Nazis and Jews Speak Out…37 Did Nazis and Jews speak out? Part X - Conclusion…………………....42 Should Yad Vashem honor Pius XII? 2 Part I - Overview Did Pius XII help Jews? In his book Adolf Hitler (Doubleday, 1976, Volume II, p. 865), John Toland wrote: "The Church, under the Pope's guidance [Pius XII], had (by June, 1943) already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions and rescue organizations combined, and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries, convents and Vatican City itself. …The British and Americans, despite lofty pronouncements, had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecuted Jews." It is historically correct to say that Pope Pius XII, through his bishops, nuncios, and local priests, mobilized Catholics to assist Jews, Allied soldiers, and prisoners of war. There is a considerable body of scholarly opinion that is convinced Pius XII is responsible for having saved 500,000 to 800,000 Jewish lives. -
The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler
Controversial Concordats Controversial Concordats The Vatican’s Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler edited by frank j. coppa w The Catholic University of America Press Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1999 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. ∞ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Controversial concordats : the Vatican’s relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler / edited by Frank J. Coppa. p. cm. Expanded versions of papers presented at the Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Duquesne University Forum, held in Oct. 1993, in Pittsburgh. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Concordats—History—Congresses. 2. Catholic Church. Treaties, etc. France, 1801 July 15—Congresses. 3. Catholic Church. Treaties, etc. Italy, 1929 Feb. 11—Congresses 4. Catholic Church. Treaties, etc. Germany, 1933 July 20—Congresses. 5. Catholic Church—Foreign relations—France—History—19th century—Congresses. 6. Catholic Church and fascism— congresses. i. Coppa, Frank J. ii. Catholic Church. Treaties, etc. France, 1801 July 15. iii. Catholic Church. Treaties, etc. Italy, 1929 Feb. 11 iv. Catholic Church. Treaties, etc. Germany, 1933 July 20. v. Duquesne History Forum (27th : 1993 : Pittsburgh, Pa.) bx1791.C65 1998 261.8'7—dc21 98-23276 isbn 0-8132-0920-x (alk. paper).—isbn 0-8132-0908-0 (cl : alk. paper) Contents w Preface vii Introduction 1 john k. zeender Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences 34 william roberts Mussolini and the Concordat of 1929 81 frank j. -
— Pio XI Nella Crisi Europea Pius XI. Im Kontext Der Europäischen Krise a Cura Di | Hrsg
Studi di storia 2 — Pio XI nella crisi europea Pius XI. im Kontext der europäischen Krise a cura di | Hrsg. Raffaella Perin Edizioni Ca’Foscari Pio XI nella crisi europea | Pius XI.im Kontext der europäischen Krise Studi di storia Collana coordinata da Laura Cerasi Mario Infelise Anna Rapetti 2 Studi di storia Coordinatori Laura Cerasi (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Mario Infelise (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Anna Rapetti (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Comitato scientifico Claus Arnold (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt-am-Main, Deutschland) Marina Caffiero (Università di Roma «La Sapienza», Italia) Giovanni Filoramo (Università degli Studi, Torino, Italia) Marco Fincardi (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Stefano Gasparri (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Mario Infelise (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Vincenzo Lavenia (Università degli Studi, Macerata, Italia) Simon Levis Sullam (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Adelisa Malena (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Alberto Masoero (Università degli Studi di Genova, Italia) Rolf Petri (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Giorgio Politi (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Silvio Pons (Università degli Studi di Roma «Tor Vergata», Italia) Antonella Salomoni (Università della Calabria, Cosenza, Italia) Enzo Traverso (Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States) Giovanni Vian (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Chris Wickham (All Souls College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom) Direzione e redazione Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Palazzo Malcanton Marcorà, Dorsoduro 3484/D 30123 Venezia [email protected] http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/collane/studi-di-storia/ Pio XI nella crisi europea Pius XI. im Kontext der europäischen Krise Atti del Colloquio di Villa Vigoni, 4-6 maggio 2015 Beiträge zum Villa Vigoni - Gespräch, 4.-6. -
W 60 Rocznicę Śmierci Papieża Piusa XII
MATKA MARIA DOMINIKA CMRI W 60 ROCZNICĘ ŚMIERCI PAPIEŻA PIUSA XII KRAKÓW 2021 www.ultramontes.pl W 60 rocznicę śmierci papieża Piusa XII MATKA MARIA DOMINIKA CMRI –––––––– 4 marca 1876 roku monsinior Józef Pacelli udzielił chrztu świętego swojemu siostrzeńcowi, dwa dni po jego urodzeniu, nadając mu imiona Eugenio Maria Józef Jan. Dumni rodzice, Filippo i Virginia Pacelli, mieli już dwójkę starszych dzieci, Józefinę i Franciszka. Później przyjdzie na świat kolejna córka Elżbieta. Już jako małe dziecko Eugenio wykazywał skłonność do życia duchowego. W domu udekorował swoją prywatną kapliczkę pięknymi, lnianymi obrusami, srebrnymi flakonami pełnymi kwiatów oraz srebrnymi świecznikami. Później nauczył się służyć do Mszy św. u swojego kuzyna, księdza Cirilli. Inny kapłan w jego parafii, ks. Lais, który wydawał się być kimś w rodzaju Don Bosko, organizował dzieciom zabawy lub spacery po wsi. Ks. Lais dzielił się z chłopcami swoim zamiłowaniem do astronomii, zabierał ich na dach swojego mieszkania, by przez teleskop obserwować wspaniałości nieba. Ten podziw związany z obserwacjami sklepienia Boskich niebios pozostał u Eugenio, a w 1896 roku, będąc klerykiem, udał się z ks. Lais do Paryża na kongres astronomiczny. Również od najmłodszych lat uwidaczniało się zamiłowanie Eugenio do muzyki. Uczył się gry na skrzypcach, natomiast jego siostra Elżbieta grała na pianinie. Pacelli przez całe życie kochał wyborną muzykę i nawet jako Papież lubił słuchać dobrej muzyki, choć rzadko pozwalał sobie poświęcać na to czas. 2 Pierwsze formalne nauki mały Pacelli odbywał pod kierunkiem Sióstr Bożej Opatrzności. W wieku dziesięciu lat przeszedł do prywatnej szkoły prowadzonej przez nauczyciela o znakomitej reputacji – Giuseppe Marchi. To tutaj Eugenio po raz pierwszy zapoznał się z klasykami starożytnymi, a także tu ujawniły się jego szczególne zdolności językowe. -
Papst Pius XII. Als Vorbildlicher Lehrer Des Glaubens
skript Erzbischof Joachim Kardinal Meisner Papst Pius XII. als vorbildlicher Lehrer des Glaubens. Ein theologisches Lebensbild Vortrag am 15. Oktober 2008 in Wien In diesem Jahr gedenken wir des fünfzigsten Todestages von Papst Pius XII. Sein Pontifikat währte neunzehn Jahre, vom 3. März 1939 bis zum 9. Oktober 1958, an dem er - weltweit hoch angesehen - in Castel Gandolfo verstarb. Die zahlreichen Nachrufe von Christen und Nicht-Christen waren voll Anerkennung und großem Re- spekt vor einer außergewöhnlichen Lebensleistung. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, damals Patriarch von Venedig, kurze Zeit später Papst Johannes XXIII., ließ in seiner Trauerrede keinen Zweifel daran, der Name Pius’ XII. werde „unter die größten und beliebtesten in der Geschichte der neueren Zeit eingehen“ und zitierte dann aus dem Markus-Evangelium: „Er hat alles gut gemacht. Die Tauben macht er hören und die Stummen reden“ (Trauerre- de 1958 in: Tardini, 9ff.). 1. Die bleibende kirchliche Bedeutung Pius XII. Im Folgenden möchte ich Ihnen diesen großen Papst in theologischen Schwerpunkten als vorbildlichen Lehrer des Glaubens vor Augen stellen. Unter den kirchlichen Zeugnissen für die Bedeutung Pius’ XII. sei zunächst auf die erste Weihnachtsansprache Papst Johannes’ XXIII. verwiesen, zweieinhalb Monate nach dem Tod seines Vorgängers. Der Heilige Vater bezeichnet Eugenio Pacelli als „hervorragenden Lehrer“ („doctor optimus“), „Licht der heiligen Kirche“ („Ecclesiae sanctae lumen“) und „Liebhaber des Gesetzes Gottes“ („divinae legis amator“) [Radiobotschaft vom 24.12.1958: AAS 51 (1959) 5-12 (8)]. Der Erzbischof von Mailand, Giovanni Battista Mon- tini, der spätere Papst Paul VI., schrieb im Januar 1959 an Schwester Pascalina Lehnert: „Der überreiche Schatz der Reden (von Papst Pius XII.) hilft mir ständig und erfüllt mich mit Bewunderung, wenn ich an die Arbeit und an die Weisheit denke, die ihn geschaffen hat; er bereichert das lehrhafte und sprachliche Vermögen der Kir- che“ (Brief vom 9.1.1959). -
Appunti Per Una Storia Del Papato Scritti Da Un Internauta Per Internauti Del XXI Secolo
Volume Terzo: dal 1878 al 1978 Appunti per una storia del Papato scritti da un internauta per internauti del XXI secolo. Alle mie lettrici Ai miei lettori 2 CAPITOLO 36 DAL 1878 AL 1903 Uno dei pochi Papi non beatificati o canonizzati, dal 1846 ad oggi, è invece uno dei più importanti, sia per la lunghezza del Pontificato (più di 25 anni) sia per le problematiche religiose, sociali e politiche affrontate. Praticamente tutte quelle che emergono nelle società moderne. Inoltre tanto di lui ancora c’è nelle vene della Chiesa d’oggi, perché molti cattolici, compreso chi scrive, hanno avuto docenti o semplicemente degli anziani in famiglia che li hanno istruiti sulla Fede, essendo nati ai tempi di Papa Pecci. È anche il primo Papa filmato e registrato della storia e ancora oggi possiamo, per qualche secondo, vederlo benedire nei Giardini Vaticani (simile per età, magrezza, difficoltà di deambulazione e vestiario all’attuale Papa Emerito) o ascoltare la sua voce profonda pregare l’Ave Maria pochi mesi prima di morire. A livello di rispetto della Tradizione nulla cambia rispetto a Pio IX: la differenza è che Leone XIII, uomo di vasta cultura, grande latinista e tomista, ma soprattutto uomo dalla Fede rocciosa e semplice insieme, era interessato a tutto ciò che il mondo moderno stava vivendo, come pure a tutto ciò che si stava muovendo a livello ecclesiale, specie nella base. Egli essenzialmente cerca di dare una risposta cattolica, in alternativa alle altre proposte ideologiche e politiche, che teme possano traviare la mente e i cuori dei fedeli a lui affidati. -
Eugenio Pacelli--Pius XII: Still Looking for a Biographer
Gerard Noel. Pius XII: The Hound of Hitler. London: Continuum, 2008. 220 pp. $26.95, cloth, ISBN 978-1-84706-355-7. Reviewed by Massimo Faggioli Published on H-German (April, 2009) Commissioned by Susan R. Boettcher The role of Eugenio Pacelli, elected pope as the 1933 concordat with the National Socialist Pius XII on March 2, 1939, is still and always de‐ regime. After his rather summary chapters on bated, not only among historians but also theolo‐ World War II, Noel draws a dramatic picture of gians, especially after the election of Benedict XVI the institutional chaos in the last months of Pius in April 2005. Sometimes, however, the debate ap‐ XII's Vatican, especially between 1954 and 1958. pears unable to move beyond the ideological en‐ Noel's contribution provides the debate about trenchment whose contours were shaped in the Pius XII with a sort of psychological determinism: controversy following "The Deputy" (1963). Noel's "Given his political inheritance, could he have attempt to appeal to the reader's hunger for sen‐ broken the mould and initiated an entirely differ‐ sational new discoveries is signaled in the title. ent strategy for the Holy See in his time? The an‐ The book aims to demonstrate Pacelli's physical swer is yes--but only if he had been a man of very and psychological, not to mention intellectual and different psychological make-up from what he spiritual, inability to resist the extraordinary pres‐ was. It was the combination of papal outlook, as sures he faced, frst as a Vatican diplomat in Ger‐ inherited from the late nineteenth century, with many, then in Rome as secretary of state, and f‐ the personal character of Pope Pius XII, which de‐ nally as pope during World War II. -
Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Pius XII Papacy began 2 March 1939 Papacy ended 9 October 1958 Predecessor Pius XI Successor John XXIII Orders Ordination 2 April 1899 13 May 1917 Consecration by Pope Benedict XV Created 16 December 1929 Cardinal Personal details Eugenio Marìa Giuseppe Birth name Giovanni Pacelli 2 March 1876 Born Rome, Kingdom of Italy 9 October 1958 (aged 82) Died Castel Gandolfo, Italy Opus Justitiae Pax Motto (The work of justice and peace) Signature Coat of arms Other Popes named Pius Venerable Servant of God Pope Pius XII (Latin: Pius PP. XII; Italian: Pio XII), born Eugenio Marìa Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958), reigned as Pope, head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from 2 March 1939 until his death in 1958. Before election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany. The concordat of 1933 which saw the self-destruction of the Centre (Catholic) Party, on the orders of the Holy See, and Pius' leadership of the Catholic Church during World War II, including his "decision to stay silent in public about the fate of the Jews",[1] remain the subject of controversy. After the war Pius XII advocated peace and reconciliation, including lenient policies towards Axis and Axis-satellite nations. The Church experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the Eastern Bloc.