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Methvl Bromide INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY Environmental Health Criteria 166 Methvl Bromide I R :ndei the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, teoationaI Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization THE ENVlRONMrtsr(At HEAL')-) ('RITEFIIA 3611108 Acetorritrile (No 154 19931 Dixie irotolo,nrys (No 74 1987 Acro)ejn (No. 127, 1991) 1,2 Dch oroetrano (No 62 987( Acrylamide (No. 49 1985) 24 D chlorophenoxyacer c acid (24-0) fNo 29. Acrylonitrile (No 28 1983) 1984) Aged population, principles for eva(uat1ng the 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacet c acid envroninc'nilal effects of chemicals (No. 144, 1992) aspects (No 84 1989) Aldicarb (No 121 1991( 1.30 chloropropene, 1 2 dichloro1 ropane at cI Aidriri and dieldrin (No 91 '989) mixtures (No 146. 1993) A(tethrins (No 87, 1989) Dicbtoraos (No 79 1988) Amitrole (No 158, 1994) Diethylhexyl phthalato (Nc 131 1902) Ammonia (No 54 1986) Dimethoste (No. 90, 1989) Arsenic (No 18 19i31( Dimethy)forrrarn dx (No 114 1901) Asbestos and ether natural m neral I bins O methyl sulfate (No 48 1985) (No 53, 1986) Diseases of suspectc-d chemical i'tio Igy iii) Bar urn (No 107 1990) her preventon pr nciplev Of s',,,1 I ', 011 Benomyt (No 148. 1993i (No 72, 1987) Benzene (No 150 1993) Di1hiocarbamatc pest rides, rthylenethiore.i and Beryllium (No 106. 1990) popyleneth,ourea a genlerar irntroductioii Bloinarkers and 'isk ansecsrnrnt c oor r pts (t'o 78. 1968) and principles (No 155. 1903) S c1romagnet r i e)ds IN , 137 00, Biotoxios aquatic (mar ire a rd freshwater) E'rdos bin No 409511 (No 37 1984) E - dim iNc 130 1 8mm rated diphenylethern (No 162 1 9"4i 5' 'vcnncntal ep.ci'i Butano3 four isomers No 05 l87 ,ioJks n (Nc 7 i I 11.1' Cadm irn (No 134 1992) EplcI on_li', drin (No 33 1984) Cadm urn - ens ronmerital aspects No 135, 1992) Etnye.e oxdr (No 55 r9h5( Camprechler (No 45, 1984) Extremel , l ow freqiierrr y EL - i Is N, Carbarnale pestic,den a general rtrodiii trcil 1 7au) (No 64 1986) Clot ii it' ill (No ' 33 '902, Carbaryl (Nc. 153. 1994 neri/alerate (No 95 1990 Carbe'rda,'im (No 149, 1993) ocrine and f 501 'Jes I "Jo 36 '55'ii Carbon disu fide 'No 10 (979i F cii 'id'lil ixes and cc r'8iIi ny i'ts i, fr or) Carbon monoxide (No 13 1079, principles for I) s_ti 'I x as ,i'sxrsnr,i if Carcinogens, sun i ary repo - or, he ea usher (Nc 73 1987) of short-term in vitro tests (No 47 1965) Formy delUde (Ni 59 - Carcinogens surnmac1' repel i-n The evaluahcnr Genrnt c "ffectn in crow i) opmilat or of short term in '/110 tests (No 109 1090) o tide laps fit' n siL,C(s if Ii 413 iSiSo Chlordare (No 34 1984) Gbphosate (No 159 1994 Oh ordecone (No 43. 19841 Guidance values for hum,ri isiji,- Oh or re and hydrogen chlcror (Nc 1 1982) I mils (No 170, 934) Chloroberizenes other than heeaeh)' rid,er,zenie 'eptacl'lor (tS(o 38 904 (No 128 1991) Hexach orobutad ene (No loS. 15104) Chlorofluorocarboris lily halogonatd (Nc 113 A pha- and beta hexachlorocyclohe.xarien 1999) No 123. 19921 Cb(omf(uorocarboi s partially halogenate'l Hxac bVrcc,c( 90 r'txd c me (Ni 122 1)91 (etriano dorixat yes) (No 139, 19921 ri Hesy' e (Nc 127 1991 (methane derivatives) (No '26. 199') Hydra/ire (No 68 1987i Chloroform (No 153 1994) Fl,drvo'r, sulfide (No 19 1981) Chlorophenols (No 93 1989) H,droqj none (No '5' 1990 Chromium (No 61, 1988) infancy and early chi dhood. prier pies Icr Cyhs'othr n (No 99, 1990) eva sating ftealtn I sEn from chem(ca 5 Cypermethnin (No. 82 1989) during (No 56 1990) Oypermethnin, alpha- (No. 142, 1902) niorganic lead (No 165 199c' DOT and Its derivatives (No 9 1979) rsoberizan (No 129 1991) DOT and its derivatives - Cnsirorrrnellta 85)71 In ,Kelcvao (No 66, 1988) (No. 83 1989) I asers and opt cal radiation (Nc 23 1082) Deltamethrin (No 97. 1990 Lpar) (No 3 1977)' - Out of l,rint do.' 1'. This report contains the collective views of an ii ternational group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Interna- tional Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 166 METHYL BROMIDE First draft prepared by Dr R.F. 1-lertel and Dr T. Kiclhorn, Fraunhofer lnstitute of Toxicology and Aerosol Research, l-tinoer, Geinnn I - Published under the Joint sponsorship of - TAT the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organ isation, and the World Health Organization World Health Organization Geneva, 1995 11,14~1*~ Itllv The liiernationaF Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Ot-ganisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the 1PCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epideimological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Methyl bromide. (Environmental health criteria 166) 1 Hydrocarbons, Brominated - standards 2.Environmental exposure I. Series ISBN 92 4 157166 7 (NLM Classification: WA 240) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. CWorld Health Organization 1995 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization conceming the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authonties, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINt El) IN FINLANI) 51104 12- VAM\IALA - 5500 CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY 15 1.1 Physical and chemical properties, and analytical methods 15 1.2 Sources of human and environmental exposure 16 1.3 Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 17 1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure 18 1.5 Kinetics and metabolism 20 1.6 Effects on organisms in the environment 21 1.7 Effects on experimental animals 22 1.9 Effects on humans 24 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 25 2.1 Identity 25 2.1. 1 Primary constituent 25 2.1.2 Technical product 25 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 26 2.2. 1 Physical properties 26 2.2.2 Chemical properties 28 2.3 Conversion factors 28 2.4 Analytical methods 29 2.4.1 Methyl bromide in air 29 2.4.2 Methyl bromide in water 33 2.4.3 Determination of methyl bromide in soil 36 2.4.4 Methyl bromide in cereal grains and other foods 36 2.4.5 Methyl bromide in serum, plasma and blood and post-mortem tissue 41 2.4.6 Determination of inorganic bromide in air 41 2.4.7 Determination of inorganic bromide in water 42 2.4.8 Determination of inorganic bromide in soils 42 2.4.9 Determination of inorganic bromide in plant material/food 42 3 EHC 166: Methyl bromide 2.4.10 Determination of inorganic bromide in urine, blood/serum/plasma 46 SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 48 3.1 Natural occurrence 48 3.2 Anthropogenic sources 49 3.2.1 Production levels and processes 50 3.2.1.1 Producers and world production figures 50 3.2.1.2 Production processes 53 3.2.1.3 Losses to the environment during normal production 54 3.2.1.4 Methods of transport 54 3.2.1.5 Accidental release or exposure 55 3.2.2 Uses 55 3.2.2.1 Soil fumigation 55 3.2.2.2 Quarantine and non-quarantine commodity treatments 61 3.2.2.3 Structural fumigation 64 3.2.2.4 Industrial uses 65 3.23 Methyl bromide emission from motor car exhausts 65 ENViRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTiON, AND TRANSFORMATION 67 4.1 Transport and distribution between media 67 4. I . 1 Transport in air 67 4.1 .2 Transport in water 68 4.1.3 Transport in soil 69 4. 1 .4 Vegetation and wildlife 71 4.1.5 Entry into the food chain 72 4.2 B iotrans formation 72 4.2. 1 Biodegradation 72 4.2.1.1 Soil 72 4.2.1.2 Stored product fumigation 72 4.2.2 Abiotic degradation 73 4.2.2.1 Hydrolysis 73 4.2.2.2 Light-assisted hydrolysis in water 77 4.2.2.3 Reaction with the hydroxyl radical 78 4.2.2.4 Photolysis in the atmosphere 79 4.2.3 Bioaccumulation 79 43 Interaction with other physical, chemical, or biological factors 80 4.4 Ultimate fate following use 81 4.4.1 Methyl bromide and the ozone layer 81 4.4.2 Containment, recovery, recycling and disposal options for methyl bromide 84 5.
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