Überwindung Der Politischen Ursachen Von Wasserknappheit Des Zayandeh Rud, Iran

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Überwindung Der Politischen Ursachen Von Wasserknappheit Des Zayandeh Rud, Iran In Zusammenarbeit mit: und mit Partnerorganisationen in sechs Fallstudienregionen Analysen und Stellungnahmen 18/2020 Wiederbelebung eines sterbenden Riesen: Überwindung der politischen Ursachen von Wasserknappheit des Zayandeh Rud, Iran Zusammenfassung Entwicklung kohärenter Politiken untergraben. Der Man- gel an staatlicher Kapazität bei der Politikumsetzung und Diese Veröffentlichung stellt eine von sechs Analysen sekto- administrative Desorganisation haben zu unzureichender renübergreifender Herausforderungen für Wasser-Gover- nance dar, die als Teil des STEER-Forschungsprojekts durch- Koordination geführt. Beim Zayandeh Rud zeigen sich geführt wurden und deren Resultate in separaten Analysen diese Defizite in der begrenzten Kontrolle und Durchset- und Stellungnahmen vorliegen. zung von Vorschriften zur Wasserentnahme, in redundan- ten Koordinationsmechanismen ohne klar definierte Die Wasserprobleme im Iran verschärfen sich. Der Zayandeh Strukturen und ohne Stakeholder-Beteiligung sowie in Rud, einer der wichtigsten Flüsse, leidet unter schwerem fehlender Anpassung von Plänen und Strategien zur Be- Wassermangel. Seit Jahrzehnten nimmt die Wassernach- wältigung der Herausforderungen. Die technokratische frage zu, was die Rivalität zwischen den Regionen und Wirt- Konzentration auf Wassertransfers und Staudammpro- schaftssektoren verschärft. Die wichtigste Gegenmaß- jekte verbirgt einen Mangel an institutioneller Kapazität im nahme sind Wassertransfers, jedoch ohne die gesellschaftli- Wassersektor und schwächt Anreize zur Entwicklung diffe- chen Gründe der Wasserknappheit anzugehen. Verstärkt durch Klimawandel und -schwankungen sind gegenwärtig renzierterer Ansätze, etwa einzugsgebietsweite Strategien erhebliche Spannungen und Konflikte um Wasser zu ver- zur Steuerung der Wassernachfrage. Wir empfehlen daher: zeichnen. Trotz gesetzlicher Vorgaben zur Koordination und mehr Transparenz bei Entscheidungsfindungen sowie Top-down-Steuerung durch den Staat ist die Umsetzung Zugang der Öffentlichkeit zu Informationen über den mangelhaft. Ineffektive Koordination äußert sich in frag- Wasserverbrauch der verschiedenen Nutzer; Vermitt- mentierter Planung, fehlendem Informationsaustausch, lung eines realistischen Bildes des Flusses und Sensibi- zentralisierter Regelsetzung, intransparenter Entschei- lisierung der Öffentlichkeit für den gesellschaftlichen dungsfindung und mangelnder Rechenschaftspflicht. Das Nutzen erfolgreicher Wasserkooperation und die Ver- Fortbestehen dieser Herausforderungen deutet darauf hin, antwortung jedes Einzelnen für einen gesunden Fluss; dass Wasserknappheit ein Symptom für ein tieferes Problem ist, das mit dem Iran als Ölstaat zu tun hat: Einnahmen aus Überwindung der Illusion, dass die Ölrente Wasserreich- der Ölrente haben die Rolle des Staates verändert. Macht hat tum ermögliche durch die Erarbeitung einer proaktiven sich auf nationaler Ebene konzentriert, wobei die Bürokra- und kooperativen Strategie, um in der Öffentlichkeit tie ausgeufert ist und Eingriffe von oben nach unten vor- Unterstützung für neue, auf Wassernachfrage-Manage- genommen werden. Gleichzeitig wurde die Fähigkeit zur ment ausgerichtete Ansätze zu erreichen. Wiederbelebung eines sterbenden Riesen: Überwindung der politischen Ursachen von Wasserknappheit des Zayandeh Rud, Iran Einleitung Standpunkt ist, dass die Beständigkeit solcher Probleme eine Untersuchung der gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse und der po- Die Wasserkrise gehört zu den größten globalen Risiken. Ein litischen Ursachen erfordert. Diese Analyse und Stellung- Viertel der Weltbevölkerung ist starkem Wasserstress ausge- nahme basiert auf Ergebnissen einer Fallstudie aus dem For- setzt. Viele der extrem wassergestressten Länder liegen im schungsprojekt STEER. Es zielte darauf ab, die Komplexität Nahen Osten und in Nordafrika. Auch der Iran kämpft mit von Wasser-Governance-Systemen zu erfassen – mit einem schwerwiegenden Wasserproblemen. Einige davon haben si- Schwerpunkt auf Koordination und Kooperation zwischen cherheits- und gesellschaftspolitische Konflikte im Iran aus- Akteuren – und zu verstehen, wie der gesellschaftliche und gelöst, welche sich seit einigen Jahren in zunehmenden Pro- ökologische Kontext ihre Leistung beeinflusst (Pahl-Wostl et testen widerspiegeln. Einer dieser Konflikte betrifft den al., 2020). Zayandeh Rud, den wichtigsten Fluss der iranischen Zentral- ebene. Früher führte er das ganze Jahr über beträchtliche Ergebnisse Mengen Wasser, fällt heute aber aufgrund starker physischer Durch die sozio-politischen Verhältnisse Irans ergeben sich Wasserknappheit zeitweise trocken. Trotz mehrerer Wasser- schwerwiegende Probleme für Wasser-Governance. Auf vier transfers in dieses Einzugsgebiet (Abbildung 1) hat ein starker davon gehen wir hier ein: schwache staatliche Kapazität, sektorübergreifender und interregionaler Wettbewerb um die Wasserressourcen des Flusses zu seiner Übernutzung ge- pfadabhängige sozioökonomische Entwicklung, man- führt. Die Folgen waren Polarisierung, Spannungen und Kon- gelnde Rechenschaftspflicht und die weit verbreitete Praxis flikte zwischen Stakeholdern. Als Reaktion auf den austrock- des Rent-Seeking. nenden Fluss und die mangelnde Koordination – insbeson- Öleinnahmen und schwache staatliche Kapazität dere zwischen der Provinz Isfahan und der Provinz Tschahar Mahal und Bachtiyari nach der Verlagerung des Wassermana- Nach iranischem Recht sind alle Gewässer Gemeingut. Das gements vom Einzugsgebiet auf die Provinzen 2005 – wurde Energieministerium erteilt Nutzungsgenehmigungen für pri- 2014 vom Obersten Wasserrat Irans die Koordinierungskom- vate, landwirtschaftliche und industrielle Zwecke. Die meis- mission des Zayandeh-Rud-Einzugsgebiets für Integriertes ten Regelungen für das Zayandeh-Rud-Einzugsgebiet wer- Wasserressourcenmanagement (IWRM) gebildet. Zu ihren den auf nationaler Ebene getroffen. Ein Informationsaus- wichtigsten Errungenschaften zählten die Begrenzung neuer tausch zwischen Provinzen, Sektoren und Governance-Ebe- Wassernutzungslizenzen sowie die Tatsache, dass zum ersten nen (nationale, Provinz-, Flusseinzugsgebiets- und lokale Mal ein Bauernvertreter aktiv in das Wassermanagement auf Ebene) findet kaum statt und Sachkenntnisse spielen bei der hoher Ebene eingebunden wurde. Doch die wichtigsten Her- Entscheidungsfindung keine Rolle. Obwohl Gesetze und Vor- ausforderungen blieben weitgehend unbearbeitet und die schriften Instrumente für die Koordination zwischen Provin- Übernutzung der Wasserressourcen z.B. durch Landwirt- zen, Sektoren bzw. Governance-Ebenen vorsehen und es schaft, private Haushalte und Industrie verursacht weiterhin mehrere Gremien, für kollektive Entscheidungen verschiede- ökologische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Probleme. Unser ner staatlicher Stellen gibt, ist die Koordination in der Praxis Abbildung 1: Flusseinzugsgebiet des Zayandeh Rud und umgebende Provinzen Quelle: Autor*innen Ali Yousefi / Christian Knieper / Claudia Pahl-Wostl unzureichend. Auch die Koordinierungskommission für Im vergangenen halben Jahrhundert haben der Bau des IWRM war nicht in der Lage, Konflikte um Wasserrechte zu lö- Zayandeh-Rud-Staudamms und von Wasserumleitungstun- sen. Entscheidungsfindung basiert auf Nullsummen-Ver- neln sowie der Zugang zu Pumpentechnologie und billiger handlungen und harten Verhandlungstechniken bei gleich- Energie zur Erschließung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen und zur zeitiger Geheimhaltung von Informationen. Die Kommission Ansiedlung energie- und wasserintensiver Industrien geführt. konzentrierte sich auf einen angebotsorientierten Ansatz Dies war mit einem starken Anstieg der Wassernachfrage und (Wassertransfers, Freigabe von Stauseewasser); indes gibt es einer Übernutzung des Ökosystems verbunden. Jahrzehnte- keine funktionierenden Pläne und Maßnahmen, um die Ent- lang waren Wasserknappheit und Steuerung der Wasserent- nahme von Oberflächen- und Grundwasser zu kontrollieren. nahme für Entscheidungsträger kein Thema. In einigen Fällen Trotz eines hierarchischen, befehlsorientierten Vorgehens des lag der Fokus sogar auf der Entwässerung des Bodens. Die Staates mangelt es der Kommission an Autorität und Durch- Pfadabhängigkeit, dass Lebensunterhalte von zunehmender setzung der Regelungen auf lokaler Ebene. Wassernutzung abhängen sowie die Vielzahl an Stakeholdern mit unterschiedlichen Interessen – verstärkt durch Klimawan- Das Problem der mangelnden institutionellen Kapazität im del und -schwankungen – führen zur Schwere des Problems. Wassersektor kann kaum allein innerhalb des Wassersektors Es ist eng mit Unsicherheit, Ambiguität, Rückwirkungen und gelöst werden, da es mit dem Kontext des iranischen Ölrenten- der Komplexität sozial-ökologischer Systeme verbunden. staates zu tun hat. Die staatseigene Ölindustrie ist der Motor des Wirtschaftswachstums: Sie erwirtschaftet fast die Hälfte Ressourcenbasierte Industrialisierung und Wassertransfers des Staatshaushalts und ist die wichtigste Quelle für Devisen- als Quelle eigennützigen Rent-Seeking-Verhaltens einnahmen. Dies wirkt sich auf öffentliche Entwicklungspro- Die Abhängigkeit von Öleinnahmen hat ein Verhalten des jekte aus. Ölrenten verändern jedoch den Rahmen für Entschei- Rent-Seekings institutionalisiert. Der Zugriff auf Ölrenten über dungsprozesse und Ausgaben werden zum wichtigsten Faktor Energiesubventionen ist eine wichtige Quelle von Macht und von Staatlichkeit. Die Einnahmen aus der Ölrente verändern die Reichtum. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Subventionen zu erhalten, Rolle des öffentlichen Sektors durch den Ausbau der Bürokratie
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