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Homosexuelle Im Nationalsozialismus Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus Zeitgeschichte im Gespräch Band 18 Herausgegeben vom Institut für Zeitgeschichte Redaktion: Bernhard Gotto, Andrea Löw und Thomas Schlemmer Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus Neue Forschungsperspektiven zu Lebenssituationen von lesbischen, schwulen, bi-, trans- und intersexuellen Menschen 1933 bis 1945 Herausgegeben von Michael Schwartz ISBN 978-3-486-74189-6 eISBN 978-3-486-85750-4 ISSN 2190-2054 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. © 2014 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH Rosenheimer Straße 143, 81671 München, Deutschland www.degruyter.com Ein Unternehmen von De Gruyter Titelbild: Häftlingsappell im KZ Buchenwald; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Courtesy of Robert A. Schmuhl (Foto 10105) Einbandgestaltung: hauser lacour Gedruckt in Deutschland Dieses Papier ist alterungsbeständig nach DIN/ISO 9706 Inhalt I. Einführung Jörg Litwinschuh und Andreas Wirsching Vorwort.......................................... 9 Michael Schwartz Verfolgte Homosexuelle – oder Lebenssituationen von LSBT*QI*? Einführende Bemerkungen zu einem Forschungsfeld im Umbruch....................................... 11 II. Grundsatzfragen Corinna Tomberger Homosexuellen-Geschichtsschreibung und Subkultur Geschlechtertheoretische und heteronormativitätskritische Perspektiven....................................... 19 Gudrun Hauer Der NS-Staat – ein zwangsheterosexuelles/heteronormatives Konstrukt?........................................ 27 Rüdiger Lautmann Willkür im Rechtsgewand: Strafverfolgung im NS-Staat......... 35 Günter Grau Die Verfolgung der Homosexualität im Nationalsozialismus Anmerkungen zum Forschungsstand...................... 43 III. Gruppen-Perspektiven Stefanie Wolter Lebenssituationen und Repressionen von LSBTI im Nationalsozialismus. Desiderate und Perspektiven der Forschung........................................ 53 6 Inhalt Jens Dobler Der Maßnahmenkatalog des Schwulen Museums zur Erforschung und Aufarbeitung der Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus an Homosexuellen.................................... 61 Andreas Pretzel Schwule Nazis. Narrative und Desiderate................... 69 Ulrike Janz Das Zeichen lesbisch in den nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagern................................ 77 Claudia Schoppmann Lesbische Frauen und weibliche Homosexualität im Dritten Reich Forschungsperspektiven.............................. 85 Ingeborg Boxhammer und Christiane Leidinger Sexismus, Heteronormativität und (staatliche) Öffentlichkeit im Nationalsozialismus. Eine queer-feministische Perspektive auf die Verfolgung von Lesben und/oder Trans* in (straf-)rechtlichen Kontexten........................................ 93 Rainer Herrn „In der heutigen Staatsführung kann es nicht angehen, daß sich Männer in Frauenkleidung frei auf der Straße bewegen.“ Über den Forschungsstand zum Transvestitismus in der NS-Zeit.......... 101 Ulrike Klöppel Intersex im Nationalsozialismus. Ein Überblick über den Forschungsbedarf................................... 107 IV. Regionale und lokale Perspektiven Michael Buddrus Lebenssituation, polizeiliche Repression und justizielle Verfolgung von Homosexuellen in Mecklenburg 1932 bis 1945. Überlegungen zu einem Forschungsprojekt........................... 115 Inhalt 7 Johann Karl Kirchknopf Die umfassende Aufarbeitung der NS-Homosexuellenverfolgung in Wien. Am Beginn eines herausfordernden Projekts ............ 121 Ulf Bollmann Gemeinsam gegen das Vergessen – Stolpersteine für homosexuelle NS-Opfer. Perspektiven und Grenzen bei der Quellenrecherche aus Sicht einer Hamburger Forschungsinitiative ................. 129 Albert Knoll Lebenssituationen und Repressionen von LSBTI im Nationalsozialismus. Die Forschungssituation in München....... 135 Abkürzungen...................................... 141 Autorinnen und Autoren.............................. 143 Vorwort Die Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld (BMH) wurde im Oktober 2011 mit einem doppelten Ziel errichtet: die Erforschung der Lebenswelten von Men- schen mit homosexueller (schwuler oder lesbischer), bisexueller, trans- und intersexueller beziehungsweise intergeschlechtlicher Identität (LSBTI*) zu fördern und zugleich die historische Aufarbeitung des Umgangs mit diesen Personengruppen in der jüngeren deutschen Vergangenheit voranzutreiben. Forschungsförderung, Bildungs- und Erinnerungsarbeit gehen dabei Hand in Hand. Das Institut für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin (IfZ) ist seit der Bildung des Fachbeirats der BMH in diesem Gremium vertreten. Die themenbezo- gene Zusammenarbeit zwischen beiden Einrichtungen eröffnet neue Per- spektiven. Das IfZ verfügt nicht nur seit seiner Gründung 1949 über einen ausgeprägten Kompetenzschwerpunkt in der Geschichte der NS-Zeit, son- dern erfasst mit seinen vielfältigen Forschungsprojekten die Geschichte Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert in ihrem internationalen Kontext. Gemeinsame Interessen mit der Bundesstiftung ergeben sich insbeson- dere aus neuen Projekten des IfZ, die das Private im Nationalsozialismus erkunden oder die Geschichte der Sexualität in Deutschland in der Trans- formationsphase zwischen den 1970er und den 1990er Jahren thematisie- ren. Die wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitungsziele der BMH richten sich aktuell primär auf die NS-Zeit, werden jedoch auf die Lebenssituationen von LSBTI* in beiden deutschen Staaten zwischen 1945 und 1990 ausgedehnt – zum Beispiel mit dem Video-Zeitzeugenprojekt „Archiv der anderen Er- innerungen“. Die gemeinsamen Fragen und Ziele mündeten rasch in eine erfolgver- sprechende Kooperation. Ausdruck dieser ab Mitte 2012 vertieften Zusam- menarbeit war die gemeinsame Vorbereitung und Durchführung eines wissenschaftlichen Workshops über „Lebenssituationen und Repressionen von LSBTI* im Nationalsozialismus“, der erstmals Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der etablierten zeithistorischen Forschung mit Wissenschaftlerin- nen und Wissenschaftlern anderer Fachdisziplinen, aber auch mit selbständig forschenden Vertretern diverser Betroffenen-Gruppen zusammenführte. Dieser Workshop fand am 1. Februar 2013 unter der gemeinsamen Lei- tung von Jörg Litwinschuh für die BMH und Prof. Dr. Michael Schwartz für das IfZ in dessen Berliner Abteilung statt. Der Ertrag dieser Tagung wird im vorliegenden Band für eine breite Öffentlichkeit aufbereitet. Der darüber 10 Vorwort hinaus gehende Gewinn dieser Veranstaltung, die Vernetzung unterschied- lichster Forschungsgruppen und das dabei aufgebaute Kapital an wechsel- seitiger Wertschätzung und Vertrauen, erscheint uns als nicht minder zu- kunftsweisend. Wir danken dem Herausgeber Michael Schwartz und der Redaktion der Reihe „Zeitgeschichte im Gespräch“ für die engagierte und kompetente Betreuung dieses Bands. Jörg Litwinschuh Andreas Wirsching (Geschäftsführender Vorstand der BMH) (Direktor des IfZ) Michael Schwartz Verfolgte Homosexuelle – oder Lebenssituationen von LSBT*QI*? Einführende Bemerkungen zu einem Forschungsfeld im Umbruch Homosexuelle im Nationalsozialismus – ist das der Gegenstand dieses Buchs? Ja – und Nein. Darum geht es durchaus, aber der vorliegende Band thematisiert noch weitere Gruppen von Menschen, die wegen ihrer sexuel- len Orientierung potentiell diskriminiert oder verfolgt wurden. Neben homosexuellen Männern geht es um lesbische Frauen und um Personen mit bisexueller, trans- oder intersexueller Orientierung. Kurz: Um jene Gruppen, die man heute – US-amerikanischen Vorbildern folgend – unter dem Kürzel LSBTI zusammenfasst. Sobald man intensiver in die Debatte einsteigt, stellt man fest, dass es damit nicht getan ist. Personen mit Transgender-Identität wollen eigens berücksichtigt und nicht unter Transsexuelle verbucht werden. Daraus folgt die Erweiterung zu LSBTTI. Zudem gibt es Transvestiten. Auch eine neu definierte Identität queerer Menschen, die sich nicht zwischen schwul und lesbisch einordnen lässt, drängt auf Akzeptanz: Die Folge ist die Erweiterung zu LSBTQI beziehungsweise LSBTTQI. Unter Intersexuellen gibt es Men- schen, die diese Definition als diskriminierend betrachten und sich als intergeschlechtlich bezeichnet wissen wollen. Man behilft sich mit artifiziel- len Kürzeln wie Trans* oder Inter* und bündelt dieselben in komplizierten Akronymen wie LSBT*QI*. Ein Ende dieser Ausdifferenzierung ist nicht in Sicht. Die komplexe Sprachpolitik ist Ausdruck einer „neuen Unübersichtlichkeit“ (Jürgen Haber- mas), hervorgerufen durch Auflösung älterer Schein- oder Zwangsgewiss- heiten1. Nicht nur das traditionelle Begriffspaar heterosexuell/homosexuell ist nicht mehr in der Lage, die gewachsene Vielfalt der Definitionen und Selbst- Definitionen von Sexualitäten oder Gender-Rollen zu erfassen. Die Trans*- und Inter*-Identitäten entziehen sich gänzlich traditioneller Binarität, auch 1 Vgl. Roswitha Hofmann, Homophobie und Identität I: Queer Theory, in: Barbara Hey/Ronald Pallier/Roswith Roth (Hrsg.), Que(e)rdenken. Weibliche/männliche Homosexualität und Wissenschaft, Innsbruck 1997, S. 105–118, hier insbesondere S. 109; Andreas Kraß (Hrsg.), Queer Studies in Deutschland. Interdisziplinäre Bei- träge zur kritischen Heteronormativitätsforschung, Berlin 2009. 12 Michael Schwartz deren schwul-lesbischer Variante. Die Unterscheidungen vervielfältigen sich nicht nur, sie
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