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55Sa^<?J^^ r7^ ll ^^, ^^^St ^^m. \tu CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION ON CHINA AND THE CHINESE \y::i/::^: oc !D 38( p37 BURMA Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023498557 BURMA BY MAX AND BERTHA FERRARS s- LONDON SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON AND COMPANY LIMITED 1900 llNfVrKoiTY LLikARY : London Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, Stamford Street and Charing Cross. Blocks by the Swan Engraving Co., London. ,1,1 iKiJlO;) x^, i \' V 1 I r. S\ I II (J !-f YHASl . — — — 2. BURMAN GOLD-EMBROIDERED SCREEN (kALAGA). CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. Burma a distinct type—Previous isolation—Influence of Buddhism—Current misconcep- tions about Burma—Sketch of history ......... CHAPTER n. CHILDHOOD. Infancy—Early influences—Children's games—School teaching T8e;win . CHAPTER HI. ADOLESCENCE. Thaml-u fete — Universal monastic novitiate — (Buddhist institutions —^The Yahdn— Theinthamdt — Kyamig — Ecclesiastical architecture — Decadence Zedi—Ancient remains (Pagdn)—Images—Scriptures—Temple accessories—The Bo tree—Inferior religious orders—Brahmans PayadyAn—Religious worship —Principles of Budd- hism)^Return to secular life . ... 14 b — vi CONTENTS CHAPTER IV. MANHOOD AND OCCUPATION. PAGE Agriculture — Home industry—Manners and Customs—Settlements—Climate . 48 CHAPTER V. TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. O il-pressing—Palm and cane sugar growing—Fruit and vegetable gardening—Fishery The chase — Pottery—Brick and tiles—Plaster-work—Stone-cutting—Cordage— Silk weaving — Umbrellas—Lacquer-work — Foot-gear — Metallurgy— Implements— Orna- ments—Coins—Alchemy—Forest and timber—Carpentry— Carving—Painting and design — Inscriptions and writing — Literature — Medicine—Dealers—Transport Boats and carts—Travel . ... ... -83 CHAPTER VI. ALIEN RACES. Shan—Kar^n—Chin—Chimpdw—Chinese— Natives of India— European . 142 CHAPTER VII. POLITICAL. Chronic wars—Brigandage—Village system—Native administration— British administra- . tion—Royalty—History . .163 CHAPTER VIII. PAGEANTS AND FROLICS. Festivals 7V<z/ The drama—Music—Games— — worship—Pilgrimages —The great shrines . 173 CHAPTER IX. Age and mortality— Funeral Observances—Tombs . 1^2 APPENDICES. A. Chronology of Burma . ....... 201 B. Structure of the Burmese language—Method of transliteration . 208 C. Notes on Burmese music, by Mr. P. A. Mariano ...... 210 Population Fiscal items Imports D. Statistical—Area— — —Crime— and exports . 211 calendar Length Capacity E. Measures—Time and — — —Weight—Money . 213 Examples of music . .... ... 216 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Full-page illustrations are denoted by thick type. Illustrations with * prefixed are by Bertha Ferrars (the late Mrs. LI. W. Lewis), by whom also all the plates were developed. The remainder are by Max Ferrars, with the exception of No. 104. The subjects of illustrations marked % are in the Town Museum, Freiburg in Baden. PAGE 1. Royal Throne .... Frontispiece 29. 2. Burman gold - embroidered screen (kalagSt) . V 3. Sunset on the coast 4. Estuary of the Salween .... 5. Landing-stage in the tidal region 6. Ruins of city gate, Pagdn. 7. JAncient gate, with figures of tha- liyd-inin and keitinayd .... 8. Ananda Payd, Pagin 9. Burman General going out to war iflppliqui work) 10. Burman picture of the fall of Manda- lay .... 11. The national emblem of Burma . 12. Baby's bath 13. *The rattan cradle (/a^//) . 14. *Burman mother and infant . 15. Mudlarks .... 16. The first step . 17. The wooden cradle {saungbdn) . 18. Young children's toys 19. Games in the water 20. Toy carts 21. Peg-tops idyin-pauk) 22. Interior of village monastic school . 23. Marbles {gon-hnyin) 24. Racing toy boats .... 25. G2iV!\Q oi sUoppyit ... 26. Children's cycle race . ... 27. Village lay school 13 28. Kite-flying 13 . VIU LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 55- Wussaung camp . 56. Yahdn passing the streets 57- Yahdn on his journey . 58. k%(tA. yahdn carried onyin 59- Temple Hill .... 60. Decadent kyaung . 61. Ornamentation of kyaung 62. %Day{n ornament . 63. % Detail of eaves and gable 64. Ancient thein and modern pyatthat 65. Limestone rock on the Atardn . 66. Bitaka-taik, That6n .... 67. Shwe-kmawdaw Payd, Pegu 68. Wtit with images of the Buddha 69. Thadyd Payd at Thaton . 70. Ruins at Pagan. Temples raised by ancient kings 71- Terra-cotta figures at Thadyd Payd, That6n . 72. Bawdi Payd, Pagdn '. 73- Gawdawbalin Payd, Pagdn . 74- Kyaung at Ananda Payd 75- Example of keyed vault at Pagdn 76. Modern false arch, Amayap&ya . n- Image of the Buddha encircled by Jicus ....... 78. Image of the Buddha on ialiu 79- Tagundaing with keinnayd . 80. Tagi'mdaing with hintha . 81. Symbol of Myimmo-daung , 82. Bawdi tree .... 83. Dautcha yathi .... 84. *Cave-shrine near Maulmain {Ka^ yon kA) .... 85. PSthudaw 86. Methild at worship 87. Yathe before his cave . Methild on the round for sun Soothsayer . 90. Payd sun-kan . ... 91. Yahdn reciting the precepts {tayd- haw) . .' 92. Elders keeping duty-day {Mo-saiing) 93- Family of a Burman notable at the shrine . 94. Modern religious subject 95. Family of a Burman notable leaving the shrine ....... 44 96. Thadyd prince and princess doing . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IX PAGE 138. Stand for the drinking-water . 64 186. Boiling down the cane-juice. 85 139. Bathing-place on the river-bank 187. Turning rollers for cane-mill 86 (Pagan) 64 188. Collecting jack-fruit . 86 140. Fetching in fiiel 65 189. Fruit-stall in July (Tenaserim) 87 141. Getting fire by the native method 65 190. Rod net {paittagiin) . 87 142. The cooking-place .... 66 191. Swing net {yagwin) . 143. The family meal (old style) . 66 192. Wicker fish-trap {hmyon) 144. The family meal style) (new 67 193. Dabbing with fly ... Betel . 145. {kun) 67 194. Caging fish singly isaung-tS) 89 146. Tsa. {leppeyy^) 68 195. Caging fish in company . 90 Belle at her toilet. 147. 68 196. Fish weir and trap . 90 148. *Village belle . 68 197. The Irawadi at Nyaung-u . 90 149. The suitor's visit . 69 198. Sluice of lagoon fishery (z«) 91 150. Marriage . ceremony 69 199. Shore net . .... 91 151. ideal the real The and 70 200. Sea-fishermen's huts . 92 152. Tattooing ifogwin) 70 201. Pounding ngapt .... 92 The Challenge 153. 71 202. Setting nets for deer . 93 154. An "original" . 71 203. Kam&bi dog 93 155. Pleasure-party by boat 72 204. Hill-man {Kardn) with crossbow 94 56. Pleasure-party 1 by cart -72 205. Trap for tiger .... 94 Domestic 157. flower-stand {Nyaung-ye- 73 206. Forest stream .... 94 158. Wayside water-stand in the city 73 207. Bringing in roe-deer {dyi) 95 Children at the river-side 159. 74 208. Measuring the panther . 95 160. Chinldn %axae. {appliquS ytorV) . 74 209. *The hamadryad . 96 161. Children's boat-tubs at flood-time 75 210. Pottery—patting the ware into shape 96 162. Carving of £'Az>2/o« player 75 211. Lathe pottery 97 163. The Pabya shrine .... 75 212. Fancy pottery (Shan) 97 Forest zaydt 164. and water-stand . 76 213. Kiin for patted wares 98 Receiving a . , . 165. visitor .... 76 214. Pottery shop . 98 166. Village chevaux-de-frise . n 215. Limestone rocks . 99 167. Approach to the village . 77 216. Limekiln 99 168. Village causeway in the tidal region 78 217. Plasterer's scaffold on zedi . 100 169. Village river-front 78 218. Sculpturing marble images . 100 1 70. Riding buffaloes in flood-time 78 219. Rope-walk lOI 171. The village dogs .... 79 220. Hill-people twisting rope loi 172. *The tatikte (one-fourth natural size) 79 221. Umbrella makers. 102 173. Village scene in the dry season. 80 222. Lacquer-ware manufacture . 102 174. South-west monsoon clouds . 80 223. Scoring rings on lacquer-ware 103 175. The floods in the lowland forest 80 224. Etched design on lacquer {Hngep- 176. Village environs in the floods . 81 pyittaung) . 103 177. Village scene in the high flood . 81 225. Lacquer-ware dealer . 104 178. Scene in the plains at flood-time 82 226. Sandal-makers 104 179. The Irawadi at Pro me . 82 227. Brass-image founders 104 180. Fire in the temple precincts 82 228. Burman horse-furniture 105 181. Brick-makers . 83 229. Burman blacksmith (old style) 105 182. Oil-mill .... 83 230. Burman blacksmith (new style) 106 183. P£ and tan palms 84 231. Swordsmith 106 184. Cleaning rice wholesale 84 232. Canopy of great zedi {tt) 107 185. Cane-crushing mill . 85 233. Mountain cascade 107 1 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 234. Washing for gold . .... 108 276, Burman cut on type-metal. The Village . 235. silversmith . 108 lord of Hell receives his steward's 236. *Silver plate 108 account of the pains inflicted on 237. Town silversmith .... 109 sinners . 125 Silver coins of 238. the Arakdn Kings, 277. Burman apothecary . 125 half the size of the originals . 109 278. Shampooing {a-hiiHk) 126 239. Gold-beaters no 279. Horoscope on palm-leaf 126 240. Alchemists . .... no 280. Kothena-y8n . 127 jewellery 241. *Gold no 281. Children's bazdr . 127 242. Defile below the great rapid of the 282. Preparing TawthaUn offerings 128 Salween 1 1 283. Burman carrier . 128 243. Teak-tree out of leaf (March) . in 284. Bazjr scene, Pegu 128 244. Mixed hill-crop of rice, sesamum 285. Pedlars. 129 and teak, in September . 112 286. Toy and flower stalls at the shri 129 245. Flue of factory disused ten years . n2 287. Country sale-depot 130 246. Scene on the Salween river. n2 288. Rolling cheroots . 130 247. The great rapid of the Salween 289. Laung-g6 poling up-stream . 130 {hatjt) n3 290. Pariikaya dealer .... 131 248. Vortex of the great rapid . n 3 291. Bazdr scene, Burma Proper. 131 249.
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    THE MANIYADANABON 0 F S H I N S A N D A L I N K A THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM The Southeast Asia Program was organized at Cornell University in the Department of Far Eastern Studies in 1950. It is a teaching and research program of interdisciplinary studies in the humanities, social sciences, and some natural sciences. It deals with Southeast Asia as a region, and with the individual countries of the area: Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The activities of the Program are carried on both at Cornell and in Southeast Asia. They include an undergraduate and graduate curriculum at Cornell which provides instruction by specialists in Southeast Asian cultural history and present-day affairs and offers intensive training in each of the major languages of the area. The Program. sponsors group research projects on Thailand, on Indonesia, on the Philippines, and on linguistic studies of the languages of the area. At the same time, individual staff and students of the Program have done field research in every Southeast Asian country. A list of publications relating to Southeast Asia which may be obtained on prepaid order directly from the Program is given at the end of this volume. Information on Program staff, fellowships, requirements for degrees, and current course offerings will be found in an Announcement of the Department of Asian Studies, obtainable from the Director, Southeast Asia Program, 120 Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. i i T H E M A N I Y A D A N A B O N 0 F S H I N S A N D A L I N K A Translated by L.