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Efficacy of Isolated Nomuraea Rileyi and Spinosad Against Corn Pests Under Laboratory and Field Conditions in Egypt

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Efficacy of Isolated Nomuraea Rileyi and Spinosad Against Corn Pests Under Laboratory and Field Conditions in Egypt Annual Review & Research in Biology 3(4): 903-912, 2013 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Efficacy of Isolated Nomuraea rileyi and Spinosad against Corn Pests under Laboratory and Field Conditions in Egypt M. M. Sabbour 1* and A. Abdel-Rahman 1 1Department of Pests and Plant Protection, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaborations between both two authors. Author MMS designed the experiment structures of this study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and first draft of the manuscript. Author AAR managed the literature and field studied. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received 20 th March 2013 th Research Article Accepted 19 July 2013 Published 9th August 2013 ABSTRACT Isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi and spinosad were tested against the corn insect pests: Ostrinia nubilalis, Chilo agamemnon and Sesamia cretica under laboratory and field conditions . Results obtained showed that the LC 50 of N. rileyi for O. nubilalis, C. agamemnon and S. cretica were 124, 146 and 159 conidia/ml under laboratory conditions. The corresponding figure for Spinosad was 166, 179 and 185 microgram/ ml (µg/ml. Under field conditions, results showed that during season 2011, the percentage of O. nubilalis, S. cretica and C. agamemnon infestations were significantly decreased in plots treated with N. rileyi to 25±3.2, 21±2.4, and 24±2.3 individuals after 120 days after the first application as compared to 97±3.3 in the control. When spinosad was applied in the field, the percentage of infestations was significantly decreased to 26±3.3 as compared to 99±1.3 individuals in the control during both seasons. During the harvest season, the corn weight was significantly increased to 3822±45.6 and 3940±60.4 kg/Feddan (Feddan=2400m 2) in the plots treated with the fungus N. rileyi as compared to 2810±40.9 and 2710 ±73.2 Kg/Feddan in the control plots. Among plots treated with spinosad the yield significantly increased to 3000 ±60.7 and 3129 ±84.1 kg/Feddan during season 2011 and 2012, respectively. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 903-912, 2013 Keywords: Nomuraea rileyi; spinosad; Ostrinia nubilalis; Chilo agamemnon; Sesamia cretica. 1. INTRODUCTION Maize ( Zea mays ) is an important crop all over the world and also in Egypt. Its demand continuously increases. Corn is subjected to attack by many insect pests that affect the yield quality and quantity. Among the most common pest species surveyed in Egypt are: Ostrinia nubilalis , Sesamia cretica and Chilo agamemnon . O. nubilalis is the one of key pest damaging corn in Egypt [1]. O. nubilalis is native to Mediterranean countries which has 98% of the world’s cultivated corn [2]. C. agamemnon is also one of the most important insect pests of corns in Egypt and many Mediterranean countries. The corn borers moth develops three generations per year [2]. Nomuraea rileyi and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus proved highly pathogenic to aphids and whiteflies [3]. The fungus ( N. rileyi ) exhibits host preferential infections in lepidopterous larvae, the fungi spores come in contact with the cuticle (skin) of susceptible insects, they germinate and grow into their bodies then penetrate the integuments; spread rapidly blocked the respiratory pores lead to pest death [4]. The fungi emerge from the infected insect for sporulation and these spores are disseminated in the air and spread as an inoculum spores for infection of other insects. Infected insects will stop feeding, thereby reducing further crop damage. Regular spraying of fungi ensures a protective coating of these beneficial fungi on the surface of leaves and stems and the invasion of the pests is effectively arrested. The infected insect dead due to tissue destruction and by secretion of toxins inside the body of the insect [4]. Spinosad is a broad- spectrum, organic insecticide. It is, however, relatively non-toxic to mammals and beneficial insects [5]. It is necessary to find alternative safe insecticides to reduce the heavy doses of chemical insecticides which is using for the control of corn pests [5,6]. The mode of action of spinosad is that spinosad is highly active, by both contact and ingestion, to numerous pests. Spinosad overall protective effect varies with pest species and life stage. Spinosad affects certain insect pests only in the adult stage, but can affect other pests at more than one life stage. The pests that are subject to very high rates of mortality as larvae, but not as adults, may gradually [3] be controlled through sustained larval mortality [7]. Entomopathogenic fungi are found worldwide associated to insects and phytophagous mite populations, contributing to biological control of these arthropods on several economically important crops [8]. Commercial products have been developed with entomopathogenic fungi [9]. [10] reported that fungal concentrations of 10 6 and 10 7 conidia/ml of B. bassiana and N. rileyi affected the larval development, movement and mobility of corn borers larvae during the seedlings and vegetative stages of corn plant under laboratory; greenhouse and field conditions. Success of a pest control program using B. bassiana however depends on conidia survival in the field environment [11]. Conidia survival may be affected either by environmental factors [12] or chemical products used to protect plants [13]. [14] controlled the cereal aphids with the fungus B. bassiana and found that the infestation was reduced after fungal applications under laboratory and field conditions [4]. Spinosad is a broad- spectrum, organic insecticide (where spinosad is a commercial Bt.). It is, however, relatively non-toxic to mammals and beneficial insects. If used carefully only against insects that actually eat something that has been treated, such as a leaf, are affected. This is different than a lot of other broad-spectrum insecticides that are toxic if the insect merely comes in contact with dry insecticide residues [5]. The entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana is one of several fungi that are of particular research interest because of its potential as commercial bioinsecticides. Some studies had focused on identifying nutrient substrates that B. bassiana can utilize with application to industrial production, while others focused on the 904 Annual Review & Research in Biology, 3(4): 903-912, 2013 pathogenic processes of B. bassiana and interactions with insect cuticle [15]. The present study aims to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolates of entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi and spinosad (bio-insecticide) against corn insect pests under laboratory and field conditions. It is necessary to find alternative safe insecticides to reduce the heavy doses of chemical insecticides which is using for the control of corn pests [5,6]. Entomopathogenic fungi are found worldwide associated to insects and phytophagous mite populations, contributing to biological control of these arthropods on several economically important crops [8]. Commercial products have been developed with entomopathogenic fungi [8]. [10] reported that fungal concentrations of 10 6 and 10 7 conidia/ml of B. bassiana and N. rileyi affected the larval development, movement and mobility of corn borers larvae during the seedlings and vegetative stages of corn plant under laboratory; greenhouse and field conditions. Success of a pest control program using B. bassiana however depends on conidia survival in the field environment [11]. Conidia survival may be affected either by environmental factors [12] or chemical products used to protect plants [13]. [14] controlled the cereal aphids with the fungi and found that the infestation was reduced after fungal applications under laboratory and field conditions. The present study aims to estimate the effect of Nomuraea rileyi, and spinosad against Sesamia cretica ; Ostrinia nubilalis; Chilo agamemnon . 2. MATERIALS AND MEHODS 2.1 Tested Insects Sesamia cretica ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Chilo agamemnon reared on corn leaves under laboratory conditions 26 ± 2ºC and 60± 5 RH. Leaves changed every two days. 2.2 Tested Spinosad Spinosad-based, GF-120 (Conserve 0.24% CB) as a microbial insecticide, prepared 6 concentrations (prepared according [16]. Percentages of mortality were calculated according to [17] , while LC 50 was calculated throughout probit analysis [18]. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions at 26ºC± 2 and 60-70 % RH. 2.3 Entomopathogenic Fungus The fungus, Nomuraea rileyi was obtained from Florida University USA. They were reproduced on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plus 0.4% yeast extracts (PDAY) and poured onto sterilized Petri-dishes [9]. Plating was performed according to the full dish method. The conidia were transferred from the vial to dish containing medium by platinum loop and then streaked. Plates were incubated at 25ºC with 12 hours photo phase for fungus growth and sporulation. After ten days, conidia were scraped and transferred to conical flasks (200 ml) containing 200 ml sterilized distilled water with 0.02% the speeder sticker (tween, 80). Conidial concentrations in the suspensions were quantified directly under the optical microscope with a haemacytometer. Then the suspensions were standardized until the direct concentration 1x10 7 conidia/ ml was obtained. 905 Annual Review & Research in
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