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Alman Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Almanya'nın Türkistan Siyaseti

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Alman Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Almanya'nın Türkistan Siyaseti T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TARİH BİLİM DALI ALMAN ARŞİV BELGELERİNE GÖRE ALMANYA’NIN TÜRKİSTAN SİYASETİ (1910-1920 YILLARI ARASI) Fatih ÇOLAK DOKTORA TEZİ Danışman Prof. Dr. Kemal ÖZCAN Konya - 2019 ii T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü DOKTORA TEZİ KABUL FORMU iii T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI iv T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Fatih ÇOLAK Numarası 148105013005 Ana Bilim / Bilim Tarih / Tarih Dalı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Programı Öğrencinin Doktora X Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Kemal ÖZCAN Alman Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Almanya’nın Türkistan Tezin Adı Siyaseti (1910-1920 Yılları Arası) ÖZET Prenslikler halinde yaşayan Almanlar, 1871 senesinde birliklerini tamamlamışlar ve Alman İmparatorluğu olarak tarih sahnesinde yerlerini almışlardır. Almanya’nın Avrupa’da üstünlüğü sağlayabilmesi için her şeyden önce ekonomisinin iyi olması gerekiyordu. Bundan dolayı birliğini diğer büyük Avrupalı devletlere göre geç tamamlayan Almanya, kurmuş olduğu sanayisi için hammadde ve pazar arayışına girmiştir. Bunun için “Drang nach Osten” ismini verdikleri “Doğuya Yöneliş-Doğuya Nüfuz Etme” anlamına gelen bir siyaset geliştirmişlerdir. Bu siyasetin uygulanabileceği bölgelerin başında Yakın Doğu, Orta Doğu ve Asya gelmekteydi. Asya özelinde ise, demografik yapının çeşitliliğinden, Müslüman nüfusun çokluğundan ve yer altı-yer üstü kaynakları açısından zengin olmasından dolayı Türkistan coğrafyası önemli bir yer almaktaydı. Bu Tez’de Alman İmparatorluğu’nun doğu siyaseti ele alınacak ve Türkistan’ın bu politika içerisindeki yeri saptanmaya çalışılacaktır. Çalışma, Alman Dışişleri Bakanlığı arşiv belgeleri ışığında gerçekleştirilecektir. Alman arşiv belgelerinde, Almanların 1871 yılından itibaren Türkistan için politika geliştirdikleri görülmektedir. Ancak, söz konusu politika I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan birkaç yıl önce ve savaş yıllarında hızlanmıştır. Bundan dolayı araştırmanın zaman aralığı 1910 ile 1920 yılları arası olarak belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Almanya-Türkistan, Almanya’nın Doğu Politikası, Almanya’nın İslam Politikası, II. Wilhelm Dönemi, Türkistan Pamuğu, I. Dünya Savaşında Türkistan, I. Dünya Savaşı Esirler. v T.C. NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Name and Surname Fatih ÇOLAK Student Number 148105013005 Department History / History Master’s Degree (M.A.) Study Programme Author’s Doctoral Degree (Ph.D.) X Supervisor Prof. Dr. Kemal ÖZCAN Title of the German Turkistan Politics According to German Thesis/Dissertation Archives (1910-1920) ABSTRACT The Germans, who lived in the principalities, completed their troops in 1871 and took their place on the stage of history as the German Empire. For Germany, in order to be superior in Europe, first of all its economy had to be good. In this way, Germany, completed its union late when compared to other major European states, has sought raw material and market for the industry it has established. For this reason, they have developed a policy called “Drang nach Osten” which means “Tendency to the East-Penetration to the East”. Middle East and Asia were among the regions where this policy could be applied. As for Asia, Turkestan geography had an important place because of the diversity of the demographic structure, the abundance of the Muslim population and the richness of the underground-surface resources. In this thesis, the eastern politics of the German Empire will be discussed and Turkestan's place in this policy will be determined. The study will be carried out in the light of the archive documents of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is understood from the German archive documents that the Germans developed policies for Turkistan since 1871. However, this policy was accelerated a few years before World War I and during the war years. So, the time interval of the study was determined as between 1910 and 1920. Key words: Germany-Turkestan, Germany's East Policy, Germany's Islamic Policy, II. Wilhelm Period, Turkestan Cotton, Turkestan in World War I. vi ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmanın baştan sona hazırlanmasında büyük emeği olan, öğrencisi olmaktan bahtiyarlık duyduğum danışmanım Prof. Dr. Kemal Özcan hocama ne kadar teşekkür etsem azdır. İhtiyacım olan hiçbir konuda desteğini esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. Caner Arabacı hocama, doktora ders döneminde fikirlerinden istifade ettiğim Doç. Dr. Bekir Biçer hocama, Doç. Dr. Çağatay Benhür hocama ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Zahide Ay hocama şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Gerek yüksek lisans, gerek doktora döneminde her daim yardımını gördüğüm Prof. Dr. Mustafa Demirci hocama ve tez döneminde kaynak desteği sağlayan Prof. Dr. Fatih Tepebaşılı hocama teşekkür etmeyi bir borç bilirim. Her zaman desteklerini gördüğüm ve çalışma esnasında karşılaşılan İngilizce kaynakların Türkçeye aktarılmasında yardımlarını hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen değerli mesai arkadaşlarım Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Selma Durak Üğüten ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Özgül Balcı’ya, çalışmayı baştan sona okuyup fikirlerini benimle paylaşan, düzeltmeler yapmamda yardımcı olan Öğr. Gör. Halil İbrahim Çelik hocama, sürekli fikir alışverişinde bulunduğum doktora dönem arkadaşım Görkem Ozan Özalp’a, Potsdam Üniversitesi kütüphanesinden kaynak temininde yardımcı olan kıymetli öğrencilerim Mustafa Uçar ve Dursun Karadavut’a çok teşekkür ederim. Son olarak şunu da ifade etmek isterim; eğitim hayatımın bütün aşamalarında her türlü maddi-manevi desteği sağlayan Annem ve Babama, doktora döneminde her türlü kaprisime katlanan kıymetli eşim Fatma Çolak’a, çocuklarım Havva Nur, Reyyan ve Mehmet Akif’e minnettarım. Fatih ÇOLAK Mart 2019 vii İÇİNDEKİLER DOKTORA TEZİ KABUL FORMU.....................................................................ii BİLİMSEL ETİK SAYFASI.................................................................................iii ÖZET .....................................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ v ÖNSÖZ ..................................................................................................................vi İÇİNDEKİLER ....................................................................................................vii KISALTMALAR................................................................................................... ix TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ........................................................................................... x GİRİŞ...................................................................................................................... 1 1. Çalışmanın Kapsamı......................................................................................... 1 2. Çalışmanın Kaynakları ve Yöntemi .................................................................. 3 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM.................................................................................................. 7 TÜRKİSTAN.......................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Türkistan Kavramı ve Türkistan Sınırları....................................................... 7 1.2. Türkistan’ın Demografik Yapısı................................................................... 10 1.3. Türkistan’ın XX. Yüzyıl Başında Durumu ................................................... 16 1.3.1. Sosyal ve Kültürel Durum..................................................................... 17 1.3.2. Siyasi Durum ........................................................................................ 25 1.3.3. İktisadi-Zirai Durum ve Türkistan’ın Hammadde Açısından Zenginliği 43 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM .................................................................................................. 67 ALMAN İMPARATORLUĞU............................................................................ 67 2.1. Alman İmparatorluğu’nun XX. Yüzyıl Başında Durumu.............................. 67 2.2. Alman İmparatorluğu’nun Doğu ve İslam Siyaseti....................................... 74 2.2.1. Almanya’nın Doğu ve İslam Siyasetinde Doğu İstihbarat Biriminin Yeri....................................................................................................... 77 2.3. Alman İmparatorluğu Kolonizasyonu .......................................................... 87 2.3.1. Türkistan Özelinde Rusya’da Bulunan Alman Yerleşimciler (Kolonizasyon) Sorunu ......................................................................... 96 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM............................................................................................. 104 ALMANYA İÇİN TÜRKİSTAN’IN ÖNEMİ ................................................... 104 3.1. Türkistan’ın Almanya için Siyasi ve Askeri Açıdan Önemi........................ 104 3.2. Türkistan’ın Almanya için Ticari Açıdan Önemi........................................ 109 3.2.1. Türkistan Pamuğu ............................................................................... 119 3.3. Almanya’nın Türkistan Üzerine Diğer Devletlerle Rekabeti....................... 132 3.3.1. Almanya’nın Rusya-Bolşevikler ile Rekabeti ...................................... 134 3.3.2. Almanya’nın İngiltere ile Rekabeti...................................................... 143 3.3.2.1. İngiltere’nin Bölgede Hâkimiyet Kurma Mücadelesi .................... 156 3.3.3. Almanya’nın Osmanlı ile Rekabeti.....................................................
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