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Reconstitution Des Fluctuations Holocènes En Relation Avec Les Reconstitution des fluctuations holocènes en relation avec les changements climatiques et l’antropisation sur les côtes bretonnes à partir de bio-indicateurs fossiles (chironomidés, pollen et foraminifères benthiques) Assia Fernane To cite this version: Assia Fernane. Reconstitution des fluctuations holocènes en relation avec les changements climatiques et l’antropisation sur les côtes bretonnes à partir de bio-indicateurs fossiles (chironomidés, pollen et foraminifères benthiques). Sciences de la Terre. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2014. Français. NNT : 2014BRES0124. tel-02146984 HAL Id: tel-02146984 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02146984 Submitted on 4 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université Européenne de Bretagne Assia Fernane pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’ UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Préparée à l'Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mention : Géosciences Mer, L aboratoire Domaines Océaniques, UMR École Doctorale des Sciences de la Mer 6538 CNRS Thèse soutenue le 17 décembre 2014 devant le jury composé de : Christophe Delacourt Professeur, UBO / Président de jury Reconstitution des fluctuations holocènes Dominique Marguerie en relation avec les changements Directeur de Recherche, Rennes / Rapporteur Isabelle Larocque climatiques et l'anthropisation sur les Directrice de Recherche, Chef d'entreprise, Suisse / Rapporteur Nathalie Combourieu -Nebout côtes bretonnes à partir de bio -in dicateurs Directrice de Recherche, Paris / Examinatrice Laurent Millet fossiles (Chironomidae , pollen et Ch argé de Recherche, Besançon / Examinateur Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë foraminifères benthiques) Directrice de Recherche, Brest / Directrice de thèse Aurélie Penaud Maitre de conférences, UBO / Co-directrice de thèse Emmanuel Gandouin Maitre de conférence, Aix -Marseille III / Co-directeur de thèse 2 Remerciements Tout d’abord, j e souhaite remercier mes trois directeurs de recherche. Merci à Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë pour ses encouragements, ses relectures et ses critiques constructives. Merci également à Emmanuel Gandouin pour ses enc ouragements, et l’attention dont il a fait pre uve à mon égard. Un grand merci à Aurélie Penaud pour sa patience, sa pédagogie, son enthousiasme, ses encouragements et son humanisme, j’ai énormément appris à ses côtés et je ne saurai la remercier assez pour tout ce qu’elle a fait et continue à faire pour moi. Je remercie vivement tous les membres du jury, Mme Isabelle Larocque et M. Dominique Marguerie, qui ont accepté de rapporter mon travail, ainsi qu’à Mme Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout et M. Laurent Millet pour avoir accepté de juger mon travail. Je tiens également à remercier le directeur du Laboratoire Domaines Océaniques, M. Christophe Delacourt qui a accepté de présider mon jury de thèse, mais aussi, pour avoir veillé à ce que cette thèse se passe dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Ce travail de thèse a été financé par de nombreux programmes : ANR COCORISCO, Région Bretagne (programme Philtre), et LabexMer, je tiens en conséquence à vivement les remercier. Je remercie également Stephen Brooks pour son accueil au Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Londres et son aide précieuse dans la détermination des capsules céphaliques de Chironomidae. Un grand merci à Evelyne Goubert et Valérie Le Cadre pour leur aide dans la détermination des foraminifères benthiques. Merci à Dahvya Belkacem (IMBE) et à Marie-Hélène Castera (EPOC) pour le précieux travail qu’elles ont réalisé sur les traitements palynologiques. Un grand merci à Muriel Vidal, Bernard Hallégouët et Pierre Stéphan pour les nombreuses discussions scientifiques que nous avons eu ensemble, ainsi que Jérôme Goslin, qui a toujours eu un moment pour discuter avec moi des données, travailler avec lui fut un réel plaisir. L’obtention des données sur lesquel le s est basée cette thèse est le fruit d’u n travail collectif. Merci à tous ceux qui ont participé aux campagnes de carottages : Jérôme Goslin, Nicolas Guidicelli, Jean-Pierre Oldra, et à tous ceux qui m’ont accompagné sur l’estuaire de l’Aulne (souvent sous la pluie): Edouard Collin et Thierry le Bec. Je souhaite vivement remercier toutes les personnes du laboratoire IMBE pour leur accueil, et l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à mon travail et pour tous les moments de convivialité autour d’un café, déjeuner ou jeu de société. Merci à Jérémy, Dahvya, Michelle, Mori, Maryse, Marine, Marie-Annic, et Estelle. Je salue également l’ensemble de s chercheurs, doctorants, et techniciens du Laboratoire Domaines Océaniques. Je tiens à remercier tous mes amis qui ont gentiment accepté de me loger chez eux durant mes nombreux déplacements: Abir, Samir, Farida, Amar, et Mélanie. Jamais je n’aurai fait cette thèse si Monsieur Charles François Boudouresque n’avait pas accepté de me prendre en Master Biologie et Ecologie Marine à Marseille. Je tiens sincèrement à le remercier pour avoir cru en mes capacités et pour m’avoir, sans aucune hésitation, recommandée. Sa confiance en moi m’honore beaucoup. Cette thèse, c’est bien évidemment à mes parents que je la dédie, je n’ai eu de cesse de vouloir les rendre fiers de moi. Merci également à mes deux sœurs et mon petit frère pour leur soutien indéfectible. Enfin, je ne serai pas venue à bout de cette thèse sans le soutien permanent de Lyacine, je lui dis tout simplement MERCI. 3 TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 17 CHAPITRE I CONTEXTE ENVIRONNEMENTAL ........................................................ 21 I.1 CONTEXTE GEOLOGIQUE ET GEOMORPHOLOGIQUE ............................... 25 I.1.1 HISTOIRE GEOLOGIQUE DU MASSIF ARMORICAIN .................................... 25 · OROGENESES CADOMIENNE ET HERCYNIENNE ........................................... 26 · HISTOIRE MESOZOIQUE ....................................................................................... 26 · HISTOIRE CENOZOIQUE ....................................................................................... 27 · PLATE-FORMES LITTORALES ............................................................................. 28 I.1.2 CONTEXTE GEOMORPHOLOGIQU E DES SITES D’ETUDE .......................... 29 · PREAMBULE ET NOTIONS DE PEDOLOGIE ...................................................... 29 · CARACTERISTIQUES GENERALES DES SITE S D’ETUDE EN FINISTE RE ... 30 · CARACTERISTIQUES GEN ERALES DES SITES D’E TUDE EN MORBIHAN . 38 I.2 CONTEXTE CLIMATIQUE ACTUEL ..................................................................... 43 I.2.1 CIRCULATION ATMOSPHERIQUE .................................................................... 43 · A L’ECHELLE GLOBALE ....................................................................................... 43 · A L’ECHELLE DE LA BR ETAGNE, LE ROLE ACTIF DE LA NAO................... 44 I.2.2 CIRCULATION OCEANIQUE............................................................................... 47 · A L’ECHELLE GLOBALE ....................................................................................... 47 · A L’ECHELLE DE LA BR ETAGNE, LE ROLE ACTI F DE L’AMO .................... 47 I.2.3 MECANISMES FORCANT DES TEMPETES ACTUELLES............................... 48 I.3 EVOLUTION PALEOCLIMATIQUE HOLOCENE EN BRETAGNE................. 51 I.3.1 HOLOCENE : DEFINITION ET FORCAGES ....................................................... 52 · VARIABILITE LONG TERME ................................................................................ 52 · VARIABILITE CLIMATIQUE RAPIDE MILLENAIRE INFRA-ORBITALE ...... 54 I.3.2 EVOLUTION DU NIVEAU MARIN RELATIF ET MECANSIMES FORCANT DES TEMPETES MAJEURES ........................................................................................ 55 · RECONSTRUCTIONS DU NIVEAU MARIN......................................................... 55 · SCENARII DES FORCAGES IMPLIQUES DANS LES TEMPETES MAJEURES SUR L’HOLOCENE ..................................................................................................... 57 I.4 EVOLUTION DES PAYSAGES : CLIMAT VERSUS ANTHROPISATION ET SUBDIVISIONS STRATIGRAPHIQUES ASSOCIEES ............................................... 59 4 I.4.1 VEGETATION ACTUELLE EN BRETAGNE ...................................................... 59 I.4.2 EVOLUTION DE L A VEGETATION SUR L’H OLOCENE : TENDANCES LONG TERME ................................................................................................................. 61 I.4.3 EVOLUTION CULT URELLE SUR L’HOLOCEN E ............................................. 63 · NEOLITHIQUE (8,500-4,500 ANS CAL BP) .......................................................... 63 · L’AGE DU BRON ZE (4,500 – 2,700 ANS CAL BP) ............................................... 66 · L’AGE DU FER (2,700 -2,000 ANS CAL BP) .......................................................... 67 · LA PERIODE GALLO-ROMAINE (2,000-1,500 ANS CAL BP) ET LE MOYEN- AGE (1,500-450 ANS
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