Study of Natural Longlife Juvenility and Tissue Regeneration in Caudate Amphibians and Potential Application of Resulting Data in Biomedicine
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AGR2, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein, Is Secreted Into the Gastrointestinal Mucus
AGR2, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein, Is Secreted into the Gastrointestinal Mucus Joakim H. Bergstro¨ m1, Katarina A. Berg1, Ana M. Rodrı´guez-Pin˜ eiro1,Ba¨rbel Stecher2, Malin E. V. Johansson1, Gunnar C. Hansson1* 1 Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2 Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany Abstract The MUC2 mucin is the major constituent of the two mucus layers in colon. Mice lacking the disulfide isomerase-like protein Agr2 have been shown to be more susceptible to colon inflammation. The Agr22/2 mice have less filled goblet cells and were now shown to have a poorly developed inner colon mucus layer. We could not show AGR2 covalently bound to recombinant MUC2 N- and C-termini as have previously been suggested. We found relatively high concentrations of Agr2 in secreted mucus throughout the murine gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that Agr2 may play extracellular roles. In tissue culture (CHO-K1) cells, AGR2 is normally not secreted. Replacement of the single Cys in AGR2 with Ser (C81S) allowed secretion, suggesting that modification of this Cys might provide a mechanism for circumventing the KTEL endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. In conclusion, these results suggest that AGR2 has both intracellular and extracellular effects in the intestine. Citation: Bergstro¨m JH, Berg KA, Rodrı´guez-Pin˜eiro AM, Stecher B, Johansson MEV, et al. (2014) AGR2, an Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein, Is Secreted into the Gastrointestinal Mucus. PLoS ONE 9(8): e104186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104186 Editor: Jean-Luc Desseyn, Inserm, France Received March 16, 2014; Accepted July 11, 2014; Published August 11, 2014 This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. -
Uterine Double-Conditional Inactivation of Smad2 and Smad3 in Mice Causes Endometrial Dysregulation, Infertility, and Uterine Cancer
Uterine double-conditional inactivation of Smad2 and Smad3 in mice causes endometrial dysregulation, infertility, and uterine cancer Maya Krisemana,b, Diana Monsivaisa,c, Julio Agnoa, Ramya P. Masanda, Chad J. Creightond,e, and Martin M. Matzuka,c,f,g,h,1 aDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; bReproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children’s Hospital Women’s Pavilion, Houston, TX 77030; cCenter for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; dDepartment of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; eDan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; fDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; gDepartment of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and hDepartment of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 Contributed by Martin M. Matzuk, December 6, 2018 (sent for review April 30, 2018; reviewed by Milan K. Bagchi and Thomas E. Spencer) SMAD2 and SMAD3 are downstream proteins in the transforming in endometrial function. Notably, members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF β) signaling pathway that translocate signals growth factor β (TGF β) family are involved in many cellular from the cell membrane to the nucleus, bind DNA, and control the processes and serve as principal regulators of numerous biological expression of target genes. While SMAD2/3 have important roles functions, including female reproduction. Previous studies have in the ovary, we do not fully understand the roles of SMAD2/3 in shown the TGF β family to have key roles in ovarian folliculo- the uterus and their implications in the reproductive system. -
How Morphological Development Can Guide Evolution Sam Kriegman1,*, Nick Cheney1, and Josh Bongard1
How morphological development can guide evolution Sam Kriegman1,*, Nick Cheney1, and Josh Bongard1 1University of Vermont, Department of Computer Science, Burlington, VT, USA *[email protected] ABSTRACT Organisms result from adaptive processes interacting across different time scales. One such interaction is that between development and evolution. Models have shown that development sweeps over several traits in a single agent, sometimes exposing promising static traits. Subsequent evolution can then canalize these rare traits. Thus, development can, under the right conditions, increase evolvability. Here, we report on a previously unknown phenomenon when embodied agents are allowed to develop and evolve: Evolution discovers body plans robust to control changes, these body plans become genetically assimilated, yet controllers for these agents are not assimilated. This allows evolution to continue climbing fitness gradients by tinkering with the developmental programs for controllers within these permissive body plans. This exposes a previously unknown detail about the Baldwin effect: instead of all useful traits becoming genetically assimilated, only traits that render the agent robust to changes in other traits become assimilated. We refer to this as differential canalization. This finding also has implications for the evolutionary design of artificial and embodied agents such as robots: robots robust to internal changes in their controllers may also be robust to external changes in their environment, such as transferal from simulation to reality or deployment in novel environments. Introduction The shape of life changes on many different time scales. From generation to generation, populations gradually increase in complexity and relative competency. At the individual level, organisms grow from a single-celled egg and exhibit extreme postnatal change as they interact with the outside world during their lifetimes. -
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B. M ü ller, G ü nter P. Wagner, and Werner Callebaut, editors The Evolution of Cognition , edited by Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber, 2000 Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Development and Evolutionary Biology , edited by Gerd B. M ü ller and Stuart A. Newman, 2003 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis , edited by Brian K. Hall, Roy D. Pearson, and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2004 Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach , edited by D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2004 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems , edited by Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, 2005 Compositional Evolution: The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution , by Richard A. Watson, 2006 Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment , by Robert G. B. Reid, 2007 Modeling Biology: Structure, Behaviors, Evolution , edited by Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2007 Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication , edited by Kimbrough D. Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2008 Functions in Biological and Artifi cial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives , edited by Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes, 2009 Cognitive Biology: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior , edited by Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson, and Lynn Nadel, 2009 Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology , edited by Michael J. O ’ Brien and Stephen J. Shennan, 2010 The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited , edited by Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, 2011 Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology , edited by Snait B. -
Do Humans Possess the Capability to Regenerate?
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences Volume 12 Number 2 Spring 2019 - 2019 Do Humans Possess the Capability to Regenerate? Chasha Wuensch Touro College Follow this and additional works at: https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas Part of the Biology Commons, and the Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons Recommended Citation Wuensch, C. (2019). Do Humans Possess the Capability to Regenerate?. The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences, 12(2). Retrieved from https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas/vol12/ iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lander College of Arts and Sciences at Touro Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences by an authorized editor of Touro Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Do Humans Possess the Capability to Regenerate? Chasha Wuensch A Chasha Wuensch graduated in May 2018 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology and will be attending pharmacy school. Abstract Urodele amphibians, including newts and salamanders, are amongst the most commonly studied research models for regenera- tion .The ability to regenerate, however, is not limited to amphibians, and the regenerative process has been observed in mammals as well .This paper discusses methods by which amphibians and mammals regenerate to lend insights into human regenerative mechanisms and regenerative potential .A focus is placed on the urodele and murine digit tip models, -
Eugenics, Biopolitics, and the Challenge of the Techno-Human Condition
Nathan VAN CAMP Redesigning Life The emerging development of genetic enhancement technologies has recently become the focus of a public and philosophical debate between proponents and opponents of a liberal eugenics – that is, the use of Eugenics, Biopolitics, and the Challenge these technologies without any overall direction or governmental control. Inspired by Foucault’s, Agamben’s of the Techno-Human Condition and Esposito’s writings about biopower and biopolitics, Life Redesigning the author sees both positions as equally problematic, as both presuppose the existence of a stable, autonomous subject capable of making decisions concerning the future of human nature, while in the age of genetic technology the nature of this subjectivity shall be less an origin than an effect of such decisions. Bringing together a biopolitical critique of the way this controversial issue has been dealt with in liberal moral and political philosophy with a philosophical analysis of the nature of and the relation between life, politics, and technology, the author sets out to outline the contours of a more responsible engagement with genetic technologies based on the idea that technology is an intrinsic condition of humanity. Nathan VAN CAMP Nathan VAN Philosophy Philosophy Nathan Van Camp is postdoctoral researcher at the University of Antwerp, Belgium. He focuses on continental philosophy, political theory, biopolitics, and critical theory. & Politics ISBN 978-2-87574-281-0 Philosophie & Politique 27 www.peterlang.com P.I.E. Peter Lang Nathan VAN CAMP Redesigning Life The emerging development of genetic enhancement technologies has recently become the focus of a public and philosophical debate between proponents and opponents of a liberal eugenics – that is, the use of Eugenics, Biopolitics, and the Challenge these technologies without any overall direction or governmental control. -
Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling Regulates Regeneration in Diverse Tissues of the Zebrafish
Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Regulates Regeneration in Diverse Tissues of the Zebrafish Nicholas Stockton Strand A dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Randall Moon, Chair Neil Nathanson Ronald Kwon Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Pharmacology ©Copyright 2016 Nicholas Stockton Strand University of Washington Abstract Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Regulates Regeneration in Diverse Tissues of the Zebrafish Nicholas Stockton Strand Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Randall T Moon Department of Pharmacology The ability to regenerate tissue after injury is limited by species, tissue type, and age of the organism. Understanding the mechanisms of endogenous regeneration provides greater insight into this remarkable biological process while also offering up potential therapeutic targets for promoting regeneration in humans. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been implicated in zebrafish regeneration, including the fin and nervous system. The body of work presented here expands upon the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in regeneration, characterizing roles for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in multiple tissues. We show that cholinergic signaling is required for blastema formation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling initiation in the caudal fin, and that overexpression of Wnt/β-catenin ligand is sufficient to rescue blastema formation in fins lacking cholinergic activity. Next, we characterized the glial response to Wnt/β-catenin signaling after spinal cord injury, demonstrating that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is necessary for recovery of motor function and the formation of bipolar glia after spinal cord injury. Lastly, we defined a role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in heart regeneration, showing that cardiomyocyte proliferation is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. -
Personality Traits in Competition Dogs – a Quantitative Genetic Study on Competition Dogs
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Personality traits in competition dogs – A quantitative genetic study on competition dogs Evelina Kess Master´s thesis • 30 credits Animal Science Uppsala 2019 Personality traits in competition dogs – A quantitative genetic study on competition dogs Personlighet hos tävlingshundar – En kvantitativ genetisk studie på tävlingshundar Evelina Kess Supervisor: Katja Nilsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Examiner: Erling Strandberg, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Credits: 30 credits Level: Second cycle, A2E Course title: Independent project in Animal Science Course code: EX0870 Programme/education: Animal Science Course coordinating department: Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2019 Online publication: https://stud.epsilon.slu.se Cover photo: Carla Schmeyer Keywords: dog, personality, competition, heritability, dog mentality assessment, IPO, IGP, German shepherd, Belgian shepherd Malinois, Dutch Shepherd Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between per- formance and personality in three working dog breeds. The breeds that were chosen were the German Shepherd, the Belgian Shepherd Malinois and the Dutch Shepherd (Short haired). Pedigree data included pedigrees from 28536 dogs, out of those dogs 26 572 dogs also had personality test data and 1714 of those dogs had IPO results. The relationship between success in IPO and the five personality traits Playfulness, Curiosity/Fearlessness, Chase-prone- ness, Sociability and Aggressiveness was analysed using a linear model. Questionnaire data from a modified C-BARQ about everyday behaviour was also collected for analysis. -
Identification of Genes Needed for Regeneration, Stem Cell Function, and Tissue Homeostasis by Systematic Gene Perturbation in Planaria
Developmental Cell, Vol. 8, 635–649, May, 2005, Copyright ©2005 by Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.014 Identification of Genes Needed for Regeneration, Stem Cell Function, and Tissue Homeostasis by Systematic Gene Perturbation in Planaria Peter W. Reddien, Adam L. Bermange,1,2 number of attributes not manifested by current ecdyso- Kenneth J. Murfitt,1 Joya R. Jennings, zoan model systems (e.g., C. elegans and Drosophila), and Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado* such as regeneration and adult somatic stem cells. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy Therefore, studies of planarian biology will help the un- University of Utah School of Medicine derstanding of processes relevant to human develop- 401 MREB, 20N 1900E ment and health not easily studied in current inverte- Salt Lake City, Utah 84132 brate genetic systems. Neoblasts are the only known proliferating cells in adult planarians and reside in the parenchyma. Follow- Summary ing injury, a neoblast proliferative response is triggered, generating a regeneration blastema consisting of ini- Planarians have been a classic model system for the tially undifferentiated cells covered by epidermal cells. study of regeneration, tissue homeostasis, and stem Moreover, essentially all tissues in adult planarians turn cell biology for over a century, but they have not his- over and are replaced by neoblast progeny. Although torically been accessible to extensive genetic ma- the characteristics and diversity of the neoblasts still nipulation. Here we utilize RNA-mediated genetic await careful molecular elucidation, neoblasts may be interference (RNAi) to introduce large-scale gene in- totipotent stem cells (Reddien and Sánchez Alvarado, hibition studies to the classic planarian system. -
The Effect of Caffeine and Ethanol on Flatworm Regeneration
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2007 The ffecE t of Caffeine nda Ethanol on Flatworm Regeneration. Erica Leighanne Collins East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena Commons Recommended Citation Collins, Erica Leighanne, "The Effect of Caffeine nda Ethanol on Flatworm Regeneration." (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2028. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2028 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effect of Caffeine and Ethanol on Flatworm Regeneration ____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology ____________________ by Erica Leighanne Collins August 2007 ____________________ Dr. J. Leonard Robertson, Chair Dr. Thomas F. Laughlin Dr. Kevin Breuel Keywords: Regeneration, Planarian, Dugesia tigrina, Flatworms, Caffeine, Ethanol ABSTRACT The Effect of Caffeine and Ethanol on Flatworm Regeneration by Erica Leighanne Collins Flatworms, or planarian, have a high potential for regeneration and have been used as a model to investigate regeneration and stem cell biology for over a century. Chemicals, temperature, and seasonal factors can influence planarian regeneration. Caffeine and ethanol are two widely used drugs and their effect on flatworm regeneration was evaluated in this experiment. -
Regrowing Human Limbs
MEDICINE Regrowing Human Limbs Progress on the road to regenerating major body parts, salamander-style, could transform the treatment of amputations and major wounds 56 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN © 2008 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. April 2008 Regrowing Human Limbs By Ken Muneoka, Manjong Han and David M. Gardiner salamander’s limbs are smaller and a of a salamander, but soon afterward the human bit slimier than those of most people, and amphibian wound-healing strategies diverge. Abut otherwise they are not that differ- Ours results in a scar and amounts to a failed ent from their human counterparts. The sala- regeneration response, but several signs indicate mander limb is encased in skin, and inside it is that humans do have the potential to rebuild composed of a bony skeleton, muscles, liga- complex parts. The key to making that happen ments, tendons, nerves and blood vessels. A will be tapping into our latent abilities so that loose arrangement of cells called fibroblasts our own wound healing becomes more salaman- holds all these internal tissues together and derlike. For this reason, our research first gives the limb its shape. focused on the experts to learn how it is done. Yet a salamander’s limb is unique in the world of vertebrates in that it can regrow from a stump Lessons from the Salamander after an amputation. An adult salamander can When the tiny salamander limb is amputated, regenerate a lost arm or leg this way over and blood vessels in the remaining stump contract over again, regardless of how many times the quickly, so bleeding is limited, and a layer of skin part is amputated. -
Differences in Neural Stem Cell Identity and Differentiation Capacity Drive Divergent Regenerative Outcomes in Lizards and Salamanders
Differences in neural stem cell identity and differentiation capacity drive divergent regenerative outcomes in lizards and salamanders Aaron X. Suna,b,c, Ricardo Londonoa, Megan L. Hudnalla, Rocky S. Tuana,c, and Thomas P. Lozitoa,1 aCenter for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; bMedical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and cDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Edited by Robb Krumlauf, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, and approved July 24, 2018 (received for review March 2, 2018) While lizards and salamanders both exhibit the ability to re- lizard tail regenerate (20), and the key to understanding this generate amputated tails, the outcomes achieved by each are unique arrangement of tissues is in identifying the patterning markedly different. Salamanders, such as Ambystoma mexicanum, signals involved. regenerate nearly identical copies of original tails. Regenerated lizard Both lizards and salamanders follow similar mechanisms of tails, however, exhibit important morphological differences compared tail development during embryonic development. The embryonic with originals. Some of these differences concern dorsoventral pat- spinal cord and surrounding structures are formed and patterned terning of regenerated skeletal and spinal cord tissues; regenerated by the neural tube (21, 22). The neural tube exhibits distinct + salamander tail tissues exhibit dorsoventral patterning, while re- domains: roof plate (characterized by expression of Pax7 , BMP- + + + grown lizard tissues do not. Additionally, regenerated lizard tails lack 2 , and Sox10 among others), lateral domain (Pax6 ), and floor + + characteristically roof plate-associated structures, such as dorsal root plate (Shh , FoxA2 ).