DOCSLIB.ORG

The Eastern Legions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Eastern Legions GERMANY AND TURKESTANIS DURING THE COURSE OF THE WORLD WAR II (1941-1945) A Master‟s Thesis by HALİL BURAK SAKAL Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara July 2010 GERMANY AND TURKESTANIS DURING THE COURSE OF THE WORLD WAR II (1941-1945) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by HALİL BURAK SAKAL In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Dr. Hakan Kırımlı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Dr. Erel Tellal Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT GERMANY AND TURKESTANIS DURING THE COURSE OF THE WORLD WAR II (1941-1945) Sakal, Halil Burak Department of International Relations Supervisor: Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar July 2010 This thesis focuses on the debates about the nationalities issue in the Soviet Union with a special emphasis on the situation of the peoples living in the Soviet Central Asia during the World War II. The thesis traces the history of the Soviet Central Asia on the eve of the World War II and the patterns of behavior of the Turkestani soldiers in the Soviet Army during the war. This study also looks upon Hitler Germany and National Socialist movement within a framework of the German change of attitude towards the Asiatic and Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union before and during the World War II. Finally, it tries to find an answer to the question, why the Turkestani Muslim soldiers fought under German ranks and to which degree this contributed to the nationalism of the Central Asian peoples. Keywords: Central Asia, World War II, Waffen-SS, Turkestan, Germany. iii ÖZET İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SIRASINDA ALMANYA VE TÜRKİSTANLILAR (1941-1945) Sakal, Halil Burak Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar Temmuz 2010 Bu çalışma, hususiyetle İkinci Dünya Savaşı esnasında Sovyet Merkezi Asya‟sında yaşayan halkların durumuna atıfta bulunarak, Sovyetler Birliği‟ndeki milliyetler meselesi tartışmalarına odaklanmaktadır. Tez, Sovyet Merkezi Asya‟sının İkinci Dünya Savaşı‟nın hemen öncesindeki tarihini ve Sovyet Ordusundaki Türkistanlı askerlerin savaş esnasındaki davranış kalıplarını incelemektedir. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda, Almanların İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde ve sırasında Sovyetler Birliği‟nin Asyalı ve Türk halklarına karşı tutum değişikliği çerçevesinde, Hitler Almanya‟sı ve Nazi hareketine de göz atmaktadır. Nihayet çalışma, Türkistanlı Müslüman askerlerin neden Alman saflarında çarpıştığı ve bunun Merkezi Asya halklarının milliyetçiliğine ne derece katkıda bulunduğu sorularına cevap aramaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Merkezi Asya, İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Waffen-SS, Türkistan, Almanya. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to many people for help, both direct and indirect, in writing this study. I owe a great deal to my professors, colleagues, friends and members of my family who have helped extend my involvement in the academia, and who, through their own research, comments and questions have encouraged, supported and enlightened me. This study is dedicated to all my colleagues in the field of historical research. I would like to acknowledge the debt I owe to colleagues at the Bilkent University, particularly to Dr. Hakan Kırımlı, Dr. Hasan Ali Karasar, Prof. Norman Stone and all academicians at the International Relations Department of the Bilkent University. I have learnt much from working with Proffessors Kırımlı, Karasar and Stone on their history seminars. Thanks also to Gülnara Tanrıkulu, whom I owe most of my knowledge in the Russian Language. Special thanks to my friend at the Çankaya University, Mine Aydın, for her support in the completion of this study. To all the above individuals and to several colleagues whose names I cannot continue listing and who have assisted me one way or another, I feel very much indebted. My apologies if I have inadvertently omitted anyone to whom acknowledgement is due. I could not possibly name everyone who has contributed significantly to my studies, but I would be remiss if I did not mention at least the v following: The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), which provided most of the financing of the study and the Bilkent University Library, which provided me for most valuable sources that were crucial for the completion of the study. Without doubt there will be errors, omissions and over-simplifications, for which I take absolute responsibility, as is customary, while hoping that the rest of the material will be enough to stimulate insights and new trains of thought into the Central Asian studies. Halil Burak Sakal vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET .................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................vii CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II : THE ERA OF REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA AND TURKESTAN. 7 2.1 Politics in Russia before the Era of Revolutions ............................................. 7 2.1.1 The February Revolution ......................................................................... 8 2.1.2 The Bolshevik Takeover.......................................................................... 9 2.2 The Russian Central Asia ............................................................................. 10 2.2.1 Turkestan before the Revolution ............................................................ 10 2.2.2 Politics in Central Asia and the Cedid Movement .................................. 12 2.2.3 Revolt in Central Asia ........................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Political Activities of the Turkestanis from February to October 1917 ... 14 2.2.5 The Civil War in Turkestan ................................................................... 16 2.2.6 The Nationalities Question and Bolshevik Ideology .............................. 19 2.2.7 The Creation of Nations in Central Asia ................................................ 22 2.3 Bolshevik Culture Policies in Central Asia................................................... 24 2.4 The Nationalities Issue during the World War II and the Cedidism .............. 26 CHAPTER III : GERMANY AND THE NATIONAL SOCIALIST RACE IDEOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 29 3.1 The Guards of the National Socialist Party ................................................... 29 3.1.1 Hitler‟s Personal Bodyguards ................................................................ 32 3.2 Germany‟s Politics for the East .................................................................... 35 3.2.1 The Ministry for the East and Alfred Rosenberg .................................... 37 vii 3.3 Hitler‟s Views on the Soviet Union .............................................................. 42 3.3.1 National Socialist Race Politics and Turkic Peoples .............................. 43 3.4 The Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS before the Operation Barbarossa .. 45 3.4.1 The Nazi Ideology and the Foreign Volunteers ...................................... 48 CHAPTER IV : INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ON THE EVE OF THE WORLD WAR II .................................................................................................. 50 4.1 General Atmosphere before the World War II .............................................. 50 4.2 The Soviet - German Relations before the World War II .............................. 52 4.2.1 The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ............................................................... 53 4.3 Diplomatic Ties between Turkey, Germany and Soviet Union ..................... 57 4.3.1 Stalin‟s Demands from Turkey .............................................................. 60 4.3.2 Relations between Turkey and Germany ............................................... 61 CHAPTER V : THE WORLD WAR II AND THE PRISONERS-OF-WAR ......... 65 5.1 The German Attack on the Soviet Union ...................................................... 65 5.1.1 The Situation in Central Asia................................................................. 68 5.2 Soviet Prisoners-of-War (POWs) ................................................................. 70 5.2.1 Mortality in the German Prisoners-of-War Camps ................................. 74 5.3 Turkic Prisoners-of-War .............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Die Fritsch-Krise Im Frühjahr 1938. Neun Dokumente Aus Dem Nachlaß Des Generalobersten
    Dokumentation Horst Mühleisen Die Fritsch-Krise im Frühjahr 1938. Neun Dokumente aus dem Nachlaß des Generalobersten I. Die Bedeutung der Dokumente Es gibt Skandale, die lange fortwirken und auch die Forschung immer noch be- schäftigen. Zu diesen gehört jener, der mit dem Namen des Generalfeldmarschalls Werner von Blomberg, des Reichskriegsministers und Oberbefehlshabers der Wehr- macht, sowie des Generalobersten Werner Freiherrn von Fritsch, des Oberbefehls- habers des Heeres, verbunden ist. Der Anlaß für Blombergs Entlassung am 4. Februar 1938 war seine Heirat mit einer Frau, deren Vorleben als kompromittiert galt. Fritsch aber war der Homose- xualität, des Vergehens nach § 175 Strafgesetzbuch, beschuldigt worden. Auch er erhielt am selben Tage, dem 4. Februar, seinen Abschied. Um die gegen Fritsch er- hobenen Vorwürfe aufzuklären, ermittelte sowohl die Geheime Staatspolizei als auch das Reichskriegsgericht. Dies waren die Tatsachen, die im Frühjahr 1938 indessen nur wenigen Perso- nen verlaßlich bekannt waren. Der Öffentlichkeit war mitgeteilt worden, die Ver- abschiedung von Blomberg und Fritsch sei aus gesundheitlichen Gründen erfolgt. Wenige Jahre nach Kriegsende, 1949, veröffentlichte Johann Adolf Graf Kiel- mansegg, Fritschs Neffe, eine Darstellung über den Prozeß des Reichskriegsge- richts gegen den Generalobersten1. Die persönlichen Zeugnisse, die der ehemali- ge Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres hinterlassen hat, waren indessen spärlich, da Fritsch keine umfangreiche Korrespondenz führte. Ferner standen Kielmansegg die Prozeßakten nicht zur Verfügung, da sie verbrannt waren. Fotokopien der Ak- ten und Verhandlungsstenogramme, die in nicht sehr zahlreicher Ausfertigung vorlagen, ebenso wie die Handakten des Verteidigers, des Grafen Rüdiger von der Goltz, wurden durch Bombenangriffe vernichtet2. Ob die Protokolle, die Reichs- kriegsgerichtsrat Dr. Karl Sack während des Prozesses führte, tatsächlich nach Kriegsende in die Hände der amerikanischen Besatzungsmacht gefallen sind3, ist ungewiß; bis heute sind sie nicht wieder aufgetaucht.
    [Show full text]
  • ASI18 011.Pdf
    Title A Novelist and His Hero Author(s) Jukes, Geoffrey Citation Acta Slavica Iaponica, 18, 224-241 Issue Date 2001 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/39377 Type bulletin (article) Note Review Essay File Information ASI18_011.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP GEOFFREY JUKES Review Essay A NOVELIST AND HIS HERO GEOFFREY JUKES In 1994 a short documentary-historical novella, entitled “A General and His Army,” was published in two successive issues of the Russian literary magazine, Znamia.1 Its author, Georgii Nikolaevich Vladimov, had worked for “Novyi Mir” and “Literaturna- ia Gazeta” from the 1950s onwards, first as a literary critic and later as a prose writer, but for his human rights activities was obliged in 1983 to emigrate to West Germany, where he has lived ever since. He described the novella as the “journal variant,” imply- ing the existence of a longer version (which was in fact published in 1997, and will be discussed later). The novella won the 1995 Russian Booker Prize, and also aroused a considerable storm. Those who attacked it did so almost wholly on non-literary grounds, while those who praised it concentrated on its perceived literary qualities, but, like its attackers, also represented a particular ideological approach to it, rather than one based solely or primarily on literary criteria. VLADIMOV’S SCENARIO The action centres on the Red Army’s preparations to recapture Kiev in autumn of 1943. As in “War and Peace” or, given the author’s long residence in Germany, Hans- Helmut Kirst’s novel “Aufstand der Soldaten,” about the unsuccessful attempt to assas- sinate Hitler in July 1944, the characters and places are a mixture of the real and fiction- al.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocaust/Shoah the Organization of the Jewish Refugees in Italy Holocaust Commemoration in Present-Day Poland
    NOW AVAILABLE remembrance a n d s o l i d a r i t y Holocaust/Shoah The Organization of the Jewish Refugees in Italy Holocaust Commemoration in Present-day Poland in 20 th century european history Ways of Survival as Revealed in the Files EUROPEAN REMEMBRANCE of the Ghetto Courts and Police in Lithuania – LECTURES, DISCUSSIONS, remembrance COMMENTARIES, 2012–16 and solidarity in 20 th This publication features the century most significant texts from the european annual European Remembrance history Symposium (2012–16) – one of the main events organized by the European Network Remembrance and Solidarity in Gdańsk, Berlin, Prague, Vienna and Budapest. The 2017 issue symposium entitled ‘Violence in number the 20th-century European history: educating, commemorating, 5 – december documenting’ will take place in Brussels. Lectures presented there will be included in the next Studies issue. 2016 Read Remembrance and Solidarity Studies online: enrs.eu/studies number 5 www.enrs.eu ISSUE NUMBER 5 DECEMBER 2016 REMEMBRANCE AND SOLIDARITY STUDIES IN 20TH CENTURY EUROPEAN HISTORY EDITED BY Dan Michman and Matthias Weber EDITORIAL BOARD ISSUE EDITORS: Prof. Dan Michman Prof. Matthias Weber EDITORS: Dr Florin Abraham, Romania Dr Árpád Hornják, Hungary Dr Pavol Jakubčin, Slovakia Prof. Padraic Kenney, USA Dr Réka Földváryné Kiss, Hungary Dr Ondrej Krajňák, Slovakia Prof. Róbert Letz, Slovakia Prof. Jan Rydel, Poland Prof. Martin Schulze Wessel, Germany EDITORIAL COORDINATOR: Ewelina Pękała REMEMBRANCE AND SOLIDARITY STUDIES IN 20TH CENTURY EUROPEAN HISTORY PUBLISHER: European Network Remembrance and Solidarity ul. Wiejska 17/3, 00–480 Warszawa, Poland www.enrs.eu, [email protected] COPY-EDITING AND PROOFREADING: Caroline Brooke Johnson PROOFREADING: Ramon Shindler TYPESETTING: Marcin Kiedio GRAPHIC DESIGN: Katarzyna Erbel COVER DESIGN: © European Network Remembrance and Solidarity 2016 All rights reserved ISSN: 2084–3518 Circulation: 500 copies Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Sunrise: America’S OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945
    Operation Sunrise: America’s OSS, Swiss Intelligence, and the German Surrender 1945 by Stephen P. Halbrook* Operation Sunrise was a cooperative effort of American and Swiss intelligence services which led to the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht forces in Northern Italy and Western Austria on May 2, 1945. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, Commander-in- Chief of the Southwest Command and of Army Group C, surrendered nearly a million soldiers, the strongest remaining German force. This was the first great surrender of German forces to the Allies, and became a strong impetus for the final Allied victory over Nazi Germany on May 8, Victory in Europe (VE) Day. Operation Sunrise helped to nip in the bud Nazi aspirations for guerilla resistance in an Alpine redoubt. Sunrise, sometimes referred to as “Crossword,” has special significance today beyond the sixtieth anniversary of the German surrender. Despite Switzerland’s formal neutrality, Swiss intelligence agents aggressively facilitated American efforts to end the war. Ironically, the efforts of key U.S. intelligence agents on the ground to orchestrate the surrender were hampered and almost scuttled by leaders in Washington to appease Joseph Stalin, who wished to delay the surrender in the West so that Soviet forces could grab more territory in the East. *This paper was originally presented at the conference Sunrise ‘05, Locarno, Switzerland, May 2, 2005, and was published in “Operation Sunrise.” Atti del convegno internazionale (Locarno, 2 maggio 2005), a cura di Marino Viganò - Dominic M. Pedrazzini (Lugano 2006), pp. 103-30. The conference was held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the surrender of German forces in northern Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Barth's Contribution to the German Church Struggle Against National
    Karl Barth’s contribution to the German Church struggle against National Socialism Ramathate Dolamo Department of Philosophy and Systematic Theology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Abstract Germany was under a totalitarian regime led by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. This article looks at the responses of the churches in Germany during that period. In particular, Karl Barth’s theology on church and state is examined to determine to what extent it did assist Germany in fighting National Socialism and in rebuilding Germany after the war. The author is of the view that most of Barth’s insights could be relevant and would be applicable today especially in those countries that are still being ruled by autocrats and dictators. Introduction Not only do theologians differ as to whether the (divine) com- mand should be grounded in the Christology or in the “orders of creation”, but also some theologians appear unwilling to recognise that the command is the ground and the instrument of God’s creative will of love both in originating and in sustaining creation in its historical development (Maimela 1984:158). Karl Barth’s views on sociopolitical matters especially those on church and state relations that he started to formulate during his Safenwil pastorate in 1911 were put to the harshest and rigorous test during the reign of Adolf Hitler from 1933 to the end of World War II in 1945. This article is an appre- ciation of the insights of Barth as a theologian and as an activist during the church struggle in Germany against National Socialism.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Campaign in Russia - - Planning and Operations (1940-1942)
    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET No. 20-261a HISTORICAL STUDY THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA - - PLANNING AND OPERATIONS (1940-1942) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MARCH 1955 Department of the Army Pamphlets Published in the GERMAN REPORT SERIES Publication No, TUU dote 20-201 Military Improvisations During the Russian Campaign. ..... Aug 51 20-202 German Tank Maintenance in World War II..._____... Jun 54 20-230 Russian Combat Methods in World War II_________.- Nov 50 20-231 Combat in Russian Forests and Swamps—..——_ r ....... Jul 51 20-232, Airborne Operations: A German Appraisal____,._-.--J— Oct 51 20-233 German Defense Tactics Against Russian Break-Throughs_- Oct 51 2S-234 Operations of Encircled Forces—German' Experiences ui Russia..._i.L. —— _.__ — __._—_____... Jan 52 20-236 Night Combat^ ,,___„_____,_____.^_..____ Jun 58 20-240 Rear Area Security in Russia—The Soviet Second Front Be hind the German Lines....-.--------..-_---_—-..-i._-u- Jul 51 20-242 German Armored Traffic Control During the Russian Cam paign...,—————. —————. — 1————.li.——V--- J""1 8% 20-243 German Antiguerrilla Operations in the Balkans (1941-1944).. Aug 54 20-260 The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)—..... Nov 53 20-269 Small Unit Actions During the German Campaign in Russia.- Jul 53 20-290 Terrain Factors in the Russian Campaign. ... ..„—._—. Jul 51- 20-291 Effects of Climate on Combat in European Russia_____... Feb 02 20-292 Warf are in the Far North.... —^__.__._.___L..^,__ OetSt DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET No. 20-261a THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA PLANNING AND OPERATIONS (1940-1942) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MARCH 1SSS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON 25, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotefan Eloyan Markosovish Prisoner Petition Letter to Comrade
    See also Vladislav Eloyan and Michael McKibben with Joseph Lipsius and George West. "Eloyan Rotefan Marcosovich. A Newly Discovered 69th Inf. Div Legacy of Spirit, Resilience and Valor. 69th Inf Div 271st Inf Reg AT Co". The U.S. Army 69th Infantry Division Association Website. July 4, 2010. Petition Letter <http://www.69th-infantry-division.com/whowhere/photoo3-Eloyan- Rotefan-Marcosovich.html>. Last updated December 21, 2010. Original Russian Petition Letter follows. From: Eloyan Rotefan Markosovich, Prisoner To: Comrade Malenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR1 Date: 22 October 1953 I would like to introduce myself and describe the recent events in Norilsk briefly. I was born in Erevan in 1925 and moved to Moscow with by brother and father in 1930. In 1941 I finished seven years of education in school No. 279. In July 1941 at only 15 years old I joined the Red Army as a volunteer in an armored cavalry battalion of the 13th Rifle Division. On 22 October I was severely wounded near Vyazma city and picked up by an army ambulance from the village of Proletarskoe. A week later our ambulance detail was captured by Germans. After I had partially recovered, I escaped on crutches and wandered into the Smolensk district. Since I was only 16 years old, the Germans didn’t ask me for documents, so I roamed from village to village with some of my friends. My wounds healed slowly, making it difficult to walk for the longest time. I was once sheltered by Ivan Mikheev at his house in the village of Kamentshiki.
    [Show full text]
  • Knut Døscher Master.Pdf (1.728Mb)
    Knut Kristian Langva Døscher German Reprisals in Norway During the Second World War Master’s thesis in Historie Supervisor: Jonas Scherner Trondheim, May 2017 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Preface and acknowledgements The process for finding the topic I wanted to write about for my master's thesis was a long one. It began with narrowing down my wide field of interests to the Norwegian resistance movement. This was done through several discussions with professors at the historical institute of NTNU. Via further discussions with Frode Færøy, associate professor at The Norwegian Home Front Museum, I got it narrowed down to reprisals, and the cases and questions this thesis tackles. First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Jonas Scherner, for his guidance throughout the process of writing my thesis. I wish also to thank Frode Færøy, Ivar Kraglund and the other helpful people at the Norwegian Home Front Museum for their help in seeking out previous research and sources, and providing opportunity to discuss my findings. I would like to thank my mother, Gunvor, for her good help in reading through the thesis, helping me spot repetitions, and providing a helpful discussion partner. Thanks go also to my girlfriend, Sigrid, for being supportive during the entire process, and especially towards the end. I would also like to thank her for her help with form and syntax. I would like to thank Joachim Rønneberg, for helping me establish the source of some of the information regarding the aftermath of the heavy water raid. I also thank Berit Nøkleby for her help with making sense of some contradictory claims by various sources.
    [Show full text]
  • A War of Reputation and Pride
    A War of reputation and pride - An examination of the memoirs of German generals after the Second World War. HIS 4090 Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo Spring 2019 1 “For the great enemy of truth is very often not the lie -- deliberate, contrived and dishonest -- but the myth -- persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.” – John F. Kennedy, 19621 1John F. Kennedy, Yale University Commencement Address, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkyalecommencement.htm, [01.05.2019]. 2 Acknowledgments This master would not have been written without the help and support of my mother, father, friends and my better half, thank you all for your support. I would like to thank the University Library of Oslo and the British Library in London for providing me with abundant books and articles. I also want to give huge thanks to the Military Archive in Freiburg and their employees, who helped me find the relevant materials for this master. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor at the University of Oslo, Professor Kim Christian Priemel, who has guided me through the entire writing process from Autumn 2017. Peter Jørgen Sager Fosse, Oslo, 01.05.2019 3 Contents: Introduction………………………………………………………………………...………... 7 Chapter 1, Theory and background………………………………………………..………17 1.1 German Military Tactics…………………………………………………..………. 17 1.1.1 Blitzkrieg, Kesselschlacht and Schwerpunkt…………………………………..……. 17 1.1.2 Examples from early campaigns……………………………………………..……… 20 1.2 The German attack on the USSR (1941)……………………………..…………… 24 1.2.1 ‘Vernichtungskrieg’, war of annihilation………………………………...………….. 24 1.2.2 Operation Barbarossa………………………………………………..……………… 28 1.2.3 Operation Typhoon…………………………………………………..………………. 35 1.2.4 The strategic situation, December 1941…………………………….……………….
    [Show full text]
  • Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………....
    [Show full text]
  • Speaking to One Another: Personal Memories of the Past in Armenia and Turkey
    Speaking to One Another: Personal Memories of the Past in Armenia and Turkey Wish they hadn’t left L E Y L A N EYZİ Whom to forgive? What to forgive? H R A N U S H K HARATYAN- A RAQELYAN Published by: Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes (dvv international) ISBN 978-3-88513-780-1 Project coordinators: Matthias Klingenberg, Vanya Ivanova, Nazaret Nazaretyan Editor (Turkey section): Liz Erçevik Amado Editor (Armenia section): Nouneh Dilanyan Translator from Armenian to English: Samvel Simonyan Design & Layout: Maraton Dizgievi Cover photo: © Parajanov Museum Yerevan Photographs (Turkey section): © Sibel Maksudyan Print: MAS Matbaacılık A.Ş. Hamidiye Mahallesi, Soğuksu Caddesi, No: 3 Kağıthane-İstanbul-Türkiye +90 212 294 10 00 • [email protected] Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the Pub- lisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The Publisher asks to be furnished with copies of any such reproductions. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2010 dvv international dvv international Obere Wilhelmstraße 32 – 53225 Bonn Federal Republic of Germany Tel: +49/228-975 69-0 Fax: +49/228-975 69-55 [email protected] www.dvv-international.de For further
    [Show full text]