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Sabotasjeaksjonene Mot Orkla Grube Aktiebolag Under Den Andre

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Sabotasjeaksjonene Mot Orkla Grube Aktiebolag Under Den Andre John Alexander Svensson Sabotasjeaksjonene mot Orkla Grube Fornavn Etternavn Fornavn Aktiebolag under Den andre verdenskrig og effekten på tysk krigsindustri Masteroppgave i historie Masteroppgave Veileder: Jonas Scherner Trondheim, november 2016 Oppgavens tittel Oppgavens NTNU Det humanistiske fakultet Det humanistiske Institutt for historiske studier historiske for Institutt Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Norges JOHN ALEXANDER SVENSSON SABOTASJEAKSJONENE MOT ORKLA GRUBE AKTIEBOLAG UNDER DEN ANDRE VERDENSKRIG OG EFFEKTEN PÅ TYSK KRIGSINDUSTRI Masteroppgave i historie Det historiske institutt Det humanistiske fakultet Norges teknisk-naturvitenskaplige universtitet (NTNU) Trondheim, november 2016 Veileder Jonas Scherner Forord Den andre verdenskrig har alltid vært et tema som har interessert meg. Fra barnsben av har jeg sett dokumentarer om hvordan krigen artet seg. De store slagene, industrien, feltherrene og de fire store, Stalin, Hitler, Churchill og Roosevelt har blitt viet mye skjermtid. I senere tid har denne interessen utartet seg stort sett i abonnementer hos historiske tidsskrifter hvor ofte bilder fra krigen har dekorert forsidene. Valget om å finne tema fra Den andre verdenskrig å skrive om var derimot en lang prosess. Siden min tidlige interesse lå i selve krigens slag var det der jeg først lette, men populæridsskriftene har dekket denne siden av krigen mange ganger over, og min første veileder, Maria Fritsche, frarådet meg en slik vinkling. Det ville ta et år og to økonomiske fag, hvorav det ene dekket den tyske økonomien, at ting falt på plass. Jeg ville kombinere nettopp økonomi og krigsviktighet med lokalhistorie fra Trøndelag. Det var naturlig å se etter den største bedriften som passet de kriteriene og som hadde nok substans til å dekke en stor oppgave. Orkla Grube A/B har fått sin historie og "passet" påskrevet tidligere, da spesielt av Dag Tangen. Allikevel føltes det ut som om det var et hull i historien som kunne dekkes. Jeg tilknyttet meg professor Jonas Scherner, faglærer for de økonomiske fagene, som entusiastisk hjalp meg på vei. Hans veiledning har vært uvurderlig for gjennomføring av denne oppgaven. Hos Løkken Verk vil jeg takke Torstein Bach og John Arnt Holmen som har svart på alle henvendelser. Trysil, november 2016 i Summary This text seeks to give an answer to wether or not the sabotage against the pyrite mine Orkla Gruber AB during World War 2 was successful in reaching the preset goals by the British wartime unit called Special Operations Executive, namely stopping the production and\or the shipping of pyrite and sulphur to Germany. The SOE existed only during the war but their legacy has been longlasting. As the first organization using unorthodox hit and run tactics to strike vital german industry in the occupied countries of Europe, they have been accused of ungentlemanry behavior and have even been called out as murderers. Their accusers came from the very top of the military branches in Great Britain. SOE was made up of different nationalities from the occupied countries. Because of this the SOE could infiltrate without arousing suspicion from the native population the areas around their targets. This too was the case at Orkla. The mine was hit solely by Norwegian personell recruited into the ranks of the SOE. Pyrite was a vital ingredient to the chemical industry in Germany, and by this also the armaments industry, in particular the ammunition and cellulose industry. The text fails to identify just how important the mine was as time, money and language barriers have made their impact. Albert Speer had grave concerns in the late period of the war, mentioning Norway as a much-needed source of pyrite during 1944. These concerns came after the fall of Sicilly and the surrender of Italy to the Allies. Norway itself was under civil administration from the outset of the invation on April 9.th 1940. What can only be described as shameful is the Norwegian industrial leaders and several civil organizations involvement in helping the Germans setting up a thorough network of exploitation of the Norwegian economy by providing the occupiers with all the necessary information regarding the country’s economy. Only a few were sentenced after the war, but the leader of Orkla got out clean after claiming his innocence during the trial in 1945. This even though the British administration in Stockholm had grave concerns to where his loyalty and ideolocial convictions lay, calling him out, if not as a nazi, then at least as a nazi sympathizer. ii Forkortelser AGFA - Aktiengesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation ANCC - Anglo Norwegian Collaboration Committee BASF - Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik BVL - Bergverkenes Landssammenslutning (GO) C-in-C - (general officer) Commander-in-Chief COS - Chiefs of Staff COSSAC - Chiefs of Staff to Supreme Allied Commander EH - Electra House EPC - European Pyrites Association FO - Foreign Office GS (R) - General Staff (Research) JPS - Joint Planning Staff MEW - Minister of Economic Warfare NB - Norges Bank NIO - Nemda for Industri og Omsetning NOS - Norges Offisielle Statistikk (Statistisk Sentralbyrå) NSDAP - Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei PWE - Political Warfare Executive RKKS - Reichskreditkassenscheine SHAEF - Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force SOE - Special Operations Executive SIS - Special Intelligence Service WO - War Office iii Innholdsfortegnelse Forord ....................................................................................................................................................... i Summary ..................................................................................................................................................ii Forkortelser ............................................................................................................................................. iii Tabelliste ................................................................................................................................................. vi Figurliste .................................................................................................................................................. vi Kapittel 1- Innledning ............................................................................................................................. 1 Teori og metode .................................................................................................................................. 4 Historiografi ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Publiserte kilder ................................................................................................................................... 9 Upubliserte kilder .............................................................................................................................. 11 Oppgavens avgrensning .................................................................................................................... 12 Struktur .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Kapittel 2 - Kjemiens historie - fra antikken til Orkla ........................................................................... 15 Innledning .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Svovelets historie .............................................................................................................................. 15 Kilder til svovel ................................................................................................................................. 16 Økt etterspørsel og økt produksjon i verden - tiden etter den industrielle revolusjon ....................... 17 Svovelsyrens bruksområder fra 1850-1940 og grunnlaget for omlegging til moderne drift på Løkken Verk ................................................................................................................................................... 19 Utvikling av Løkken verk mellom 1844 - 1904 ................................................................................ 20 Moderne drift på Løkken Verk .......................................................................................................... 22 Tyske og britiske interesser hos Orkla etter 1900 ............................................................................. 23 Kapittel 3 - Autarki i Tyskland under nazistene .................................................................................... 27 Innledning .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Nazistenes ideologi............................................................................................................................ 28 Autarkiet ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Investeringer i gruveindustrien i Tyskland 1930- og 1940-tallet ...................................................... 33 Kull ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Totale investeringer i tysk industri ...............................................................................................
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