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Environmental Impact Assessment of Conversion Towns to Cities by EIA Model

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Environmental Impact Assessment of Conversion Towns to Cities by EIA Model ن، ز و ﯾر و ن ن د زد و ن ١٩١٩١٩ وو ٢٠٢٠٢٠ ١٣٨٨١٣٨٨١٣٨٨ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻬﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ EIA ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي : ﺷﻬﺮ زاﻳﻨﺪه رود اﻳﺮان ﻏﺎزي1 ، ﺳﻴﺪﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ اﺑﺮي2 ، ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﻧﺼﺮي3 ، ﻧﻴﻠﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﺪﻳﺮي*4 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه : : ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﮔﺰارش ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ در اﻳﺮان در ﺳﺎل 1960( 1339) ﻣﻌﺎدل 34 34 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1992( 1371) ﺑﻪ 58 درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﭘﺪﻳﺪه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ را در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻲﺗ ﻮان ﻣﻌﻠﻮل ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ، اﺳﻜﺎن و ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺸﺎﻳﺮ در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺑﻨﻴﺎد و ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻧﻘﺎط روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ داﻧﺴﺖ. روﻳﻜﺮد ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﮔﺎه روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ در اﻳﺮان ، روﻳﻜﺮدي دو ارزﺷﻲ( دو وﺟﻬﻲ ) اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ ا ز ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺘﻨﻮع، ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ و وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ اﺳﺖ و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدﻣﻲ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ در ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ روﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ دارﻧﺪ. اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﺎ رﺑﺮ ي ﻫﺎي ﺑﻲ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ را ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل دارد . ﺷﻬﺮي ﻛﻪ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد، ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ زاﻳﻨﺪه رود در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ راه ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﻪ زرﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1379 از ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ 5 روﺳﺘﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻧﻬﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺛﺮات و ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻳﻦ روﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ EIA 1 و ﺑﺎ روﻳﻜﺮدي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ- ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻫﺎ و ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات ﺑﺮ ﺣ ﻴﺎت ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در زﻣﺎن ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﺪن داراي اﺛﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي در زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎر ﮔﺬاري و ﺳﺎﺧﺖ آﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ . ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ روﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ، ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ، ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ، ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ EIA -1 اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ آﺑﺎد -2 اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ آﺑﺎد -3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ اردﺳﺘﺎن -4 داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﺷﻬﺮي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻧﺠﻒ ،آﺑﺎد ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﮕﺎه ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﺟﻮان 1 ﻣ ﻘﺪﻣﻪ : : ﻃﻲ 40 ﺳﺎل ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ در اﻳﺮان از 31 درﺻﺪ در ﺳﺎل 1335 ﺑـﻪ 61 درﺻـﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ دو ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ در ﺳـﺎل 1375 اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺖ و اﻳﻦ روﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن اداﻣﻪ دارد [ اﻟﻒ]. ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻬﺮي ﻛﺸﻮر در ﺳﺎل 1385 ﻣﻌـﺎدل /5 68 درﺻـﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻮده و ﻃﻲ دو دﻫﻪ 1385- 1365 ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﻻ ﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻬﺮي ﻣﻌﺎدل 3 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ آن ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﺎ روﻧﺪي ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪه اﺳـﺖ .ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ روﺳﺘﺎﻧـﺸﻴﻦ اﻳـﺮان ﻛـﻪ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1365 و 1375 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ /7 45 درﺻﺪ و /7 38 درﺻﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻮد، در ﺳـﺎل 1385 ﺑـﻪ رﻗـﻢ /5 31 درﺻﺪ رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ[ب ]. اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ از ﭼﻬﺎر ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺸﺄت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد : اول، ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻣﻘـﻴﻢ ﺷـﻬﺮ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آن (ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻣﻮاﻟﻴﺪ و ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ) ﻃﻲ ﻣﺪت ﻣﻌﻴﻦ . دوم، ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻧﻘﺎط دﻳﮕﺮ اﻋﻢ از ﺷـﻬﺮ و روﺳﺘﺎ و ﺣﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد . ﺳﻮم، ادﻏﺎم ﺣﻮﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﻗﻤـﺎر ﺷـﻬﺮي ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﺪوده ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎ و ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ رﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮي و ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﻓـﺮارﻓﺘﻦ از ﺿـﺎﺑﻄﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻬﺮي [ج ]. ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻘـﺎط ﺷـﻬﺮي اﺳﺖ . در ﺳﺎل 1335 در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع در ،ﻛﺸﻮر 199 ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1345، 1355، 1365 ، 1375 و 1385 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ 272 ، 373 ، 496 ، 612 و 1016 ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﻬﺮي اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ﺗﺤﻮﻻ ت ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر را ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺳﺎل ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ از اﻃﻼ ﻋـﺎت ﻧﻤـﻮدار ﺑﺮﻣـﻲ آﻳـﺪ ، اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل 1375 روﻧﺪي ﻣﻼ ﻳﻢ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺒﺎره در ﺳﺎل 1385 ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺪت اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ( 66 د رﺻـﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ از ﺳﺎل 1375 ﺗﺎ 1385)[د]. ﻧﻤﻮدار -1 روﻧﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺷﻬﺮي اﻳﺮان ﻃﻲ ﭼﻬﺎر دﻫﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ: ﻣﺮﻛﺰ آﻣﺎر اﻳﺮان از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎز ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ روﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪي روﺳﺘﺎ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻫﺎ، ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼ ﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ، ا ﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ آن در ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﺒﺎدﻻت، ﻣﺮاودات اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ذﻛﺮ ﻧﻤﻮد[ه]. اﻣﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﺪون ﻫﻴﭻ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد، ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎ و دﺳﺖ اﻧﺪرﻛﺎران ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﻣﺸﻜﻞ و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮد؛ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﺖ. [و]. در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاردي ﻋﻤﺪه ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻮر زﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻮر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪي و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اي؛ اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺳ ﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﻲ روﻳﻪ 2 ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺑﻲ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺻﻮل آﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻦ را ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل دارد ].ز[ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ وارد ﻧﻤﻮدن روﻳﻜﺮد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬاري ﻛﻼن ادار ه ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺎ ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﻨﺘﺮل،ﭘﺎﻳﺶ و اﻧﺠﺎم اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮاﻧﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ . ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻳﺮان در ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ، ﻣﻘﺮرات و ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﺳﻮاﺑﻖ ﻛﺸﻮر، اﺻﻄﻼح ﻣﺘﺪاول و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘ ﻪ ﺷﺪه اي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ( EIA ) وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ و ﺣﺘﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺷﻜﻞ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮕﺮدﻳﺪه ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﺳﺎل 1354 در آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا ﻣﺼﻮب /29/4 54 54 ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﻠﺲ وﻗﺖ ، ﺻﺪو ر ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ، ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ وﻛﺎرﮔﺎه ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎت و ﻛﺎرﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻮﻛﻮل ﺑﻪ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮرات و ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد. در ﺳﺎل 58 ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺷﺪن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ دﻓﺘﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺛﺮات ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺰﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﻣﺠﺪدا در ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ، واﺣﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان دﻓﺘﺮ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و اﺟﺮاي ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻧﻈﺎرﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ و ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارد ط[ ]. ]. ﻣﻮاد و روش :ﻫﺎ :ﻫﺎ ﻛ ﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ درﺑﺎره ﻣﺤ ﺪوده ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه : : در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﻨﺠﺎن و در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ 7 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﻬﺮ زرﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ و در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ راه ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد از ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ ﭘﻨﺞ روﺳﺘﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﺠﺎن، ﺑﺎﺑﺎﺷﻴﺨﻌﻠﻲ، ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ، ﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺢ و ﺑﻬﺠﺖ آﺑﺎد در ﺳﺎل 1379 ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم زاﻳﻨﺪه رود ﺑﻨﺎ ﮔﺬارده ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺸﺘﻤﻴﻦ و ﺟﻮان ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﻨﺠﺎن ﺑﺸﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ. ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﺑﻌﺪ درون ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اي ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺤﻮل ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ واﺳﻄﻪ ﻣﺸﺮوب ﺷﺪن از رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ زاﻳﻨﺪه رود و وﺟﻮد اراﺿﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴﺰ در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﻲ را از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺮاي رواج ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺟﺬب ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮ و اﻳﺠﺎد زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺷﺘﻐﺎل و درآﻣﺪ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر دارد . و اﻳﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ و ﻋﺪم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ؛ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺻﺮﻓﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﺟﺬاﺑﻴﺖ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ از دﺳﺖ داده اﺳﺖ ]ي[ . اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎ و ﻛ ﺎرﺑﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﺑﻲ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻧﺸﺪه ﺧﺪﻣﺎت و زﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻧﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ را ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ و زﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻮم اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ وارد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ : : ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ(EIA) رﻫﻴﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ و آﻳﻨﺪه ﻧﮕﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اي را ﺑﺪون آﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎص ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اي ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑ ﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ و ﺗﺪاوم ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار اﺳﺖ . 3 اﺻﻞ ( اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي ﺑﺮ درﻣﺎن ) ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ( ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ) و از آن ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺮوز ﺧﺴﺎرﺗﻬﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي- اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺮوزه ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺣﺘﻲ در اﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اي ﻧﻬﺎدﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﭼﺮا ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه آن ا ﺳﺖ. ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ EIA در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻳﻪ، ﭼﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻬﺎ، ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﻜﻪ و روﻳﻬﻢ ﮔﺬاري ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ داﻧﺶ و اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺮﻳﺢ و روﺷﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ و ﻣﻌﻘﻮل در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﺛﺮات اﻧﺠﺎم داد[ك ]. ﺑﺎ درك اﻳﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﭼﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ارز ﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﺛﺎر زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد. روش ﭼﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻮرت رﻳﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ EIA ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎر و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﺎ ارزﺷﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎ .ﻳﺪ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ اول ﺳﺎل 1388 اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮدن وﺿﻌﻴﺖ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄ ﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ از روش ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ،ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ و ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﻼت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻬﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ از آﻣﺎرﻫﺎي اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻨﺠﺶ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ذوب آﻫﻦ در ﺳﺎل 1380( زﻣﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺷﻬﺮي ) و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻮول واﺣﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ذوب آﻫﻦ و اﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .
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