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Targets Ependyma and Astrocytes in the Subventricular Zone and RMS

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Targets Ependyma and Astrocytes in the Subventricular Zone and RMS Gene Therapy (2005) 12, 1503–1508 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0969-7128/05 $30.00 www.nature.com/gt RESEARCH ARTICLE Adeno-associated virus type 4 (AAV4) targets ependyma and astrocytes in the subventricular zone and RMS G Liu1,2, IH Martins1,2, JA Chiorini1,4 and BL Davidson1,2,3,5 1Program in Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; 3Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; 4National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and 5Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the neurogenic conducted on adult mice. AAV4 vectors show a characteristic niches in the adult mammalian brain. The SVZ is of interest transduction of the ependyma independent of delivery route. for studies on neurogenesis and stem cell therapy. Here, we However, AAV4 virus injected into the SVZ targeted GFAP report specific transduction of ependyma and/or astrocytes positive astrocytes forming the glial tube in the SVZ and by recombinant adeno-associated virus type 4 (AAV4) viral rostral migratory stream (RMS). Our results introduce AAV4 vectors. AAV4 vectors encoding b-galactosidase or eGFP as a new tool by which to manipulate glial cells in the RMS. were injected into the lateral ventricles of neonatal and adult Gene Therapy (2005) 12, 1503–1508. doi:10.1038/ C57BL/6 mouse brains. In addition, SVZ injections were sj.gt.3302554; published online 2 June 2005 Keywords: adeno-associated virus type 4 (AAV4); neurogenesis; ependyma; subventricular zone; astrocytes; radial glia; rostral migratory stream Introduction respectively.6 NPCs have also been successfully labeled with recombinant retroviruses.7,8 The wall of the lateral ventricle is a major site of Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors mediate long- neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain (for reviews term stable expression and induce minimal immune see Gage1, Taupin and Gage2, Aivarez-Buylla3). This responses, which make them attractive vehicles for region contains a distinct organization of different cells in vivo gene transfer to NPCs. While prior work with types. The ependyma lines the ventricles and consists of a AAV type 2 (AAV2) vectors showed poor NPC transduc- single layer of multiciliated cells. The subventricular zone tion following direct SVZ injection, AAV2 did success- (SVZ) is adjacent to the ependyma and contains three fully transduce human NPCs in vitro.9,10 We previously major cell types known as Types A, B and C cells.4 Type B showed that AAVs possessing different capsid structures cells reside in the SVZ and the rostral migratory stream have altered tropism when introduced into the mamma- (RMS) and are glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) lian brain.11 For example, AAV4 transduced ependyma positive. Type C cells are a transient amplifying popula- with high efficiency when injected into the striata or tion derived from type B cells. Type C cells give rise to lateral ventricles of adult mice.11 In the present study, we type A cells, which are neuroblasts ensheathed by an compared the transduction profile of AAV4 introduced astroglial tube. On reaching the subependymal zone of the to the SVZ relative to direct ventricular injection. Our olfactory bulb (OB), Type A cells differentiate into data show that AAV4 transduces Type B astrocytes in the interneurons in the granule and periglomerular cell layers. SVZ, and glia overlying the RMS neural tube. Both viral and nonviral strategies have been devel- oped to target distinct cell populations in the lateral ventricular wall, with particular focus on resident neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Falk et al5 found that adenovirus Results and VSV-G pseudotyped retroviruses delivered foreign Newborn mice were injected with AAV4bgal at post- genes into NPCs more efficiently in vitro than nonviral natal day 0 or 1 and killed 4 weeks postinjection. b- methods. When administered into the ventricles or the Galactosidase expression in the ependyma lining the SVZ, adenovirus infected ependymal cells and NPCs lateral ventricles of both hemispheres and the fourth ventricle indicated successful intraventricular injections (Figure 1a and b). Double IHC for GFAP and anti-b- Correspondence: Professor BL Davidson, 200 EMRB, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA galactosidase was performed to investigate if type B cells Received 6 September 2004; accepted 2 April 2005; published online were transduced by AAV4, since SVZ-resident type B 2 June 2005 astrocytes have access to the lateral ventricle via cilia.4 AAV4 targets ependyma and astrocytes in the SVZ and RMS G Liu et al 1504 Figure 1 b-Galactosidase expression following intraventricular injection of AAV4bgal into newborn mice. (a) Ependymal b-Galactosidase enzyme activity 4 weeks postinjection (arrowheads, ependymal cell layer). (b) b-Galactosidase expression revealed by immunohistochemistry (arrowheads, ependymal cell layer; arrow, choroid plexus). (c) Dual staining with anti-GFAP (red) and anti-b-galactosidase antibodies did not reveal colocalization of astrocytes and transduced cells. (d) In the olfactory bulb (OB), cells with b-galactosidase activity (arrow; also inset) are localized in the SEL. (e) b-Galactosidase-positive cells (red) in the middle of OB do not express the neuronal cell marker NeuN (green). (f) Triple staining with anti-b-galactosidase (green), anti-NeuN (blue) and anti-GFAP (red) demonstrates that a fraction of b-galactosidase-positive cells in the granule cell layer expresses NeuN (arrow) but not GFAP. A cell that does not colocalize with either NeuN or GFAP is also shown (arrowhead). LV, lateral ventricle. Colocalization of GFAP and b-galactosidase expression examined. b-Galactosidase+ cells were GFAPÀ (Figure was not evident (Figure 1c). Also, the RMS was negative 2b) and NeuN+ (Figure 2c and d). In contrast to the for b-galactosidase activity and anti-b-galactosidase neonatal injection group, no b-galactosidase expressing immunoreactivity (data not shown). However, sparse cells were detected in the SEL of the OB. Thus, AAV4 (o0.1%) positive cells were found in the olfactory bulb transduces ependyma in the lateral ventricular wall (OB; Figure 1d–f). The majority of b-galactosidase+ cells when accessed from the luminal side, with modest to no were restricted to the center of the OB (Figure 1d, inset). transduction of NPCs when introduced into neonates This region corresponds to the subependymal layer or adult mice, respectively. (SEL). Double labeling with NeuN or GFAP and b- To test if AAV4 could transduce other cell types galactosidase antibodies revealed no NeuN+/b-galacto- we introduced virus directly into the SVZ. AAV4 virus sidase+ or GFAP+/b-galactosidase+ cells in the SEL encoding eGFP (AAV4eGFP) was injected into the (Figure 1e and data not shown). Therefore, the majority anterior part of the subventricular zone (SVZa). Previous of b-galactosidase-positive cells in the SEL of the OB studies from our lab showed that striatal injection of were not neurons or glia. Olfactory ventricles are open AAV4 transduced the ependyma with high specificity.11 and connected to the lateral ventricle at early postnatal Surprisingly, 4 weeks after AAV4eGFP injection into the stages.12 Thus, most b-galactosidase+ cells likely resulted SVZ, robust eGFP expression was found in the ependy- from direct ependymal cell transduction following ma, the SVZ and the RMS (Figure 3). The transduced delivery to the postnatal brain. Previous reports on cells in the SVZ were GFAP+/eGFP+ (Figure 3a–c). It is residual ependyma in OB are consistent with this noteworthy that the colocalization of eGFP and GFAP observation.13 was confined to the SVZ and the RMS; transduced Finally, intraventricular injection of AAV4bgal into astrocytes were not found along the injection track or P0/P1 mice resulted in some NeuN+/b-galactosidase+ elsewhere in the brain. Interestingly, none of the cells in the OB in the granule cell layer (Figure 1f, arrow). transduced cells were Tuj-1+, an immature neuronal These cells derive from NPCs in the lateral ventricular marker expressed by migrating neuroblasts (Figure 3d– wall.14 Thus, the presence of b-galactosidase+ granule cell f). However, transduced cells were in close contact with neurons indicates transduction, albeit inefficient, of Tuj-1+ positive neuroblasts, and the arrangement of NPCs by AAV4. GFAP+/eGFP+ cells resembled the glial tube formed by We next injected AAV4bgal into the lateral ventricle of type B astrocytes.4 No eGFP+/NeuN+ cells were found in young adult mice and analyzed brain tissue 4 weeks the SVZ or RMS (Figure 3g–i). Also, we were unable to later. The transduction pattern of AAV4 into adult mouse identify eGFP+ cells in the OB (data not shown). Our ventricles mirrored our studies done in neonatal mice results suggest that the subtype of astrocytes transduced in most respects. The ependyma lining the ventricular by AAV4 differentiate into glial tube cells, or are resident system was b-galactosidase positive (Figure 2a), and glial tube cells at the time of injection. Our results also underlying astrocytes were negative (data not shown). show that AAV4 does not transduce cells with properties Similarly, the RMS was devoid of reporter gene activity. consistent of NPCs. These data also support previous We detected few reporter gene-positive cells in the work by others suggesting that astrocytes in the SVZ and granule cell layer (Figure 2b–d) in three of six mice RMS are distinct from astroglia in other brain areas.4,12,13 Gene Therapy AAV4 targets ependyma and astrocytes in the SVZ and RMS G Liu et al 1505 Figure 2 b-Galactosidase expression after AAV4bgal injection into the ventricles of adult mice. (a) b-Galactosidase enzyme activity was limited to the ependymal cell layer 4 weeks postinjection. Arrow, choroid plexus; arrowhead, ependyma.
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