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Focus on Over-The-Counter Drugs' Misuse: a Systematic Review On
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW published: 07 May 2021 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.657397 Focus on Over-the-Counter Drugs’ Misuse: A Systematic Review on Antihistamines, Cough Medicines, and Decongestants Fabrizio Schifano 1, Stefania Chiappini 1,2*, Andrea Miuli 2, Alessio Mosca 2, Maria Chiara Santovito 2, John M. Corkery 1, Amira Guirguis 3, Mauro Pettorruso 2, Massimo Di Giannantonio 2 and Giovanni Martinotti 2 1 Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy, 3 Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea Edited by: University, Swansea, United Kingdom Nicolas Simon, Aix Marseille Université, France Background: Over the past 20 years or so, the drug misuse scenario has seen the Reviewed by: Nicolas Franchitto, emergence of both prescription-only and over-the-counter (OTC) medications being Université Toulouse III Paul reported as ingested for recreational purposes. OTC drugs such as antihistamines, Sabatier, France Oussama Kebir, cough/cold medications, and decongestants are reportedly the most popular in being Institut National de la Santé et de la diverted and misused. Recherche Médicale (INSERM), France Objective: While the current related knowledge is limited, the aim here was to *Correspondence: examine the published clinical data on OTC misuse, focusing on antihistamines Stefania Chiappini (e.g., diphenhydramine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine, and dimenhydrinate), [email protected] dextromethorphan (DXM)- and codeine-based cough medicines, and the nasal Specialty section: decongestant pseudoephedrine. This article was submitted to Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out with the help of Scopus, Addictive Disorders, a section of the journal Web of Science databases, and the related gray literature. -
TIN Toxicity with Analytical Aspects and Its Management
Review Article International Journal of Forensic Science Volume 2 Number 2, July - December 2019 TIN Toxicity with Analytical Aspects and its Management Ashok Kumar Jaiswal1, Kiran Bisht2, Zahid Ali Ch3, Arijit Dey4, Deepak Kumar Sharma5 How to cite this article: Ashok Kumar Jaiswal, Kiran Bisht, Zahid Ali Ch et al. TIN Toxicity with Analytical Aspects and its Management. International Journal of Forensic Science. 2019;2(2):78-83. Abstract Tin is a silvery-white metal, naturally occurring as cassiterite. It is denoted by symbol Sn, has an atomic number 50 and atomic weight 118.71u. The two commonly found oxidation states of tin are Sn (IV) called stannic and Sn (II) called stannous with approximately equal stabilities. Tin has been extensively used for storing food and beverages, transportation, construction industries, in paints, as heat stabilizers, and biocides. Several anthropogenic and natural processes release tin and its compounds into the environment posing a severe toxicological threat to living beings. Several studies prove absorption and accumulation of tin in the various parts of the body such as lungs, kidney, and spleen resulting in impairment of respiratory system, degenerative changes in kidney, central nervous system and reproductive system. The clinical features of tin poisoning along with appropriate diagnosis has been discussed in this paper. The identification of tin and its compounds using various advanced analytical techniques will help in better dealing with the toxic effects of the same. Also, the hospitalization and post-hospitalization management will help to understand the proper care and treatment required by the patient. Keywords: Tin toxicity; Poisoning; Tin; Biocides; Analytical techniques etc. -
درمان و تشخیص نامه شیوه کلرین گاز با مسمومیت Medical Guideline For
شیوه نامه تشخیص و درمان مسمومیت با گاز کلرین Medical Guideline for Chlorine Gas Poisoning اداره کل پدافند غیرعامل وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی مرداد 6931 فهرست مطالب عنوان صفحه 1- مشخصات کلی ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1 ....................................................................................................................... Threshold Limit Values; 2- ویژگیها ............................................................................................................................................... 2 2-1: مکانیسم اثر ...................................................................................................................................... 2 3- نحوه مواجهه و تماس ............................................................................................................................... 3 3-1- مواجهه حاد تنفسی ............................................................................................................................ 4 3-2- مواجهه حاد پوستی ـ مخاطی ................................................................................................................ 4 3-3- مواجهه حاد گوارشی .......................................................................................................................... 5 4- عﻻیم و نشانه های مسمومیت ...................................................................................................................... 5 4-1- عﻻیم مواجهه حاد تنفسی -
Toxicological Profile for Chlorine
CHLORINE 25 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of chlorine. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. 3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and then by health effect (death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects). These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). Levels of significant exposure for each route and duration are presented in tables and illustrated in figures. The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. LOAELs have been classified into "less serious" or "serious" effects. "Serious" effects are those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality (e.g., acute respiratory distress or death). "Less serious" effects are those that are not expected to cause significant dysfunction or death, or those whose significance to the organism is not entirely clear. -
Neurotoxicity: Identifying and Controlling Poisons of the Nervous System
Index -i abused drugs activities of, 33, 81, 88, 322 addiction, 6, 52,74, 75 aldicarb, 47, 173,251 designer drugs, 51 aldrin, 250,252,292 effects on nervous system, 6,9, 51–53, 71 allyl chloride, 303 health costs of, 20,53,232 aluminum, 48 psychoactive drugs, 6, 10,27,44,50 and Alzheimer’s disease, 54-55 withdrawal from, 74 oxide, 14, 136 see also specific drugs Alzheimer’s disease academic research effects on hippocampus, 71 cooperative agreements with government, 94 environmental cause, 3, 6, 54-55, 70, 72 factors influencing directions of, 92-94 research on, 259 acetaldehyde, 297 American Academy of Pediatrics, 189 acetone, 14, 136,296, 297,303 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, acetylcholine, 26, 66, 109, 124,294, 336 28, 151, 185, 186,203,302-303 acetylcholinesterase, 11,50,74,84,187,203, 289,290-292,336 American National Standards Institute, 185 acetylethyl tetramethyl tetralin (AETT) ammonia, 14, 136 exposure route, 108 amphetamines, 74 incidents of poisoning, 47, 54 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurological effects of, 54 characteristics of, 54 acrylamide, 73, 120 environmental cause, 3, 6, 54-55, 70, 72 neurotoxicity testing, 166, 175 incidence of, 54, 55 regulation for neurotoxicity, 178 research on, 259 risk assessment approaches, 150, 151,216 anencephaly, 70 research on neurotoxicity, 258 anilines and substituted anilines, 179 acrylates, 175 animal tests, 13 acrylonitrile, 203 accuracy and reliability, 106, 115 neurotoxicity testing, 166, 173 advantages and limitations of, 105, 106, 111, 112, 114, -
Sound Management of Pesticides and Diagnosis and Treatment Of
* Revision of the“IPCS - Multilevel Course on the Safe Use of Pesticides and on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Presticide Poisoning, 1994” © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgement Part I. Overview 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 2. Overview of the resource tool 2.1 Moduledescription 2.2 Training levels 2.3 Visual aids 2.4 Informationsources 3. Using the resource tool 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Training trainers 3.2.1 Organizational aspects 3.2.2 Coordinator’s preparation 3.2.3 Selection of participants 3.2.4 Before training trainers 3.2.5 Specimen module 3.3 Trainers 3.3.1 Trainer preparation 3.3.2 Selection of participants 3.3.3 Organizational aspects 3.3.4 Before a course 4. -
Recreational Use of Popular Otc Drugs – Pharmacological Review
FARMACIA, 2018, Vol. 66, 2 REVIEW RECREATIONAL USE OF POPULAR OTC DRUGS – PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW PIOTR JAKUBOWSKI *, PUCHAŁA ŁUKASZ, GRZEGORZEWSKI WALDEMAR Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Aleja Warszawska 30, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland *corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received: June 2017 Abstract Over-the-counter medicines use disorder is a serious and growing health problem affecting mainly adolescents. Drugs from many therapeutic classes, including antitussive agents such as dextromethorphan and codeine, antihistamine drugs diphenhydramine and dimenhydrinate, nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine and anti-inflammatory drug benzydamine are used for this purpose. Habitual users of most of these drugs can develop symptoms of substance dependence. When used in large quantities, these drugs can cause numerous toxic effects, including death. Recently many countries introduced legal restrictions in codeine, dextromethorphan and pseudoephedrine sales. Rezumat Abuzul de medicamente eliberate fără rețetă reprezintă o problemă gravă a sănătății care afectează în principal adolescenții. În acest scop, sunt utilizate medicamente din mai multe clase terapeutice, incluzând agenți antitusivi precum dextrometorfan și codeină, medicamente antihistaminice difenhidramină și dimenhidrinat, pseudoefedrină decongestionant nazal și benzidamină medicament antiinflamator. Utilizatorii obișnuiți ai majorității acestor medicamente pot dezvolta simptome de -
Some Investigations on the Toxicology of Tin, with Special Reference to the Metallic Contamination of Canned Foods
VOLUME IX NOVEMBER, 1909 No. 3 SOME INVESTIGATIONS ON THE TOXICOLOGY OF TIN, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE METALLIC CONTAMINATION OF CANNED FOODS. By S. B. SCHRYVER. IN July 1906 attention was drawn to the fact that a large number of tinned foods returned from the South African campaign were exposed for sale on the home markets. The majority of these foods were known to have been from five to seven years in tins, and the possession of this material afforded a rare opportunity for investigating the question of metallic contamination, and for determining how far such contamination was deleterious to the public health. The following account of investigations into the subject is based on a report to the Local Government Board by Dr G. S. Buchanan and myself (Medical Department: Food Reports, No. 7, 1908) extracts from that report being reproduced with the permission of the Controller of H. M. Stationery Office. Previous researches dealing with this subject have been published by Ungar and Bodlander (1887), working in Binz's laboratory, and by Lehmann (1902). The former investigators shewed that by repeated sub- cutaneous injections into animals of small quantities of tin in the form of a non-irritant organic salt (the double tartrate of tin and sodium) over prolonged periods, definite toxic symptoms could be produced, which resulted, after sufficiently long treatment with the metallic salt, in the death of the animal. The general effects of the poison were manifested (a) in disturbances in the alimentary tract, (b) in the general nutrition, and above all (c) in the central nervous system. -
October 13, 2009 Vol. 58, No. 21
October 13, 2009 Vol. 58, No. 21 Telephone 971-673-1111 Fax 971-673-1100 [email protected] http://oregon.gov/dhs/ph/cdsummary OREGON PUBLIC HEALTHOGY DIVISION PUBLICATION • DEPARTMENT OF THE PUBLIC OF HEALTH HUMAN DIVISION SERVICES ORECON DEPATMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES ALGAE BLOOMS: AN EMERGING PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN arine algal blooms are in- 6 days and resolved without medical OREGON’S HARMFUL ALGAE creasing in frequency and att ention. The individual had no pre- BLOOM SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM Mseverity around the world, existing health conditions. The bloom These are two of the 18 human and and freshwater blooms are predicted underway was Anabaena, a species animal suspect illness reports att ribut- to worsen with warmer temperatures of cyanobacteria known to produce able to exposure to toxic freshwater brought by climate disruption and anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin that can algae that have been received by the increases in nutrient pollution.1 While produce symptoms similar to those Public Health Division’s Harmful most species of algae are not harmful, experienced by this case. Algae Bloom Surveillance program in a few dozen are capable of produc- CASE REPORT 2 2009. Also of note this year, the Harm- ing potent toxins. As algal blooms A 42-year old man swam in a Doug- ful Algae Bloom Surveillance program increase, so does the likelihood that las County reservoir shortly before it recorded the fi rst confi rmed dog death public health and private physicians was posted for a cyanobacteria bloom. in Oregon due to anatoxin-a exposure, will see increased cases of illness at- By nightfall he experienced GI symp- produced by cyanobacteria. -
Application of Neutron Activation Analysis Method on Biomonitors for Assessing Environment Quality
NUCLEAR – 2016 ███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████ █████████████████████████████████████████████████ APPLICATION OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS METHOD ON BIOMONITORS FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENT QUALITY E.A. NITESCU, S. VALECA, A.F. BUCSA* University of Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania, [email protected] *RATEN-ICN Pitesti, Mioveni, Romania, [email protected] ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to determine the chemical elements concentrations which affect both the population health and environment, such as toxic agents which are contained in air and are retained by precipitation inside the biomonitors vegetal tissues. The Neutron Activation Analysis is an analytic technique based on measuring the numbers and the energy of gamma radiation emitted by the radioactive isotopes produced in the sample matrix by irradiation with thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor [1]. Usually, the samples are irradiated together with specific neutron flux monitors, duplicates and interest elements standards for a prior selected period of time inside the core of nuclear reactor. After the irradiation experiment and the specific radioactive decaying, can proceed measuring the gamma energies spectrum by using a high resolution detection system (HPGe – High Purity Germanium crystal) for gamma spectrometry and then assess the impact of the traced elements on population and environment. Key words: Neutron Activation Analysis, -
Evaluation of Some Promising Sugarcane Varieties for Infestation with Two Sugarcane Borers, Yield and Quality Under Different Row Spacing in Luxor Governorate, Egypt
International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology Volume 5, Issue 3, 2019, PP 11-21 ISSN No. 2454-941X DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0503002 www.arcjournals.org Evaluation of Some Promising Sugarcane Varieties for Infestation with Two Sugarcane Borers, Yield and Quality under Different Row Spacing in Luxor Governorate, Egypt Fahmy, A.M. 1*, A.S.S. Desoky2, M.O.A. Galal3 1 Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agri. and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Egypt 2 Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agri., Sohag University, Egypt. 3Agron. Dept. Sugar Crop Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Cent., Giza, Egypt. *Corresponding Author: Fahmy, A.M., Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agri. and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Egypt Abstract: The experiment was conducted at El-Mattana Research Station (latitude of 25.25° N and longitude of 32.31° E), Agricultural Research Center, Luxor Governorate, Egypt on a plant cane in 2017/18 and its 1st ratoon in 2018/19 to evaluate the susceptibility of five promising sugarcane varieties viz. G.2004-27, G.84-47, G.2003-47, G.99-103 and C.57-14 compared to the commercial G.T.54-9 variety for infestation with two sugarcane borers (Sesamia cretica and Chilo agamemnon), yield and quality under three inter-row spacing (80, 100 and 120 cm).The studied combinations were randomly distributed in a randomized complete block design in a split-plot distribution, with three replications, where, inter-row spacing were allocated in the main plots, while sugarcane varieties were randomly distributed in the sub-plots. The results indicated that increasing inter-row spacing from 80 to 120 cm led to a significant reduction in dead hearts%, bored stalks%, bored joints, girdled stalks%, mean no. -
Drome De ROSENTHAL (II) 14944 Rc)SSLE's Syndrome
ROSSLE'S 14944-14967 Saccharomyces halluzinatorisches Angst-Syndrom) / syn 14954 rules, pregnancy control / Schwanger drome de ROSENTHAL (II) schaftskontrollregeln f (1. moglichst nicht 14944 Rc)SSLE'S syndrome / ROSSLE' Syndrom (Se invasiv [Ultraschall], 2. nur mit kurzlebigen xogener Kleinwuchs) / nanisme sexoge Radionukliden, vor allem zur Diagnose der nique Nieren- und Plazentafunktion, erst ab 3. 14945 rotation, chromosomal / Rotation, chromo Trimenon [JANISCH]) / regles de controle de somale f (in Bivalenten mit Chiasma zwi grossesse f schen Diplotan und Diakinese eintretende 14955 rules, sense for / Gefuhl fur Regeln n Formverandrung) / rotation chromosomi (psych.) / regles, sens pour m quef 14956 ruling forecast; science forecasting / Richtli 14946 round pronator syndrome / Pronator-teres nienprognose; Wissenschaftsprognose f / Syndrom (Schwache in den langen Finger prevision directrice; prevision scientifique f beugem) / syndrome de pronateur rond 14957 rumors / Geriichte n (konnen aus Traumen 14947 ROVIRALTA'S syndrome / ROVIRALTA' Syn entstehen) / rumeurs f drom (Pylorusstenose und Hiatushemie 14958 running, dancing / Laufen, tanzerisches n mit Magenektopie beim Saugling) / syn (tagliches ohne Leistungsdruck bis zur Er drome phrenopylorique (ROVIRALTA) miidung, besser als Radfahren, Schwim 14948 ROWLEY'S syndrome / ROWLEY' Syndrom men, Reiten, halt aerobe Kapazitat kon (SchwerhOrigkeit mit Halsfisteln) / syn stant, eroffnet Kollateralen und vermehrt drome de ROWLEY Zahl und GroBe der Mitochondrien) / cou 14949 ROWLEy-ROSENBERG syndrome / ROWLEY rir dansant m ROSENBERG' Syndrom (Gestorte Riickab 14959 rupture of the bladder / Blaseruptur f(klin. sorption fast aller Aminosauren) / syn Leitsymptom: blutige Dysurie; sichre Dia drome de ROWLEy-ROSENBERG gnose: Zystographie mit Kontrastmittel, 14950 rubb~~g, emotional/ Reibung, emotionale f wenn nicht moglich, Probelaparotomie und (bei UbervOlkrung groBres Problem als bei jeder gesicherten Ruptur sofortige Op.