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Zusammenfassungen Der Arbeitskreisbeiträge Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft Zusammenfassungen der Arbeitskreisbeiträge 2008 Impressum Redaktion: Dr. Falko Feldmann, Dr. Christian Carstensen Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft e. V. Messeweg 11/12 D-38104 Braunschweig Tel.: 0531 / 299-3213, Fax 0531 / 299-3019 E-mail: [email protected] www.phytomedizin.org ii Inhalt AK Biologische Bekämpfung von Pflanzenkrankheiten, 28.2.2008 .......................................... 1 AK Mykologie, 13.03.2008......................................................................................................... 8 AK Nematologie, 14.02.2008 ................................................................................................... 12 AK Nutzarthropoden und Entomopathogene Nematoden, 08.12.2008 .................................... 22 AK Phytobakteriologie, 04.09.2008 .......................................................................................... 31 AK Phytomedizin in Ackerbau und Grünland PG Krankheiten an Getreide, 11.02.2008 ........................................................................... 36 PG Raps, 19.02.2008 ........................................................................................................... 41 PG Schädlinge in Getreide und Mais, 20.02.2008 .............................................................. 42 AK Phytomedizin in den Tropen und Subtropen, 07.10.2008 .................................................. 44 AK Populationsdynamik und Epidemiologie, 06.03.2008 ........................................................ 58 AK Viruskrankheiten der Pflanze, 27.03.2008 ......................................................................... 64 AK Wirt-Parasit-Beziehungen, 13.03.2008 .............................................................................. 83 iii AK BIOLOGISCHE BEKÄMPFUNG VON PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN, 28.2.2008 PROJEKTVORSTELLUNG: STRATEGIEKOMBINATIONEN ZUR REGULIERUNG DES FALSCHEN MEHLTAUS AN GURKEN UNTER GLAS/ FOLIE Andrea Nowak1, Dr. Ute Gärber2, Dr. Peggy Marx2, Karin Bald1, Dr. Annegret Schmitt1 1JKI Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen/Institut für biologischen Pflanzenschutz,Heinrichstr. 243,D-64287 Darmstadt,Germany 2JKI Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen/Institut für Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, D-14532 Kleinmachnow, Germany Contact: [email protected] Die Infektion mit Falschem Mehltau (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) führt im ökologischen Gurkenanbau zu großen Ertragseinbußen. Bisher sind kupferhaltige Präparate die am häufigsten angewandten Mittel in der Bekämpfung dieser Pilzinfektion. In dem Projekt ist die Erprobung unterschiedlicher Strategien und Strategiekombinationen geplant, um den Erreger mit nicht-chemischen Maßnahmen einzudämmen. Es werden verschiedene Gurkensorten auf ihre Toleranz beziehungsweise Resistenz gegen den Falschen Mehltau getestet, zudem wird der Einfluss der Klimaführung im Gewächshaus überprüft. Eine weitere mögliche Alternative zu Kupferpräparaten zu finden ist die Anwendung neuer biologischer Mittel aus Pflanzenextrakten und einem antagonistischen Mikroorganismus. Die Versuche werden an getopften Pflanzen und unter Praxisbedingungen an mehreren Standorten in Deutschland durchgeführt, wobei der Schwerpunkt der Sortenversuche und der Untersuchungen zur Klimaführung beim JKI Institut für Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst liegt und der Schwerpunkt biologische Präparate beim JKI Institut für biologischen Pflanzenschutz. Erste viel versprechende Ergebnisse aus den Sortenversuchen, den Versuchen zur Klimaführung und zur Wirksamkeit der biologischer Präparate liegen bereits vor. Die Praxisrelevanz wird mit Unterstützung von Bioland Beratung GmbH und der LVG Heidelberg geprüft. WEINREBEN-ASSOZIIERTE MIKROORGANISMEN IN DER BIOLOGISCHEN KONTROLLE VON BOTRYTIS CINEREA Florian Schmid, Gerit Moser, Gabriele Berg Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Österreich Contact: [email protected] Der Ascomycet Botrytis cinerea ist auf der einen Seite wichtig für die Herstellung von Süßweinen (Edelfäule), auf der anderen Seite richtet er durch die von ihm ausgelöste Grauschimmelfäule erheblichen Schaden an der Weinwirtschaft an. Aufgrund von auftretenden Resistenzen und aus ökologischen Überlegungen wächst das Interesse, neben den derzeitig eingesetzten konventionellen und biologischen Fungiziden alternative, biologische Kontrollmöglichkeiten einsetzen zu können. Es wurden bereits eine Reihe von Mikroorganismen als potente Kontrollorganismen beschrieben und einige davon auch schon als solche eingesetzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, weitere Mikroorganismen mit antagonistischer Wirkung gegen Botrytis aus dem natürlichen Lebensraum Weinrebe zu isolieren. Des Weiteren soll ein Einblick in die Ökologie der Weinreben-Assoziierten Mikroorganismen mit Hauptaugenmerk 1 auf die Antagonisten gegen Botrytis gegeben werden. In dieser Hinsicht konnten im Vergleich zwischen biologisch und konventionell kultivierten Weinreben erhebliche Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Welche Bedeutung nun diese Unterschiede für die Resistenz gegen Krankheiten und für die Anwendbarkeit von biologischen Kontrollorganismen haben, bleibt zu untersuchen. UNTERSUCHUNG DER FUNKTIONELLEN UND STRUKTURELLEN DIVERSITÄT DER SKLEROTIEN-ASSOZIIERTEN MIKROORGANISMEN AN RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN Gass, Martina1, Zachow, Christin1, Grosch, Rita2, Berg, Gabriele1 1Graz University of Technology, Institut für Umweltbiotechnologie, Petersgasse 12, 8010- Graz, Össterreich 2IGZ, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Deutschland Contact: [email protected] Rhizoctonia solani, ein bodenbürtiges Pflanzenpathogen, ist für Ertragsverluste in einer Reihe ökonomisch wichtiger Kulturpflanzen verantwortlich. Da die effektive Kontrolle des Pathogens mit derzeit verfügbaren chemischen oder biologischen Mitteln nicht möglich ist, wurde eine neue Strategie zur Gewinnung effektiver biologischer Kontrollstämme entwickelt. Dazu wurden Sklerotien der Anastomose- Gruppe 1 in unterschiedlichen Erden inkubiert und die Sklerotien-assoziierten Mikroorganismen auf ihre strukturelle Zusammensetzung und antagonistischen Fähigkeiten hin untersucht. Die Sklerotien-assoziierten Pilz- und Bakterien- Gemeinschaften wurden durch Auftrennung von PCR Fragmenten der ribosomalen DNA, mit Hilfe der kultivierungsunabhängigen Methode des Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysiert. Die Untersuchung ergab, dass die Mikroorganismen-Population wesentlich durch die vorherrschenden Kulturbedingungen beeinflusst wurde. Daneben war eine Vereinheitlichung der Sklerotien-assoziierten Pilz- und Bakterien-Gemeinschaften mit zunehmender Inkubationsdauer in unterschiedlichen Erden erkennbar. Um Mikroorganismen näher zu charakterisieren, wurden 270 pilzliche und 141 bakterielle Isolate gewonnen, von denen 40 Bakterien (28,4%) und 12 Pilze (3,3%) antagonistische Aktivität gegen R. solani AG1 zeigten. Die Charakterisierung der Antagonisten umfasste die Beschreibung der antibiotischen Aktivität, die Untersuchung auf die Produktion von extrazellulären Enzymen (β- 1,3-Glucanase, Chitinase und Protease) sowie die Produktion von Auxin. Ein repräsentativer Ausschnitt der antagonistischen Bakterien wurde durch Sequenzierung eines Teils der 16S rDNA identifiziert. Dabei wurden Stämme wie Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aurantiaca und Stenotrophomonas maltophilia identifiziert. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED TO LICHENS Joao V de Castro Jr 1, Henry Müller1, Martin Grube2, Massimiliano Cardinale2, Gabriele Berg 1 1Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, petersgasse 12, Graz, STM, Austria 2Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, Graz, STM, Austria Contact: [email protected] Bacteria associated to the lichens Cladonia arbuscula, Umbilicaria cilindrica and Lecanora polytropa were successfully isolated, cultured and characterized by using of selective culture 2 media and biochemical assays. The structural and functional diversity of these bacteria were done by using a combination of DNA-based analysis. The community DNA was isolated to obtain the structure of the bacterial communities by Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism analysis (SSCP). The presence of specific groups of bacteria was investigated; these results were obtained by the use of selected primers for Pseudmonas, Burkholderia and Alpha-proteobacteria. Dominant and unique bands were cutted out from the SSCP gels and sequenced to confirm the presence of Alpha-proteobacteria in lichens. Total of 263 bacteria were isolated and shared in groups according to profile based on 16S rDNA sequences (ARDRA) and it was selected one representant of each group to be sequenced. The assays carried out in culture media showed that some isolates are able to grow in absence of nitrogen, as well the production of some enzymes were also confirmed by the use of specific media. The capability to immobilize phosphate and production of siderophores was also detected by some microrganisms during the experiments. The presence of Pseudomonas, Burkholdeira and Alpha-proteobacteria were visualized among all the lichens tested. This study indicates that the thalli space of lichens contains a diverse, rich and very interesting population of bacteria and more studies should be conducted to understand much better the interaction and function of these bacteria in lichens. UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BEKÄMPFUNG DER SCHWARZFÄULE (GUIGNARDIA BIDWELLII) MIT MIKROORGANISMEN UND PFLANZENEXTRAKTEN Koch, Eckhard1, Weihrauch,
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