Differences in Neural Stem Cell Identity and Differentiation Capacity Drive Divergent Regenerative Outcomes in Lizards and Salamanders
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
How Morphological Development Can Guide Evolution Sam Kriegman1,*, Nick Cheney1, and Josh Bongard1
How morphological development can guide evolution Sam Kriegman1,*, Nick Cheney1, and Josh Bongard1 1University of Vermont, Department of Computer Science, Burlington, VT, USA *[email protected] ABSTRACT Organisms result from adaptive processes interacting across different time scales. One such interaction is that between development and evolution. Models have shown that development sweeps over several traits in a single agent, sometimes exposing promising static traits. Subsequent evolution can then canalize these rare traits. Thus, development can, under the right conditions, increase evolvability. Here, we report on a previously unknown phenomenon when embodied agents are allowed to develop and evolve: Evolution discovers body plans robust to control changes, these body plans become genetically assimilated, yet controllers for these agents are not assimilated. This allows evolution to continue climbing fitness gradients by tinkering with the developmental programs for controllers within these permissive body plans. This exposes a previously unknown detail about the Baldwin effect: instead of all useful traits becoming genetically assimilated, only traits that render the agent robust to changes in other traits become assimilated. We refer to this as differential canalization. This finding also has implications for the evolutionary design of artificial and embodied agents such as robots: robots robust to internal changes in their controllers may also be robust to external changes in their environment, such as transferal from simulation to reality or deployment in novel environments. Introduction The shape of life changes on many different time scales. From generation to generation, populations gradually increase in complexity and relative competency. At the individual level, organisms grow from a single-celled egg and exhibit extreme postnatal change as they interact with the outside world during their lifetimes. -
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B. M ü ller, G ü nter P. Wagner, and Werner Callebaut, editors The Evolution of Cognition , edited by Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber, 2000 Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Development and Evolutionary Biology , edited by Gerd B. M ü ller and Stuart A. Newman, 2003 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis , edited by Brian K. Hall, Roy D. Pearson, and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2004 Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach , edited by D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2004 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems , edited by Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, 2005 Compositional Evolution: The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution , by Richard A. Watson, 2006 Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment , by Robert G. B. Reid, 2007 Modeling Biology: Structure, Behaviors, Evolution , edited by Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2007 Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication , edited by Kimbrough D. Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2008 Functions in Biological and Artifi cial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives , edited by Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes, 2009 Cognitive Biology: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior , edited by Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson, and Lynn Nadel, 2009 Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology , edited by Michael J. O ’ Brien and Stephen J. Shennan, 2010 The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited , edited by Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, 2011 Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology , edited by Snait B. -
Study of Natural Longlife Juvenility and Tissue Regeneration in Caudate Amphibians and Potential Application of Resulting Data in Biomedicine
Journal of Developmental Biology Review Study of Natural Longlife Juvenility and Tissue Regeneration in Caudate Amphibians and Potential Application of Resulting Data in Biomedicine Eleonora N. Grigoryan Kol’tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; [email protected]; Tel.: +7-(499)-1350052 Abstract: The review considers the molecular, cellular, organismal, and ontogenetic properties of Urodela that exhibit the highest regenerative abilities among tetrapods. The genome specifics and the expression of genes associated with cell plasticity are analyzed. The simplification of tissue structure is shown using the examples of the sensory retina and brain in mature Urodela. Cells of these and some other tissues are ready to initiate proliferation and manifest the plasticity of their phenotype as well as the correct integration into the pre-existing or de novo forming tissue structure. Without excluding other factors that determine regeneration, the pedomorphosis and juvenile properties, identified on different levels of Urodele amphibians, are assumed to be the main explanation for their high regenerative abilities. These properties, being fundamental for tissue regeneration, have been lost by amniotes. Experiments aimed at mammalian cell rejuvenation currently use various approaches. They include, in particular, methods that use secretomes from regenerating tissues of caudate amphibians and fish for inducing regenerative responses of cells. Such an approach, along with those developed on the basis of knowledge about the molecular and genetic nature and age dependence of regeneration, may become one more step in the development of regenerative medicine Citation: Grigoryan, E.N. Study of Keywords: salamanders; juvenile state; tissue regeneration; extracts; microvesicles; cell rejuvenation Natural Longlife Juvenility and Tissue Regeneration in Caudate Amphibians and Potential Application of Resulting Data in 1. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Eugenics, Biopolitics, and the Challenge of the Techno-Human Condition
Nathan VAN CAMP Redesigning Life The emerging development of genetic enhancement technologies has recently become the focus of a public and philosophical debate between proponents and opponents of a liberal eugenics – that is, the use of Eugenics, Biopolitics, and the Challenge these technologies without any overall direction or governmental control. Inspired by Foucault’s, Agamben’s of the Techno-Human Condition and Esposito’s writings about biopower and biopolitics, Life Redesigning the author sees both positions as equally problematic, as both presuppose the existence of a stable, autonomous subject capable of making decisions concerning the future of human nature, while in the age of genetic technology the nature of this subjectivity shall be less an origin than an effect of such decisions. Bringing together a biopolitical critique of the way this controversial issue has been dealt with in liberal moral and political philosophy with a philosophical analysis of the nature of and the relation between life, politics, and technology, the author sets out to outline the contours of a more responsible engagement with genetic technologies based on the idea that technology is an intrinsic condition of humanity. Nathan VAN CAMP Nathan VAN Philosophy Philosophy Nathan Van Camp is postdoctoral researcher at the University of Antwerp, Belgium. He focuses on continental philosophy, political theory, biopolitics, and critical theory. & Politics ISBN 978-2-87574-281-0 Philosophie & Politique 27 www.peterlang.com P.I.E. Peter Lang Nathan VAN CAMP Redesigning Life The emerging development of genetic enhancement technologies has recently become the focus of a public and philosophical debate between proponents and opponents of a liberal eugenics – that is, the use of Eugenics, Biopolitics, and the Challenge these technologies without any overall direction or governmental control. -
Personality Traits in Competition Dogs – a Quantitative Genetic Study on Competition Dogs
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Personality traits in competition dogs – A quantitative genetic study on competition dogs Evelina Kess Master´s thesis • 30 credits Animal Science Uppsala 2019 Personality traits in competition dogs – A quantitative genetic study on competition dogs Personlighet hos tävlingshundar – En kvantitativ genetisk studie på tävlingshundar Evelina Kess Supervisor: Katja Nilsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Examiner: Erling Strandberg, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Credits: 30 credits Level: Second cycle, A2E Course title: Independent project in Animal Science Course code: EX0870 Programme/education: Animal Science Course coordinating department: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2019 Online publication: https://stud.epsilon.slu.se Cover photo: Carla Schmeyer Keywords: dog, personality, competition, heritability, dog mentality assessment, IPO, IGP, German shepherd, Belgian shepherd Malinois, Dutch Shepherd Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between per- formance and personality in three working dog breeds. The breeds that were chosen were the German Shepherd, the Belgian Shepherd Malinois and the Dutch Shepherd (Short haired). Pedigree data included pedigrees from 28536 dogs, out of those dogs 26 572 dogs also had personality test data and 1714 of those dogs had IPO results. The relationship between success in IPO and the five personality traits Playfulness, Curiosity/Fearlessness, Chase-prone- ness, Sociability and Aggressiveness was analysed using a linear model. Questionnaire data from a modified C-BARQ about everyday behaviour was also collected for analysis. -
Reaction of Ependymal Cells to Spinal Cord Injury: a Potential Role for Oncostatin Pathway and Microglial Cells
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.12.428106; this version posted February 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Reaction of ependymal cells to spinal cord injury: a potential role for oncostatin pathway and microglial cells *1 *1 *1 2 2 1 R. Chevreau , H Ghazale , C Ripoll , C Chalfouh , Q Delarue , A.L. Hemonnot , H 1 3 4 5 *2 *1 Hirbec , S Wahane , F Perrin , H Noristani , N Guerout , JP Hugnot *equal contribution, listed in alphabetic order 1 Université de Montpellier, INSERM CNRS IGF, France 2 Université de Rouen, France 3 Departments of Neurobiology and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095-1763, USA. 4 University of Montpellier, INSERM MMDN France 5 Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, NY, USA Abstract Ependymal cells with stem cell properties reside in the adult spinal cord around the central canal. They rapidly activate and proliferate after spinal cord injury, constituting a source of new cells. They produce neurons and glial cells in lower vertebrates but they mainly generate glial cells in mammals. The mechanisms underlying their activation and their glial-biased differentiation in mammals remain ill-defined. This represents an obstacle to control these cells. We addressed this issue using RNA profiling of ependymal cells before and after injury. We found that these cells activate STAT3 and ERK/MAPK signaling during injury and downregulate cilia-associated genes and FOXJ1, a central transcription factor in ciliogenesis. -
Genetics of Canine Behavior
ACTA VET. BRNO 2007, 76: 431-444; doi:10.2754/avb200776030431 Review article Genetics of Canine Behavior K.A. HOUPT American College of Veterinary Behaviorists, Animal Behavior Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Received February 6, 2007 Accepted June 5, 2007 Abstract Houpt K.A.: Genetics of Canine Behavior. Acta Vet. Brno 2007, 76: 431-444. Canine behavioral genetics is a rapidly moving area of research. In this review, breed differences in behavior are emphasized. Dog professionals’ opinions of the various breeds on many behavior traits reveal factors such as reactivity, aggression, ease of training and immaturity. Heritability of various behaviors – hunting ability, playfulness, and aggression to people and other dogs – has been calculated. The neurotransmitters believed to be involved in aggression are discussed. The gene for aggression remains elusive, but identifi cation of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with breed-specifi c behavior traits are leading us in the right direction. The unique syndrome of aggression found in English Springer Spaniels may be a model for detecting the gene involved. Dog aggression, heritability, temperament Behavior is a result of nature (genetics) and nurture (learning or experience). We shall review the history of canine behavioral genetics and explore the latest fi ndings. The publication of the canine genome allows us to make some inferences (Kirkness et al. 2003). Foxes One of the most thorough studies of canid behavioral genetics deals with foxes, not dogs. Selection for a tame and for an aggressive strain of silver foxes over 30 years by Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut resulted in large differences in behavior and in morphology (Trut et al. -
Evolutionary Developmental Biology 573
EVOC20 29/08/2003 11:15 AM Page 572 Evolutionary 20 Developmental Biology volutionary developmental biology, now often known Eas “evo-devo,” is the study of the relation between evolution and development. The relation between evolution and development has been the subject of research for many years, and the chapter begins by looking at some classic ideas. However, the subject has been transformed in recent years as the genes that control development have begun to be identified. This chapter looks at how changes in these developmental genes, such as changes in their spatial or temporal expression in the embryo, are associated with changes in adult morphology. The origin of a set of genes controlling development may have opened up new and more flexible ways in which evolution could occur: life may have become more “evolvable.” EVOC20 29/08/2003 11:15 AM Page 573 CHAPTER 20 / Evolutionary Developmental Biology 573 20.1 Changes in development, and the genes controlling development, underlie morphological evolution Morphological structures, such as heads, legs, and tails, are produced in each individual organism by development. The organism begins life as a single cell. The organism grows by cell division, and the various cell types (bone cells, skin cells, and so on) are produced by differentiation within dividing cell lines. When one species evolves into Morphological evolution is driven another, with a changed morphological form, the developmental process must have by developmental evolution changed too. If the descendant species has longer legs, it is because the developmental process that produces legs has been accelerated, or extended over time. -
Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling Regulates Ependymal Cell Development and Adult Homeostasis
Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates ependymal cell development and adult homeostasis Liujing Xinga, Teni Anbarchiana, Jonathan M. Tsaia, Giles W. Plantb, and Roeland Nussea,c,1 aDepartment of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; bDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and cHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305 Contributed by Roeland Nusse, May 22, 2018 (sent for review February 23, 2018; reviewed by Bin Chen and Samuel Pleasure) In the adult mouse spinal cord, the ependymal cell population that precursors and are present before the onset of neurogenesis. surrounds the central canal is thought to be a promising source of They give rise to radial glial cells, which then become the pre- quiescent stem cells to treat spinal cord injury. Relatively little is dominant progenitors during gliogenesis (19, 20). Eventually, known about the cellular origin of ependymal cells during spinal ependymal cells are formed as the ventricle and the ventricular cord development, or the molecular mechanisms that regulate zone retract through the process of obliteration. This process is ependymal cells during adult homeostasis. Using genetic lineage accompanied by terminal differentiation and exit of radial glial tracing based on the Wnt target gene Axin2, we have character- cells from the ventricular zone (18, 19, 21–24). ized Wnt-responsive cells during spinal cord development. Our Compared with our knowledge about ependymal cells in the results revealed that Wnt-responsive progenitor cells are restricted brain, little is known about the cellular origin of spinal cord to the dorsal midline throughout spinal cord development, which ependymal cells. -
The Fine Structure of Ependyma in the Brain Of
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF EPENDYMA IN THE BRAIN OF THE RAT M. W. BRIGHTMAN, Ph.D., and S. L. PALAY, M.D. From the Laboratory of Neuroanatomical Sciences, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Palay's present address is Department of Anatomy, Harvard Medical School, Boston ABSTRACT The ciliated ependyma of the rat brain consists of a sheet of epithelial cells, the luminal surface of which is reflected over ciliary shafts and numerous evaginations of irregular di- mensions. The relatively straight lateral portions of the plasmalemma of contiguous cells are fused at discrete sites to form five-layered junctions or zonulae occludentes which obliterate the intercellular space. These fusions occur usually at some distance below the free surface either independently or in continuity with a second intercellular junction, the zonula adhaerens. The luminal junction is usually formed by a zonula adhaerens or, occasionally, by a zonula occludens. The finely granular and filamentous cytoplasm contains supranuclear dense bodies, some of which are probably lysosomes and dense whorls of perinuclear filaments which send fascicles toward the lateral plasmalemma. The apical regions of the cytoplasm contain the basal body complexes of neighboring cilia. These complexes include a striated basal foot and short, non-striated rootlets emanating from the wall of each basal body. The rootlets end in a zone of granules about the proximal region of the basal body, adjacent to which may lie a striated mass of variable shape. All components of the basal body complex of adjacent cilia are independent of each other. -
Transcriptional Control of Hypothalamic Tanycyte
TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF HYPOTHALAMIC TANYCYTE DEVELOPMENT By Ana Lucia Miranda-Angulo A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland March 2013 © 2013 Ana Lucia Miranda-Angulo All Rights Reserved Abstract The wall of the ventral third ventricle is composed of two distinct cell populations; tanycytes and ependymal cells. Tanycytes support several hypothalamic functions but little is known about the transcriptional network which regulates their development. We explored the developmental expression of multiple transcription factors by in situ hybridization and found that the retina and anterior neural fold homeobox transcription factor (Rax) was expressed in both ventricular progenitors of the hypothalamic primordium and differentiating tanycytes. Rax is known to participate in retina and hypothalamus development but nothing is known about its function in tanycytes. To explore the role of Rax in hypothalamic tanycyte development we generated Rax haploinsufficient mice. These mice appeared grossly normal, but careful examination revealed a thinning of the third ventricular wall and reduction of tanycyte and ependymal markers. These experiments show that Rax is required for tanycyte and ependymal cell progenitor proliferation and/or survival. Rax haploinsufficiency also resulted in ectopic presence of ependymal cells in the α2 tanycytic zone were few ependymal cells are normally found. Thus, the presence of ependymal cell in this zone suggests that Rax was required for α2 tanycyte differentiation. These changes in the ventricular wall were associated with reduced diffusion of Evans Blue tracer from the ventricle to the hypothalamic parenchyma. Furthermore, we have provided in vivo and in vitro evidence suggesting that RAX protein is secreted by tanycytes, and subsequently internalized by adjacent and distal cells.