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DRAFT 1 Environmental and Social Considerations in Detailed DRAFT Environmental and Social Considerations in Detailed Planning Survey (Technical Cooperation for Developing Planning) DATE: 16th September 2016 1. Full title of the Project Project for the Formulation of Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan 2030 (hereinafter referred to as “the Project”) 2. Type of the Project Formulation of a master plan 3. Categorization and Its Reason The Project formulates comprehensive development plan for the Bhutan of which target year is 2030. The Project is categorized as a “Category B” project because of the following reason. The Project is not likely to have significant adverse impact on the environment under the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2010) in terms of its sectors, characteristics and areas. 4. Agency or Institution Responsible for the Implementation of the Project Department of Human Settlement under the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement of Bhutan 5. Outline of the Project (1) Expected Goals which will be attained after implementing the Proposed Plan The output of the Project is Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan 2030 which will be used as part of national development policies such as the five-year plans. (2) Outputs The output of the Project includes, at least, the following items: - Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan; - General Guidance for developments incidental to the proposed Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan; and - Recommendation for Implementation framework of Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan. 1 DRAFT 6. Description of the Project Site (1) Target Area The Project covers the entire land area of Bhutan (Figure 1). Source: Central Intelligent Agency, USA Figure 1: Map of Bhutan (2) Description of the Environments (2)-1 Natural Environment 1) Physical environment1 Bhutan is a landlocked country of which area is 38,394 km2. It borders with China (north) and India (east, west and south).2 Its terrain is rugged, and the altitude is from 160 m to 7,000 m. There are four (4) main rivers namely Drangme Chu, Puna Tsang Chu, Wang Chu and Amo Chu, and they flows into Brahmaputra River in India. Glaciers in the northern Bhutan consist of about 10 % of the land area and are important water source of the country. In Bhutan, there are three climate zones (alpine, temperate, subtropical) and dominated by monsoons. Each zone has distinctive vegetation. 1 The Information in this section is from “Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 2015 (National Statistics Bureau, Royal Government of Bhutan” unless otherwise noted. 2 The World Factbook (Central Intelligent Agency, USA) 2 DRAFT 2) Ecosystems and species3 Bhutan is in Eastern Himalaya of which biodiversity is high. Regarding its ecosystems, 70.46% of the land is covered with forests, and their status is reported to be good. There are also many species because of its diversified habitats. The direct threats to the ecosystems are land use change, forest fire, over logging, firewood collection, over grazing, illegal forest use, poaching, unsustainable agriculture practices, pollution, alien species and human-wildlife conflict. The indirect threats are considered to be climate change, population increase and poverty. Because of these threats, the extinction of species is also a concern in Bhutan4. Conservation International, international nature conservation NGO, identifies Bhutan as part of “Himalaya”5, which is one of the “Biodiversity Hotspots” in the world. It means that it is necessary to urgently take appropriate actions to conserve its ecosystems and species. 3) Conservation measures 51.44%6 of its land is covered with protected areas. The protected area network consists of National Parks (5 sites), Wildlife Sanctuaries (4 sites), Strict Nature Reserve (1 site) and Biological Corridors. In the Strict Nature Reserve, there is no permanent residential area and all activities but research works are prohibited. In other protected areas, there are Core Zones, Buffer Zones and Multiple-use Zones. Local people live in the Multiple-use Zones. All development projects in the protected areas are subject to Environmental Impact Assessment. Bhutan is a member state of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, but there are no World Natural Heritage Sites. The following four (4) sites are submitted on the Tentative List of the Convention7: Royal Manas National Park, Jigme Dorji National Park, Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary and Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary. There are three (3) Ramsar sites8: Bumdeling, Gangtey-Phobji and Khotokha. BirdLife International, international nature conservation NGO, identifies internationally important habitats as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and promotes their conservation with local 3 Information in this section is from “The Fifth National Report to the Convention of Biological Diversity Secretariat (National Environment Commission, Royal Government of Bhutan）” unless otherwise noted. 4 https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/default.shtml?country=bt#facts 5 http://www.conservation.org/global/japan/priority_areas/hotspots/asia-pacific/Pages/Himalaya.aspx 6 National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan (2014) 7 UNESCO: http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/BT/ 8 Ramsar Convention: http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/sitelist.pdf 3 DRAFT government and NGOs. There are 23 IBAs and only eight (8) of them are under protection of the government9. (2)-2 Social Environment 1) Population In Bhutan, the first Population and Housing Census was conducted in 2005, and the second census is planned in 2016. The projected population of 2014 is about 745,00010. 2) Religion Bhutan is a Buddhism country and many people still also believe in traditional animism11. 75.3% of its population is Lamaistic Buddhist, 22.1% is Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism and 2.6% is others12. 3) Ethnic groups and languages13 There are three (3) big ethnic groups in Bhutan, namely Tshanglas, Ngalops and Lhotshampa. Bumthaps, Khengpas, Kurtoeps, Brokpas, Bramis, Doyas Monpas and others are also recognized. 18 languages are recognized in the country and some of them are on the brink of extinction. 4) Cultural Heritages The Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, conserves and promotes the conservation of the cultural heritages including intangible cultural heritages. There are no World Cultural Heritage Sites, but the following four (4) sites are submitted on the Tentative List of the Convention14: Ancient Ruin of Drukgyel Dzong, Dzongs (the centre of temporal and religious authorities: Punakha Dzong, Wangdue Phodrang Dzong, Paro Dzong, Trongsa Dzong and Dagana Dzong), Sacred Sites associated with Phajo Drugom Zhigpo and his descendants and Tamzhing Monastery. 9 Important Bird Areas in Asia: Key sites for conservation (BirdLife International, 2004) 10 Population Projection Bhutan 2005-2030 (national Statistical Bureau) 11 Tourism Council of Bhutan (in Japanese): http://www.travel-to-bhutan.jp/about_bhutan/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%A8%E5%AE%97%E6%95% 99 12 The World Factbook – Bhutan：https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bt.html 13 Tourism Council of Bhutan (in Japanese): http://www.travel-to-bhutan.jp/about_bhutan/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%A8%E5%AE%97%E6%95% 99 14 UNESCO: http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/BT/ 4 DRAFT 5) Poverty15 The poverty rate in Bhutan decreases from 31.7% in 2003 to 12% in 2012. The government has achieved its goal of the Tenth 5-Year Plan (to reduce the poverty rate to 15%). The reasons are considered to be improvement of infrastructure such as roads, electricity, telecommunication, water supply in rural areas, and implementation of specific poverty alleviation programmes. The analysis shows that the poverty is a rural phenomenon, those employed in agriculture are poorer, poverty is less acute in households with educated heads, and poor families also tend to have a bigger family size. The poverty rates of Dagana, Lhuentse, Pemagatshel, Samdrup Jongkhar, Samtse and Zhemgang Dzongkhags are more than the national average (12%), and the rate of Lhuentse is 31.9% which is the worst of the country. However, the poverty rate and the GNH Index need to be carefully compared. For example, the poverty rate of Lhuentse is the worst in the country but its GNH Index is 0.773 which is categorized as “High category” by the 2015 GNH Survey. Although the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index of Gasa is the worst, its poverty rate is low and the GNH Index is very high. 6) Gender and children Regarding the gender, the issues have are some differences among areas in Bhutan because of the cultural differences, however the common issues are domestic violence (including DV to males) and lack of understanding about the social roles of women16. Asian Development Bank states that the issues are education gaps, fewer jobs, locked into agriculture, multiple work burdens, adult female illiteracy, DV and few female public officials or civil servants17. According to the 2015 GNH Survey, female’s GNH Index is 0.730 and the index in 2010 was 0.69518. It may be considered that there are some issues but, in general, the situation has been improved. Regarding the right of children, the common issues are various types of violence (adult to child or child to child) and limited participation of children (especially young generation) to decision making system. Regarding the child labour, although there are no accurate data, it is considered not to be a big issue in the country19. 15 ELEVENTH FIVE YEAL PLAN 2013-2018 16 The interview with National Commission on Women and Children on 19th August 2016. 17 Country Partnership Strategy: Bhutan 2014- 2018 (Asian Development Bank) 18 Provisional Findings of 2015 GNH Survey (Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Research, 2015) 19 The interview with National Commission on Women and Children on 19th August 2016. 5 DRAFT 7) Infectious diseases The infection rate of HIV/AIDS in Bhutan is low. 380 cases are reported by June in 2014 and the prevalence is 0.15% of the total population20.
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