Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Detailed Topic Index of Sure Success MAGIC 11th edn. Please download, save as PDF on your phones/laptops/computers OR still better print it and insert 2-3 extra blank sheets in between the chapters so that you can just spiral bind it later and use it to insert any extra topics/ matter which you feel is relevant. Thus it would add more value and help in revision also.

All the Best

Dr Ramgopal

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

EMBRYOLOGY GROWTH FACTORS AND GENES IN EMBRYOGENESIS 1 SPERMATOGENESIS 1 Spermatozoa (Sperm) 1 OOGENESIS 2 PRE-EMBRYONIC PERIOD 3 Fertilization and Implantation (0–7 Days; 1st Week) 3 2nd Week of Development 4 EMBRYONIC PERIOD (3–8 WEEKS) 4 Stage of Trilaminar Germ Disc—3rd Week 4 Ectoderm 4 Neurulation 4 Mesoderm 4 TIMELINE OF EVENTS AFTER FERTILIZATION 5 GERM LAYER DERIVATIVES 6 BRANCHIAL (PHARYNGEAL) APPARATUS 8 Branchial Arch Derivatives 8 Branchial Cleft Derivatives 8 Branchial Pouch Derivatives 8 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 9 Derivatives of the ‘Gut’ 9 Liver development 9` Pancreas development 9 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 9 Heart tube embryological derivatives 9 Aortic Arches and their Derivatives (Fig. 1.5) 9 More Important Points about CVS Embryology 10 Fetal-Postnatal Derivatives 10 URINARY SYSTEM 11 Kidney Embryology 11 Urinary bladder embryology 11 Development of urethra 11 GENITAL HOMOLOGUES IN MALE AND FEMALE 11 DESCENT OF TESTIS , Cryptorchidism 12 CNS EMBRYOLOGY 12 Parts of Developing Brain and their Adult Derivatives 12 Important CNS MCQ Points 13 Neural Tube Defects 13 Anencephaly 13 Spina Bifida 13 Detection and Prevention of NTDs 14 Brain Development Anomalies 14 TONGUE DEVELOPMENT 15 MORE IMPORTANT EMBRYOLOGY TOPICS 15 Cleft Lip and Palate 15 Embryology of Diaphragm 15 Thyroid Gland Development 15 Omphalocele Vs Gastroschisis 15

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ANATOMY EPITHELIUM 16 GLANDS 18 CONNECTIVE TISSUE 19 Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue 19 Dense Connective Tissue 19 Collagen Fibres 19 Types of Collagen 19 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) 19 Villefranche Classification of EDS 20 Elastic Fibres 20 Reticular fibres 20 Adipose tissue (Fat Cells) 20 CARTILAGE 21 Types of Cartilage 21 BONE 22 Parts of a Long Bone 22 Microscopic Structure of Bone 22 Ossification of Bones 22 Growth of a Long Bone 22 Growing end of long bones 22 Components of a Bone 22 Sesamoid bones 23 Types of Epiphysis 23 Bone Markers 23 JOINTS 24 Functional Classification of Joints 24 Fibrous Joints 24 Cartilaginous Joints 24 Synovial joints 25 Synovial Cells 26 MUSCLES 26 Fascicular Arrangement of Muscles 27 ANASTOMOSIS 27 Actual Anastomosis 27 Potential Anastomosis 27 End arteries 27 CLAVICLE 27 SCAPULA 27 HUMERUS 28 RADIUS 29 ULNA 30 Carpal Bones 30 Ossification of Carpal Bones 30 Metacarpal Bones 31 PECTORAL GIRDLE 31 Acromioclavicular Joint 31 Sternoclavicular Joint 31

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

SHOULDER JOINT 31 Stabilisers of the Shoulder Joint 31 Bursae 31 Ligaments 31 Neurovascular Supply 31 Movements of Shoulder 31 ELBOW JOINT 32 Movements of Elbow 32 RADIOULNAR JOINT 32 WRIST JOINT 32 Movements at Wrist Joint 32 MUSCLES OF THE BACK 33 Superficial Muscle of Back 33 Serratus Anterior 33 Trapezius 33 Latissimus Dorsi 33 MUSCLES OF THE SCAPULAR REGION 34 Deltoid 34 Other Muscles of Scapular Region 34 Muscles of Arm 35 More Info about Arm Muscles 36 Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Forearm 36 High Yield MCQ Points about Anterior Forearm Muscles 36 Actions of Anterior Forearm muscles 37 Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Forearm 37 High Yield MCQ Points about Posterior Forearm muscles 37 Actions of posterior forearm muscles 37 Anatomical snuff box 37 HAND 38 Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles 38 Additional Points about Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles 38 Lumbricals 38 Interossei 38 Palmaris Brevis 38 BRACHIAL PLEXUS 38 BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURY 39 Erb-Duchenne Palsy 40 Klumpke’s Paralysis 40 AXILLARY NERVE 40 Lesion of axillary nerve 40 MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE 41 Axillary Artery 41 Axillary Vein 41 Scapular anastomosis 41 Brachial Artery 41 Ulnar Artery 42 Radial Artery 42 Arteries for Cannulation 42 PECTORAL REGION 42 Sternal Angle 42 Clavipectoral Fascia 43

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Structures piercing the clavipectoral fascia 43 Muscles of the Pectoral Region 43 AXILLA 43 Axillary Lymph Nodes 44 MAMMARY GLAND (BREAST) 44 Blood Supply of the Breast 44 Congenital breast anomalies 44 CUBITAL FOSSA 44 SPACES OF THE HAND 45 HIP BONE 45 Attachments to Iliac Crest 45 Attachments to Ischial Tuberosity 45 Greater Sciatic Notch 46 Lesser Sciatic Notch 46 FEMUR 46 Upper End of Femur 46 Shaft of Femur 46 Lower End of Femur 47 Blood Supply of Femoral Head 47 Ossification 47 TIBIA 47 Upper End of Tibia 47 Shaft of Tibia 48 Lower End of Tibia 49 Blood Supply of Tibia 49 FIBULA 49 TARSAL BONES 49 METATARSAL BONES 49 Accessory Bones in Skeleton of Foot 49 HIP JOINT 49 Ligaments of Hip Joint 49 Stabilisers of Hip Joint 49 Nerve Supply 50 Movements at Hip Joint 50 Trendelenburg’s sign 50 KNEE JOINT 50 Stabilisers of Knee Joint 50 Fibrous Capsule of Knee Joint 50 Ligaments of Knee Joint 50 Locking and Unlocking of Knee 51 Movements of Knee Joint 51 ANKLE JOINT 51 Deltoid Ligament (MediaL Ligament) 51 Lateral Ligament of Ankle Joint 51 Relations of Ankle Joint 51 Movements at Ankle Joint 52 INTERTARSAL JOINTS 52 ARCHES OF FOOT 52 MUSCLES OF GLUTEAL REGION 52 Other Important Points about Gluteal Region Muscles 52 ANTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES 53

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Other Important Points about Anterior Thigh Muscles 53 MEDIAL THIGH MUSCLES 53 Other Important Points about Medial Thigh Muscles 53 POSTERIOR THIGH MUSCLES 53 Other Important Points about Posterior Thigh Muscles 53 MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG 53 Other Important Points about Anterior Leg Muscles 53 Extensor retinacula 54 MUSCLES OF LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF LEG 54 Other Important Points About Lateral Leg Muscles 54 MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG 54 Other Important Points about Posterior Leg Muscles 54 Gastrocnemius and Soleus 54 Flexor retinaculum 54 DEEP FASCIA OF THIGH (FASCIA LATA) 55 FEMORAL TRIANGLE 55 FEMORAL SHEATH 55 FEMORAL CANAL 55 ADDUCTOR CANAL 56 POPLITEAL FOSSA 56 FEMORAL NERVE 56 Saphenous Nerve 56 OBTURATOR NERVE 57 SACRAL PLEXUS 57 SCIATIC NERVE 57 COMMON PERONEAL NERVE 57 TIBIAL NERVE 58 FEMORAL ARTERY 59 Profunda Femoris 59 POPLITEAL ARTERY 59 ANTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY 59 POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY 59 GREAT (LONG) SAPHENOUS VEIN 59 SMALL (SHORT) SAPHENOUS VEIN 60 PERFORATING VEINS (PERFORATORS) 60 RIBS 60 Classification of ribs 60 Typical Rib 60 Atypical Ribs—First Rib 60 Other Atypical Ribs 61 STERNUM 61 Ossification of sternum 61 THORACIC INLET 62 Structures Passing Through Thoracic Inlet 62 MUSCLES OF CHEST WALL 62 Intercostal Muscles 62 Respiratory movements 62 BLOOD VESSELS OF CHEST WALL 63 Arterial Supply 63 Venous Drainage 63 NERVES OF CHEST WALL 64

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

THORACIC DUCT 64 BASICS ABOUT AIRWAYS 64 TRACHEA 65 BRONCHI 65 BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT 65 PLEURA 66 Subdivisions of Parietal Pleura 66 Pleural tapping (Thoracocentesis) 66 LUNGS 67 Structures Related to the Medial Surface of the Lungs 67 Relations of Apex of Lung 67 Pancoast syndrome 67 Blood Supply of Lungs 67 DIAPHRAGM 67 Openings in the Diaphragm 67 PERICARDIUM 68 Pericardial sinuses 68 HEART 68 External Features of Heart 68 Surfaces of Heart 68 Interior of Right Atrium 68 Interatrial Septum 69 Interior of Right Ventricle 69 Heart Valves 69 BLOOD SUPPLY OF HEART 69 Right Coronary Artery (RCA) 69 Left Coronary Artery (LCA) 70 Heart—Venous Drainage 70 CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART 71 Heart-Nerve Supply 71 Heart Borders on Chest X-ray 72 High Yield Heart Points 72 ABDOMEN 72 Anterior Abdominal wall 72 Planes of Abdomen 72 Layers of Anterior Abdominal Wall 72 Fascia of anterior abdominal wall 72 Cutaneous Nerves of Anterior Abdominal Wall 73 Disorders at Umbilicus 73 Muscles of Abdominal walls 73 External Oblique 73 Internal Oblique 73 Transversus Abdominis 73 Actions of Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles 73 Rectus sheath 73 Rectus Abdominis 73 Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall 74 Peritoneum 74 Retroperitoneal structures 74 VARIOUS PERITONEAL FOLDS 74 Basic Terms 74

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Omenta 74 Mesentery 75 Peritoneal Ligaments 75 PERITONEAL CAVITY 75 Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa) 75 Epiploic Foramen 76 Greater Sac 76 ESOPHAGUS 76 Constrictions of the Esophagus 77 STOMACH 77 Bed of Stomach 78 Arterial Supply of Stomach 78 Venous Drainage of Stomach 78 Nerve Supply of Stomach 78 Lymphatic Drainage of Stomach 79 DUODENUM 79 Parts of Duodenum 79 Blood Supply of the Duodenum 80 Ligament of Trietz 80 JEJUNUM AND ILEUM 80 Histology of Small Intestine 80 LARGE INTESTINE (COLON) 80 Special features of large intestine 81 Blood Supply of Colon 81 VERMIFORM APPENDIX 81 MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM 81 Rule of 2s – Meckel’s diverticum 81 RECTUM 81 ANAL CANAL 82 Anal Sphincters 83 Other Abdominal Organs 83 LIVER 83 Anatomical Lobes of Liver 83 Functional Lobes of the Liver 83 Counaid’s Segments 83 Blood Supply of the Liver 84 Bare Area of the Liver 84 Porta Hepatis 84 Histology of the Liver 84 Subdivisions of Liver Parenchyma 84 BILIARY DUCT SYSTEM 84 GALLBLADDER 85 Calot’s triangle 85 Other ‘Eponymous’ Gallbladder MCQ Points 85 PANCREAS 85 Relations of Pancreas 85 Ducts of Pancreas 86 SPLEEN 86 Ligaments of Spleen 86 Histology of Spleen 86 Other Functions of Spleen are 86

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Isomerism 86 KIDNEYS 87 Coverings of the Kidney 87 Posterior Relations of Kidney 87 Blood Supply of Kidneys 87 Internal Structure of Kidney 87 URETER 87 Site of Constrictions of Ureter 88 Course of Ureter 88 Relations of Abdominal Part of Ureter 88 Relations of Pelvic Part of Ureter 88 Blood Supply of Ureter 88 URINARY BLADDER 88 Relations of Bladder 88 Ligaments of Bladder 88 Interior of Bladder 88 Blood and nerve supply of bladder 89 MALE URETHRA 89 Epithelial Lining of Male Urethra 89 FEMALE URETHRA 90 URETHRAL SPHINCTERS 90 PENIS 90 Nerve supply of penis 90 Arterial supply of penis: 90 Hypospadias 90 Epispadias 90 SCROTUM 91 TESTIS 91 Blood-Testis barrier 91 EPIDIDYMIS 91 DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS 91 PROSTATE 92 PERINEUM 92 Superificial Perineal Pouch 92 Deep Perineal Pouch 92 Ischiorectal Fossa 93 Urogenital Diaphragm 93 Perineal Body 93 PUDENDAL NERVE 93 PELVIC DIAPHRAGM 93 AORTA 93 Parts of Aorta 93 Branches of Ascending Aorta 93 Branches of Arch of Aorta 93 Branches of Descending/Thoracic Aorta 94 Branches of Abdominal Aorta 94 Further Course of Abdominal Aorta 94 MORE ABOUT THE BRANCHES OF AORTA 94 Branches of Subclavian Artery 94 Branches of Celiac Artery are: 94 Branches of Internal Iliac Artery 95

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Branches of External Iliac Artery 95 Internal Pudendal Artery 95 MAIN VEINS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN 95 External Jugular Vein 95 Internal Jugular Vein 95 Brachiocephalic Veins (BV) 95 Azygos Vein 96 Hemiazygos Vein 96 Accessory hemiazygos vein 96 Superior Vena Cava 96 Inferior Vena Cava 96 Portal Vein 96 Sites of Portal Systemic Anastomoses 97 Vessels Preferred for Procedures 97 Sources of Bleeding 97 Origin of Nutrient Arteries 97 SKULL 97 Skull Bones 97 Joints Between Cranial Bones 97 Anatomical Position of the Skull 97 Main Skull Sutures 98 Various Important “Points” 98 Major Foramina of the Skull and Structures Transmitted 98 Other Foramina 98 Sphenoid Bone 99 Temporal bone 99 More High Yield About Skull 99 SCALP 100 Layers of the Scalp 100 More High Yield About Scalp 100 Loose subaponeurotic areolar tissue (4th layer) 100 Arterial Supply of Scalp 100 Nerve Supply of Scalp 100 FACIAL MUSCLES 101 FACIAL ARTERY 101 FACIAL VEIN 102 SENSORY NERVE SUPPLY OF FACE 102 MUSCLES OF MASTICATION 102 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 103 Actions at T-M joint 103 TONGUE 103 Taste 103 Muscles of Tongue 103 Blood Supply 103 Lymphatic Drainage 103 PALATE 104 TRIANGLES OF THE NECK 104 Posterior Triangle 104 Anterior Triangle 104 DEEP CERVICAL FASCIA 105 MUSCLES OF THE NECK 105

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Superficial Cervical Muscles 105 Infrahyoid Muscles 106 Suprahyoid Muscles 106 SALIVARY GLANDS 107 Major Salivary Glands 107 Minor Salivary Glands 107 PAROTID GLAND 107 Parotid Capsule 107 Processes of Parotid Gland 107 Relations of Parotid Gland 107 Structures Inside the Parotid Gland 107 Parotid Duct (Stensen’s Duct) 108 Parasympathetic (Secretomotor) Innervation of Parotid Gland 108 SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND 108 Submandibular Duct (Wharton’s Duct) 108 Secretomotor (Parasympathetic) Nerve Supply 108 SUBLINGUAL GLAND 108 CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA 109 GANGLIA OF HEAD AND NECK 110 VERTEBRAE 111 Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) 111 Characteristic features of typical cervical vertebrae are 111 Craniovertebral Joints 111 Ligaments Connecting Atlas, Axis and Occipital Bone 111 Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) 112 Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) 112 SPINAL CORD 112 Spinal Nerves 112 Meninges of Spinal Cord 113 Blood Supply of Spinal Cord 113 VERTEBRAL LEVELS 113 CRANIAL MENINGES 114 Dura Mater 114 Craniovertebral Joints 114 Arachnoid Mater 114 Spaces Related to Meninges 114 Subarachnoid Cisterns 114 CEREBRUM 115 Cerebral Sulci 115 Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex (Brodmann Areas) 115 WHITE MATTER OF CEREBRUM 117 Corpus Callosum 117 Internal Capsule 117 DIENCEPHALON 118 Thalamus 118 Metathalamus 118 Epithalamus 118 Fileds of Forel 118 Hypothalamus 118 Functions of Hypothalamus are: 118 MIDBRAIN 119

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Pons 119 Medulla Oblongata 119 Blood supply of medulla 119 CEREBELLUM 120 Phylogenetic Divisions of Cerebellum 120 BASAL GANGLIA 120 LIMBIC SYSTEM 120 Papez Circuit 120 More High Yield Points 120 CRANIAL NERVES 120 Location of Cranial Nerve Nuclei 120 Functional Aspects of Cranial Nerve Nuclei 120 MUST Know MCQ facts about Cranial Nerves 122 More Info about Cranial Nerves Supplying the Eye 123 More Info about Cranial Nerves Supplying the Eye 123 BLOOD SUPPLY OF BRAIN 123 Internal Carotid Artery 123 Circle of Willis 123 Berry Aneurysms 124 External Carotid A. 124 Vertebral A. 124 CAVERNOUS SINUS 125 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis 125 Few important names in cerebral venous drainage 125 More anatomy MCQ topics 125 Named Nerves 125 History of Anatomy 126

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PHYSIOLOGY BODY FLUID PHYSIOLOGY 127 In an average 70 kg man 127 Body Water Distribution 127 Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes 127 TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES 127 Active vs Passive Transport 127 Carrier Mediated Transport 127 Types of Carrier Proteins 128 Simple Diffusion 128 Facilitated Diffusion 128 Non-Ionic Diffusion 128 Osmosis 128 Osmotic Pressure 129 Other Transport Phenomena 129 Primary Active Transport 129 1. Na+–K+ pump (Na+–K+ ATPase) 129 2. Ca++ Pump (Ca++ ATPase) 129 3. H+ K+ ATPase 129 ABC Transporters 129 Secondary Active Transport 130 Vesicular Transport 130 MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 130 Equations Used for Membrane Potential 130 Resting Membrane Potential 130 CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) 131 Functions of cell membrane proteins 131 Effects of Temperature on Fluid Mosaic 131 Dynamicity of Cell Membrane 131 Protein: Lipid Ratio of Biological Membranes 131 Marker Enzymes for Major Cell Organelle 132 MITOCHONDRIA 132 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) 132 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 132 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 132 GOLGI COMPLEX 132 LYSOSOMES 133 PEROXISOME 133 CENTROSOMES 133 CYTOSKELETON 133 More MCQ Info About Cytoskeleton 134 Molecular Motors 134 Cilia 134 Rafts and Caveolae 134 INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS 134 NEURON 135 Parts of a Neuron 135 Myelin 136

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Axonal (Axoplasmic) Transport 136 Types of Neurons 136 NERVE POTENTIALS 137 Terms used for Membrane Potentials 137 1. Electrotonic (Graded) Potential 137 2. Local Response 137 ACTION POTENTIAL 137 Causes of Different Phases of Action Potential 137 Refractory Period 138 Other Types of Action Potential 138 Conduction of Action Potential 138 Saltatory Conduction 138 Ortho– and Antidromic 138 Strength Duration Curve 139 Differences between Graded (Local) Potential and Action Potential 139 NERVE FIBRE CLASSIFICATION 139 Susceptibility of Nerve Fibres 139 SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 140 Postsynaptic Potentials 140 Renshaw Cell Inhibition 140 NERVE INJURY 140 Seddon’s Classification of Nerve Injury 140 Sunderland’s Classification 141 Nerve Degeneration 141 Muscle Physiology 141 MUSCLES 141 SKELETAL MUSCLE 142 Physiologic Anatomy of Muscle Fibre 142 Muscle Contractile Proteins 142 More Dystrophin Points 142 Sarcomere 142 Sarcolemma 143 Sarcotubular System 143 Excitation Contraction Coupling 143 Sliding Filament Theory 144 Cross Bridge Cycle 144 Role of ATP in muscle contraction 144 Types of Contractions 144 MOTOR UNIT 144 Size Principle 144 Henneman Principle 145 Temporal Summation 145 TYPES OF MUSCLE FIBRES 145 Denervation Hypersensitivity 145 SMOOTH MUSCLES 145 Physiologic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle 145 Nerve Supply 146 Types of Smooth Muscles 146 Characteristic Electrical Activities of Smooth Muscle 146 Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction 146 Some UNIQUE Features of Smooth Muscle Contraction 146

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY 147 CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART 147 Conduction Speed of Impulse (Velocity of Conduction) 147 Spread/Conduction of Cardiac Impulse 147 CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL 147 Pacemaker Potential 148 Heart-Nerve Supply 148 Effect of Autonomic Nerves of Heart 148 CARDIAC CYCLE 148 Duration of Cardiac Cycle 148 Phases in Cardiac Cycle 149 Cardiac Indices 149 CARDIAC OUTPUT 150 Measurement of Cardiac Output 150 Cardiac Reserve 150 Factors Affecting Cardiac Output 150 Contractility 150 Preload and Afterload 150 Frank Starling Law 150 Factors Affecting Heart Rate 150 BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) 151 Blood Pressure Formulae 151 Measurement of BP 151 Falsely High BP Values (Pseudo-HTN) 151 Blood pressure waves 151 Regulation of BP 151 Cushing’s Reflex 152 Bainbridge Reflex 152 Bezold-Jarisch Reflex (Coronary Chemoreflex) 152 Nitric Oxide 152 Endothelins (ET) 152 BASICS OF HEMODYNAMICS 152 Ohm’s Law 152 Poiseuille-Hagen Formula 152 Types of Flow 153 Reynold’s Number 153 Velocity 153 FACTORS AFFECTING PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE 154 Radius of Blood Vessel 154 Viscosity of Blood 154 Law of Laplace 154 BASICS OF VASCULAR SYSTEM 154 Capillaries 154 Pericytes 154 Types of Blood Vessels 154 REGIONAL CIRCULATION 155 Important numbers 155 CEREBRAL CIRCULATION 155 CORONARY CIRCULATION 155 PULMONARY CIRCULATION 155 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY 156

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

REGULATION OF PULMONARY CIRCULATION 157 V/Q RATIO 157 BASICS OF AIRWAYS 157 PRESSURES IN THORACIC CAVITY 157 Intrapleural Pressure 157 Alveolar Pressure 158 Transmural Pressure 158 LUNG COMPLIANCE 158 Factors affecting Lung compliance 158 SURFACTANT 158 AIRWAY RESISTANCE 158 WORK OF BREATHING 159 Dead Space 159 LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES 159 Static Lung Volumes and Capacities 159 Dynamic Lung Volumes and Capacities 160 Obstructive Vs Restrictive Lung Disease 160 Common Respiratory Diseases by Diagnostic Categories 160 GAS EXCHANGE IN LUNGS 160 Diffusion Gradient 160 Diffusion Capacity of Lung 160 Perfusion and Diffusion Limited Gas Exchange 160 Diffusion Capacity of Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) 160 Physiologic Shunt 161 OXYGEN TRANSPORT 162 Dissolved Oxygen 162 Oxygen Bound to Hb 162 OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE 162 Effects on Oxy-Hb curve 162 Effects of Myoglobin 162 Effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO) 162 CO2 TRANSPORT 162 Haldane Effect 163 HYPOXIA 163 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy 163 REGULATION OF RESPIRATION 163 Reflexes Related to Respiration 164 Different Patterns of Breathing 164 Cheyne-Stokes Respiration/Periodic respiration/ Cyclic 164 Respiration PHYSIOLOGIC ADAPTATIONS TO HIGH ALTITUDE 164 MORE HIGH YIELD POINTS 164 Renal physiology 165 NEPHRON ANATOMY 165 Types of Nephron 165 Renal blood flow numerics 166 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BARRIER 166 JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS 166 RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM 166 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION 167 Clearance 167

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 167 Permeability 167 TUBULAR FUNCTIONS 168 Proximal Tubule Function 168 Loop of Henle Function 168 Collecting Tubule and Duct 168 COUNTER-CURRENT SYSTEM 168 Transport maximum (Tm) 168 BUFFERS IN BLOOD 169 MICTURITION 169 ANION GAP 169 MORE HIGH YIELD POINTS 169 GIT PHYSIOLOGY 170 GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY 170 Basic Electrical Rhythm 170 Peristalsis 170 Deglutitive Inhibition 170 Migrating Motor Complexes 170 Segmentation 170 Types of Gastric Motility 170 Factors Regulating Gastric Emptying 171 GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES 171 Glucagon-like Peptide (GLP) 172 Salient Features of Other GI Hormones 172 SALIVARY SECRETION 172 GASTRIC SECRETION 173 Gastric Cell Types 173 Phases of Gastric Secretion 173 PANCREATIC SECRETION 173 ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE GUT 173 Absorption of Carbohydrates 173 CNS sensory Physiology 173 MYELIN 173 SENSORY RECEPTORS 173 Based on Function 173 Based on Manner in which Stimulated 174 Tactile Receptors 174 Muscle Spindles 174 Golgi Tendon Organ 175 Flexor- withdrawal reflex 176 NEUROTRANSMITTERS 176 SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS 177 LAWS IN SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY 177 CNS MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY 177 Pyramidal Tracts 177 Extrapyramidal Tracts 177 Organization of Descending Tracts in Spinal Cord 178 UMN vs LMN Lesions 178 Spinal Shock 178 Decerebrate Rigidity 178 Decorticate Rigidity 178

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

POSTURAL REFLEXES 179 PHYSIOLOGY OF LOBES OF THE BRAIN 179 Functions of Lobes of the Brain 179 Features of Localized Cerebral Lesions 179 Language Disturbance 180 COMPARISON OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS 180 SYSTEM MOVEMENT DISORDERS 180 Tremors 181 PERIPHERAL NERVE REFLEXES “JERKS” 181 MEMORY 181 Brain Areas Involved in Integration of Memory 181 Calculating V/Q ratio 181

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

BIOCHEMISTRY ENZYMES 182 Coenzymes 182 Examples of Coenzymes 182 Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups 182 Metals as Cofactors and Prosthetic Groups 182 CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES 183 FACTORS INFLUENCING ENZYME ACTIVITY 183 Temperature 183 Substrate Concentration 184 pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration) 184 Michelis Menton Equation 184 Lineweaver Burke Plot 184 THEORIES OF MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION 184 ENZYME INHIBITION 184 Examples of Competitive Inhibitors 185 Examples of Non-competitive Inhibitors 185 Suicide Inhibition 185 Feedback Inhibition 185 Allosteric Regulation 185 Measurement of Enzyme Activity 185 Therapeutic Uses of Enzymes 186 Enzymes Used for Diagnostic Purposes 186 AMINO ACIDS 186 Basics of Amino Acids 186 Dissociation of Amino Acids 186 Classification of Amino Acids 186 Glycine (Gly) 187 Functions of glutathione 188 Histidine (His) 188 Alanine (Ala) 188 Lysine (Lys) 188 Tryptophan (Try) 188 Aspartic Acid (Aspartate) 189 Methionine 189 Serine 189 Cysteine 189 Cystine 189 Arginine 189 Tyrosine 189 Important MCQ Points about Amino Acids 189 Color Reactions of Amino Acids 189 Specialized Products from Individual Amino Acids 190 AMINO ACID METABOLISM 190 1. Transamination 190 2. Deamination 190 3. Transport of Ammonia 191 4. Reactions of Urea Cycle 191

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

UREA CYCLE 191 UREA CYCLE DISORDERS 191 Agrinine Supplementation (Provides ornithine) 192 HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIAS 192 Phenylketonuria (PKU) 192 DISORDERS OF TYROSINE METABOLISM 192 Alkaptonuria (Ochronosis) 193 DISORDERS OF SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS 193 Homocystinuria 193 Cystinuria 193 Cystinosis 193 DISORDERS OF BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS 193 Maple Syrup Urine Disease 193 Isovaleric Acidemia 193 OTHER DISEASES 194 Hartnup Disease 194 Canavan Disease 194 ONE CARBON METABOLISM 194 CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS 194 Based on Shape of Proteins 194 Based on Composition 194 STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS 195 Primary Structure 195 Secondary Structure 195 1. Alpha Helix 195 2. Beta Pleated Sheet 195 Super Secondary Structures (Motifs) 195 Tertiary Structure 195 Quaternary Structure 196 Isopeptide Bond 196 PROTEIN DENATURATION 196 PRECIPITATION REACTION OF PROTEINS 196 METHODS OF QUANTATION OF TOTAL PROTEINS 196 PROTEIN SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION METHODS 196 Electrophoresis 197 Chromatography 197 High Yield One Liners 197 STUDY OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 197 Determination of Primary Structure/Sequencing of Proteins 197 End Group Analysis 197 Mass Spectrometry 197 Study of Secondary Structure of Proteins 198 Study of Tertiary Structure of Proteins 198 BLOOR’S CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS 198 Simple Lipids 198 Compound Lipids 198 Derived Lipids (Precursor Lipids) 198 Lecithin 198 FATTY ACIDS 198 More about Fatty Acids 199 Omega Classification of Fatty Acids 199

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Omega- 3 Fatty Acids 199 More High Yield Points 199 Fatty Acid Breakdown 200 LIPID STORAGE DISEASES OR SPHINGOLIPIDOSES 200 Mucopolysaccharidoses 201 LIPOPROTEINS 201 APOLIPOPROTEINS 202 Tangier’s Disease 203 CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES 203 Monosaccharides 203 Biologically Significant Hexoses 203 Disaccharides 204 Oligosaccharides 204 Polysaccharides 204 More about Individual Polysaccharides 204 Glycosaminoglycans (Mucopolysaccharides) 204 Glycoproteins and Mucoproteins 205 More about Glucose 205 Polyol Pathway of Glucose 205 Isomers 205 Methods for Estimation of Glucose 206 Absorption of Carbohydrates 206 Summary of Glucose Transporters 206 Disorders of Galactose and Lactose Metabolism 206 Disorders of Galactose and Lactose Metabolism 207 SITES OF METABOLIC PROCESSES 207 RATE-LIMITING ENZYMES OF METABOLIC PROCESSES 207 GLYCOLYSIS (EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY) 208 Characteristics of Glycolysis 208 Inhibitors of glycolysis 208 Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency 208 Comparison of Hexokinase and Glucokinase 208 GLUCONEOGENESIS 208 Substrates for gluconeogenesis include 208 Functions of Gluconeogensis 208 Cori Cycle (Lactic Acid Cycle) 209 Pentose Phosphate Pathway or Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) 209 Shunt G6PD Deficiency 209 Glycogen and Glycogen Metabolism 210 Fate of Pyruvate 210 Glycogen Storage Disease 210 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 211 Inhibitors of the Electron Transport Chain 211 High Energy Phosphate Compounds 211 Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle 211 What We Understand from the above Diagram is: 213 ins in the TCA cycle 213 Energy Yield from 1 mol of Glucose 213 HEMOGLOBIN 213 Hemoglobin Structure 213

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Normal Human Hemoglobins 213 Hemoglobin Variants 213 Heme synthesis 214 Hemoglobin Modifications 214 Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) 214 Heme Catabolism 214 CSF 214 CSF Findings in Meningitis 214 Normal values 214 BILE ACIDS AND BILE SALTS 215 Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Salts 216 Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice 216 PORPHYRIAS 216 Classification of Human Porphyrias 216 MORE HIGH YIELD TOPICS 216 Fasting and Starvation 216 Miscellaneous 217 VITAMINS 217 Fat-Soluble Vitamins 217 Water Soluble Vitamins 217 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 217 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 218 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 218 Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) 218 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 218 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 219 Folic Acid 219 Biotin (Vitamin B7 or Vitamin ‘H’) 219 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 220 Vitamin A 220 Vitamin D 220 Vitamin E 220 Vitamin K 220 TRACE ELEMENTS SUMMARY 221 BIOTECHNOLOGY 222 DNA Analysis 222 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 222 DNA Fingerprinting 222 NUCLEIC ACIDS 222 Nucleotides 222 Disorders Caused by Deficiencies in the Enzymes Involved in 223 Nucleotide Metabolism Nucleic Acids 223 DNA Structure 223 Non-Watson Crick Base Pairs 223 Properties of DNA 223 DNA Replication 224 Genetic Code Features 224 Mutations in DNA 224 RNA 224 Transcription 224

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Translation 225 Other RNAs 225

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

MICROBIOLOGY HISTORY 226 Important People 226 Contributions of Louis Pasteur 226 Contributions of Robert Koch 226 More Historical One-Liners 227 BACTERIOLOGY 227 Bacteria and their Alternate Names 227 Meanings of some terms 227 Motility of Organisms 228 Shapes of Bacteria 228 Urease positive organisms 228 Colony Appearances 228 Selective Media 228 Transport Media 229 Pigment-Producing Bacteria 229 Spore-Forming Bacteria 229 Zoonotic Bacteria 229 Diseases Transmitted Through Raw Cow’s Milk 229 MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA 230 Bacterial Cell Walls 230 Bacterial Capsule 230 Encapsulated bacteria 230 Metachromatic Granules 231 Flagella 231 Fimbria (Pili) 231 Bacterial Toxins 231 Exotoxins and their Mechanism of Action 231 Bacterial Division 231 Generation times (doubling time) 232 Bacterial Count 232 Bacterial Growth Curve 232 Temperature and Bacterial Growth 232 Oxygen and Bacterial Growth 232 Carbon Dioxide and Bacterial Growth 232 Ph and Bacterial Growth 232 Special bacterial growth factors 232 Intracellular organisms 233 MICROSCOPES 233 Resolving powers 233 STAINING TECHNIQUES 233 Simple Stains 233 Negative Staining 233 Impregnation Staining 233 Differential Stains 234 Gram Stain 234 Acid Fast Staining 234 STERILIZATION 234

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Dry Heat 235 Moist Heat 235 Aldehydes 235 Ethylene Oxide (ETO) 235 Alcohols 235 Halogens 236 Radiations 236 Classification of Disinfectants 236 Testing of disinfectant 236 Spaulding Classification of Sterilization 236 Disinfection of Spores (Sporicidal Agents) 236 Disinfection of Sputum 236 Order of Resistance to Disinfectants 236 Sterilization of prions 236 Summary of Sterilization Methods in Different Situations 236 CULTURE MEDIA 237 Simple (Basal) Media 237 Complex Media 237 Special Media 237 Agar Agar or Agar 237 Blood Culture 237 More One-Liners 238 BACTERIAL GENETICS 238 Plasmids 238 Classification of Plasmids 238 Transfer of Genetic Material in Bacteria 238 Transformation 238 Transduction 238 Lysogenic Conversion 239 Conjugation 239 Transposons 239 Classification of Gram Positive Cocci (see Flowchart) 239 Drug Resistance 240 STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 240 COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI (CONS) 242 MICROCOCCI 242 HEMOLYTIC BACTERIA 242 CLASSIFICATION OF STREPTOCOCCI 242 STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES 243 GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI (STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE) 244 GROUP C STREPTOCOCCI 244 VIRIDANS GROUP STREPTOCOCCI 245 NONENTEROCOCCAL GROUP D STREPTOCOCCI 245 ENTEROCOCCUS 245 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE (PNEUMOCOCCUS) 245 NEISSERIA 247 NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS 247 NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE 248 HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE 249 HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI 250 HACEK 250

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

CORYNEBACTERIUM 250 NON-DIPHTHERIA CORYNEBACTERIUM 251 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS 251 ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA (RUNYON’S CLASSIFICATION) 252 ENTEROBACTERIACEAE 252 ESCHERICHIA COLI 252 KLEBSIELLA 253 PROTEUS 253 SHIGELLA 253 SALMONELLA 254 NON-TYPHOIDAL SALMONELLAE 254 CLOSTRIDIUM 255 BACILLUS ANTHRACIS 257 BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS 258 BRUCELLA 259 MYCOPLASMA 259 VIBRIO CHOLERAE 259 HALOPHILIC VIBRIOS 260 LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILIA 261 PSEUDOMONAS 262 ACTINOMYCES AND NOCARDIA 262 LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES 263 CAMPYLOBACTER 263 YERSINIA PESTIS 263 LEPTOSPIROSIS 263 CHLAMYDIAE 264 RICKETTSIAL DISEASES 264 VIROLOGY 265 Classification of DNA Viruses 265 Classification of RNA Viruses 265 GENERAL VIROLOGY 266 Size of Viruses 266 Shapes of Viruses 266 Cultivation of Viruses 267 Cell Lines 267 Detection of Viral Growth in Cell Line 267 Assay of Infectivity of Viruses 267 VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES 267 DNA viruses 268 POXVIRUS 268 PAPOVAVIRIDAE (HPV) 268 ADENOVIRUS 268 Parvovirus 268 HERPES VIRUSES 268 RNA Viruses 269 PICORNAVIRUSES 269 1. Poliovirus 269 2. Coxsackievirus 269 3. Enterovirus 270 4. Echovirus 270 RHABDOVIRUS (RABIES VIRUS) 270

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ORTHOMYXOVIRUS 270 PARAMYXOVIRUS 270 OTHER RNA VIRUSES 270 SUMMARY OF HEPATITIS VIRUSES 271 HEPATITIS B VIRUS 272 Hepatitis B Serology 273 HEPATITIS C VIRUS ESSENTIALS 273 MYCOLOGY 273 DEEP FUNGAL INFECTIONS 273 Candida 273 Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus Neoformans) 274 Histoplasmosis 274 Mucormycosis 274 Coccidioidomycosis 274 Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis) 274 Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis) 274 Aspergillosis 274 SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES 275 Chromoblastomycosis 275 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix Schenckii) 275 Maduramycosis

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PARASITOLOGY HISTORY 278 LIFE CYCLE OF PARASITES 278 Classification of living organisms 278 Charcot-Leyden Crystals 278 Parasites Causing Autoinfection 278 Parasites causing Bloody Diarrhea 278 Parasites Found in Peripheral Blood Film 278 Parasites Found in Urine 278 Parasites Causing Myocarditis 278 Obligate Intracellular Parasites 278 Acid-fast Parasites 278 Parasites Vertically Transmitted 278 Parasites Exhibiting Antigenic Variation 279 TESTS FOR PARASITES 279 Detection in parasitic diseases 279 Skin Tests for Parasites 279 EGGS 279 Eggs Which Do NOT Float in Saturated Salt Solution 279 Bile Staining of Eggs 279 Schistosome Eggs 279 Parasites with Operculated Eggs 279 HELMINTHS: GENERAL FEATURES 280 HELMINTHS: CESTODES (TAPEWORMS) 280 Taenia Saginata Versus Taenia Solium 280 Echinococcus Granulosus 281 D.latum 282 HELMINTHS: TREMATODES (FLUKES) 282 BLOOD FLUKES 282 Schistosomes 282 Fasciola Hepatica and Clonorchis Sinensis 283 LUNG FLUKE: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI 284 HELMINTHS: NEMATODES 284 Strongyloides Stercoralis 284 Hookworms 284 Trichinella and Trichuris 284 Enterobius Vermicularis 285 Ascaris Lumbricoides 285 FILARIAL WORMS 286 Filarial Nematodes and their Vectors 286 Clinical Features of Filariasis 287 PROTOZOA 288 Entamoeba Histolytica 289 Summary of Important Protozoa 289 Leishmaniasis 290 Toxoplasma Gondii 291 PLASMODIUM AND MALARIA 291 Parasitology Clinical Hints 294

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

AIDS HIV Chronology 295 Viral Structure 295 Transmission 296 CD4+ T Lymphocytes 296 Stages of HIV Infection 296 Lab Diagnosis of HIV Infection 297 Tests for Direct Detection of HIV 297 Prophylaxis-Based on CD4 Counts 297 CDC Stage 3 (AIDS)—Defining Opportunistic Illnesses 298 RESPIRATORY DISEASE 298 PNEUMOCYSTIS 298 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 299 GIT DISEASE 299 CNS DISEASE 299 SKIN DISEASE 299 RENAL DISEASE 299 KAPOSI’S SARCOMA (KS) 299 OTHER DISEASES 300 IRIS SYNDROME 300 OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF AIDS 300 CMV retinitis 300 POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYALXIS, PEP (NACO) 300 HIV IN CHILDREN 300 Reducing PPTCT or Reducing MTCT 301 ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS (ANTI-HIV AGENTS) 301 PSM POINTS ABOUT HIV 304 “MOST COMMONS” IN AIDS 304

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

IMMUNOLOGY Lymphoreticular System Components 306 Lymphoid Organs 306 Definitions 306 Lymphocytes 307 Distinguishing Features of T-Cell and B-Cell 307 Cytotoxic T cells 307 Helper T cells 307 Types of Immunity 307 Major Components of the Innate Immune System 308 Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) 308 Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker 308 Inflammasome 308 Interferons (IFNs) 309 Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) 309 Important Cytokines 309 Complement Pathways 309 Immunoglobulin/Antibody Structure 310 Immunoglobulin (Ig) Isotypes 311 Types of Grafts 312 Classification of transplant rejection 312 Domino Transplantation 312 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 312 HLA Subtypes and Associated Diseases 312 Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) 313 PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES 313 RECOMBINANT CYTOKINES AND CLINICAL USES 314 THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES 315 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS 316

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PHARMACOLOGY BASICS OF PHARMACOLOGY 317 Routes of Drug Administration 317 Therapeutic Window Phenomenon 317 Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) 317 First Order (Exponential) Kinetics 317 Synergism 317 Hepatic Microsomal Enzyme Inducers 318 Intravenous Infusion Solutions to Avoid 318 Drugs Undergoing Enterohepatic Circulation 318 Hit and Run Drugs 318 Schedules of Drugs 318 BASICS OF CLINICAL RESEARCH 318 Stages of Evidence in Trials/Research 318 Stages of Clinical Trials 319 Orphan Drugs 319 Pharmacovigilance 319 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) 320 Neurotransmitters of ANS 320 CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM 320 ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE POISONING 321 ADRENERGIC SYSTEM 321 Types of b Receptors 321 Types of α Receptors 321 SYMPATHOMIMETICS 322 Selective β2 Stimulants 323 Vasomotor Reversal of Dale 323 β-Antiadrenergic Drugs (β-Blockers) 323 MCQ Points about Beta Blockers 324 HISTAMINE, SEROTONIN, BRADYKININ 324 HISTAMINE 324 Histamine Related Drugs 325 SEROTONIN 325 5-HT Receptors and Related Drugs 325 BRADYKININ 326 Prostaglandins 326 Clinical Uses of Prostaglandins 327 NSAIDs 328 Aspirin: Prototype NSAID 328 Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Poisoning 328 DRUGS FOR GOUT 329 DRUGS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 329 DMARDs 329 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 329 DIGOXIN 329 NITRATES 329 CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS 330 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES 330

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Pregnancy and Anti-hypertensives 332 Hypertensive Urgency and Emergencies 332 ANTIARRHYTHMIC MEDICATIONS 333 DRUGS FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA (LIPID LOWERING DRUGS) 333 More About Statins 334 Respiratory System 334 DRUGS FOR ASTHMA 334 DRUGS FOR TUBERCULOSIS 336 Gastrointestinal system 338 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCERS 338 PPIs (proton pump inhibitors) 338 ANTIEMETICS 338 DRUGS FOR CONSTIPATION 339 DRUGS FOR DIARRHEA 339 APPETITE SUPPRESSING/ANTI OBESITY DRUGS 340 CNS 340 OPIOID ANALGESICS AND ANTAGONISTS 340 DRUGS FOR EPILEPSY (ANTI-EPILEPTICS) 341 DRUGS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) 343 RENAL SYSTEM 344 DIURETICS 344 Drugs related to Blood (Anticoagulant Drugs) 335 ANTICOAGULANTS 345 ANTI-PLATELET ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS 346 AntiBacterial therapy 347 Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Drugs 347 Antimicrobials Needing Dose Reduction in Renal Failure 347 Resistance Mechanisms for Various Antibiotics 348 BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS 348 PENICILLIN 348 Beta lactamase inhibitors 349 Other Bacteria that Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis 349 CEPHALOSPORINS 350 AMINOGLYCOSIDES 350 MACROLIDES AND RELATED DRUGS 351 BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS 351 Tetracyclines 351 Tigecycline 352 Chloramphenicol 352 FLUOROQUINOLONES (FQ) 352 SULFONAMIDES 352 ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS 353 ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 354 ANTI-HELMINTHICS 355 ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS 355 ANTI-AMEBIC DRUGS 356 Metronidazole and Analogs 356 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 356 Drugs for Diabetes mellitus 357 INSULIN 357 Summary of Insulins 358

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS 359 NEWER IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS 360 GENE TRANSFER/GENE THERAPY 361 ANTICANCER DRUGS 361 CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLICATIONS 367 NEW AND RARE DRUGS 368

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PATHOLOGY MCQ POINTS IN CELL BASICS 372 CELLULAR ADAPTATION 372 CELL INJURY 373 NECROSIS 374 APOPTOSIS 374 NECROPTOSIS 376 PYROPTOSIS 376 AUTOPHAGY 376 PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATIONS 377 INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS 377 Free radical induced cell injury 377 CELLULAR AGING: HIGH YIELD POINTS 378 CELL CYCLE 378 Types of Cells 379 STEM CELLS 379 ACUTE INFLAMMATION 380 Classical Signs of Acute Inflammation 381 Vascular Events of Acute Inflammation 381 Cellular Events of Acute Inflammation 381 Adhesion molecules have 4 families 381 Morphological patterns of Acute Inflammation 381 PHAGOCYTOSIS 381 INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS 381 Histamine 381 Serotonin 381 Lysosomal Enzymes 381 Neuropeptides 382 Nitric Oxide (NO) 382 Cytokines 382 Chemokines 382 Platelet Activating Factor 382 Coagulation and Kinin System 382 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION 383 Granulomatous Inflammation 383 Giant Cells 383 WOUND HEALING 384 HEMODYNAMICS 385 Hyperemia and Congestion 385 Thrombosis 385 Types of Embolism 385 Infarction 386 Glomus Tumour (Glomangioma) 386 Bacillary Angiomatosis 386 AMYLOIDOSIS 386 ROSETTES IN PATHOLOGY 387 MORE PATHOLOGY TOPICS 387 Mallory Hyaline 387

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 387 Raised Serum Acid Phosphatase 387 Creatine Phosphokinase 387 More High Yield Points 388 PATHOLOGIC BODIES AND CELLS 389 LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS (EARLIER CALLED HISTIOCYTOSIS 392 X) INTRANEURONAL INCLUSION BODIES 392 More One Liners 392 FIXATIVES IN PATHOLOGY 392 STAINS 393 CRISPR 395 COLOR CODES AND SIZES OF IV CANNULAE 395 COLOR CODES OF BLOOD COLLECTION TUBES 395

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

HEMATOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD 397 EVALUATION OF ANEMIAS 398 RBC Indices 398 Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) 398 Packed Cell Volume (PCV) or Hematocrit 398 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 398 Reticulocytes 398 Tests of Iron Supply and Body Iron Storage 399 Common Red Cell Appearances and their Causes 399 IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA 401 Iron Metabolism Essentials 401 Factors Influencing Iron Absorption 401 Causes of Iron Deficiency 401 Differential Diagnosis of Anemias 401 Treatment 402 MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA 402 Pernicious Anemia 403 ANEMIA OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION 403 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS 403 Sickle Cell Disease 404 Thalassemia 405 G6PD Deficiency 406 Hereditary Spherocytosis 406 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria 407 Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia 407 Autoimmune hemolytic anemias 407 APLASTIC ANEMIA 407 Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA) 408 Myelophthisic Anemia 408 Leukoerythroblastic Blood Picture 408 Neutrophil (Leukocyte) Alkaline Phosphatase 409 MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS 409 Polycythemia 409 Myelofibrosis 409 Essential Thrombocytosis 409 Myelodysplastic Syndrome 410 LEUKEMIAS 410 Chromosomal Translocations in Leukemias 410 Viruses associated with Lymphoid Malignancies 411 CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) 411 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) 411 ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA 412 ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) 412 HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA 413 LYMPHOMAS 414 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Types 414 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Types (NHL) 415

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PLASMA CELL DISORDERS 417 Multiple Myeloma 417 Monoclonal Gammapathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) 418 Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia 418 Rouleaux Formation 418 Plasmapheresis 418 DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THROMBOSIS 418 Bleeding Disorders: Coagulopathy vs Platelet Disorders 419 DISORDERS OF PLATELETS AND VESSEL WALL 419 Pesudo-thrombocytopenia 419 Drug induced Thrombocytopenia (DIT) 419 Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) 419 ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) 419 Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) 420 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS) 420 Inherited Platelet Membrane Defects 420 VON Willebrand Disease 420 DISORDERS OF COAGULATION 420 Blood Coagulation Factors 421 Commonly used Tests of Hemostasis 421 Clotting factor deficiencies and treatment. 421 HEMOPHILIA 421 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 422

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

GENETICS CHROMOSOMES 424 Basics about Chromosomes 424 CYTOGENETIC METHODS 425 How is Karyotyping Done? 425 Denver’s Classification of Chromosomes 425 STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES 425 1. Inversions 425 2. Deletion 425 3. Isochromosomes 425 4. Translocation 425 5. Ring Chromosome 426 NUMERICAL CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES 426 1. Non-disjunction 426 2. Anaphase Lag 426 Chromosomal breakage syndromes 426 GENE LOCATION OF CERTAIN DISEASES ON CHROMOSOMES 426 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS 428 Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) 429 Amniocentesis 429 Triple and Quadruple Test (Quad Test) 429 MUTATIONS 429 TRINUCELOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES 429 Fragile-X Syndrome 429 MENDELIAN DISORDERS 429 AD, AR 429 XLD, XLR 430 Inherited Monogenic/Single Gene/Mendelian Disorders 432 CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS 433 Down’s Syndrome 433 Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18) 434 Patau’s Syndrome (Trisomy 13) 434 ‘Cri Du Chat’ Syndrome 434 ‘Catch 22’ Syndrome 434 William’s Syndrome 434 MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE 435 MORE GENETICS TOPICS 435 Uniparental Disomy 435 Imprinting 435 Prader Willi 435 Angelman 435 Mosaicism 436 Multifactorial or Polygenic Inheritance 436 Population Genetics 436 GLOSSARY 436

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

BIOSTATISTICS MEASUREMENT 438 Measures of Central Tendency 438 Measures of Dispersion 438 Measures of Skewness 438 Statistical Distribution 439 Confidence Interval 439 Hypothesis 439 Errors in Studies 439 Accuracy and Precision 439 Scales of Measurement 440 Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve 440 Bland-Altman plot 440 Tests of Significance 440 Data Representation 440 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION 440 Histogram 440 Frequency Polygon 440 Frequency Curve 441 Line Chart/Graph 441 Cumulative Frequency Diagram (Ogive) 441 Scatter/Dot Diagram 441 Bar Diagram 442 Pie/Sector Diagram 442 Pictogram 442 Map Diagram/Spot Map 442

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE PRIMITIVE MEDICINE 443 Ayurveda System of Medicine 443 Unani System of Medicine 443 Siddha System of Medicine 443 Homeopathy System of Medicine 443 IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN PUBLIC HEALTH 443 IMPORTANT BOOKS IN PUBLIC HEALTH 443 FEW IMPORTANT DISEASES IN PUBLIC HEALTH 444 TYPES OF MEDICINE 444 International Classification of Diseases 444 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 444 WHO Definition of Health 444 Standard of Living 444 “LIFE” INDICATORS 444 PQLI 444 Human Development Index (HDI) 445 Global Hunger Index (GHI) 445 Sullivan’s Index 445 Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) 445 Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) 444 Life Expectancy at Birth 445 NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE 445 Iceberg Phenomenon of Disease 445 LEVELS OF PREVENTION 445 Primordial Prevention 445 Primary Prevention 446 Secondary Prevention 446 Tertiary Prevention 446 SOURCE AND RESERVOIR 446 HOST 446 CARRIERS 446 ZOONOSIS 447 DEFINITIONS 447 EPIDEMICS 447 ENDEMIC 447 “PERIODS/TIMES” 448 Secondary Attack Rates 448 Monitoring Versus Surveillance 448 Quarantine 448 INCUBATION PERIODS 448 Periods of Infectivity 449 PERIODIC FLUCTUATION IN DISEASES 449 BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION 449 INSECT-BORNE DISEASES 449 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 449 Mosquito-Borne Diseases 450 CONCEPTS OF CONTROL OF DISEASE 451

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ALL ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS 451 Drug Resistance in TB 453 Revised National TB Control Program (RTNCP) 453 Nikshay 455 National Strategic Plan (NSP) 2017–2025 455 INDEX-TB Guidelines 455 WORM INFESTATIONS 455 Guinea worm (Drancunculiasis) 455 Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis) 455 LATEST DATA 456 POPULATION 456 Stages of Demographic Cycle, By Prof. CP Blaker 456 Couples 456 WATER 457 Chlorination 457 Hardness of Water 457 Classification of Hard Water 457 Classification of Drinking Water according to Bacteriological Tests 457 WASTE AND SEWAGE 457 Wastes 457 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 458 Water Pollution 458 VACCINES 458 National Immunization Schedule, India (NIS) 458 Latest Update on Polio Vaccines 459 “Use Within ” Time for Reconstituted Vaccines 459 Contraindications/Precautions with/to Immunization 459 Live attenuated vaccines 459 Strains of Commonly Used Vaccines 460 BCG Vaccine (Bacille Calmette-Guèrin) 460 DPT Vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus) 460 Measles Vaccine 460 Yellow Fever Vaccine 461 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine 461 Pulse Polio Immunization 461 Vaccine-Associated Reactions 461 Pulse Polio Immunization 461 Cold Chain Components 462 RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA) 462 MALARIA 463 MEASUREMENT OF MALARIA 464 LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS 464 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS 465 FLEA INDICES IN PLAGUE 465 PREVENTION OF TETANUS IN WOUNDED 465 EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING DISEASES 466 SARS—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 466 NIPAH Virus 466 H7N9 Avian Influenza 466 MERS 466 Ebola Virus Disease 466

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Zika Virus 466 DISINFECTION 466 ANTHROPOLOGY 467 FAMILY 467 NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION 467 NRHM National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 467 National Urban Health Mission 467 About ASHA 468 Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program 468 IMNCI 468 Facility Based Newborn Care (FBNC) 468 Home Based Newborn Care (HBNC) 469 Mission Indradhanush 469 RMNCH+A 470 Navjat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (NSSK) 470 ia Newborn Action Plan (INAP) 470 Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) 470 Janani Suraksha Yojana 470 Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) 471 LAQSHYA 471 DAKSHATA program 471 Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) 471 Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) 471 Village Health and Nutrition Day (VHND) 471 Intensified Diarrhoea Control Fortnight (IDCF) 471 National Deworming Day (NDD) 471 NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 472 NPCB 472 NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL PROGRAM 473 NIDPCP 473 NPCDCS PROGRAM 473 HEALTH AGENCIES AND COMMITTEES 473 DISEASE RATES 474 Incidence 474 Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 474 CONCEPTS IN SCREENING 474 Screening of Disease 474 Some Important Screening Tests 474 Principles of Screening 474 Types of Screening 475 ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 475 Sensitivity 475 Specificity 475 Predictive Value 475 Relative Risk (RR, Risk Ratio) 475 Odds Ratio (OR) 475 Attributable Risk 475 Absolute Risk Reduction 476 Likelihood Ratio (LR) 476 MORE TOPICS 476 Heat Stress Index (HSI) 476

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Headquarters 476 Assisting Agencies 476 Various Ministries Assisting in Health Programs 476 Number per population 476 FEW NUTRITION DEFINITIONS 476 RECOMMENDED DAILY ENERGY AND PROTEIN INTAKE 477 REFERENCE INDIAN MAN AND WOMAN 477 MORE ONE-LINERS 477 IODINE AND SALT 478 FOOD TOXICANTS 478 TYPES OF VENTILATION 478 TRIAGE COLOR CODES 478 DISASTER 478 OTTAWA CHARTER 478 SPECTRUMS 478 HEALTH INDICATOR 479 Steps of planning cycle 479 MANAGEMENT METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 479 TARGETS AND GOALS 479 THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948 479 ESI ACT, 1948 480 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSAL 480 Incineration of Waste 481 EPIDEMIOLOGY 481 ALL ABOUT STUDIES 482 Sampling Methods 482 Study Designs 482 Case – Control and Cohort Studies 482 Evidence-Pyramid in Research 482 Study Designs Used in Clinical Research 483 Types of Bias in Clinical Studies 483 Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 485 Confounding 485 Hill’s (Surgeon General’s) Criteria of Causal Association 485 MORE ONE-LINERS 485 Institutes of Public Health Importance in India 486 Instruments of Importance in Public Health 486 Important Days of Public Health Importance 486

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

FORENSIC MEDICINE IMPORTANT DATES 490 IMPORTANT SECTIONS OF IPC 490 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (CrPC) 491 INQUEST 492 COURTS 492 PUNISHMENTS 493 OFFENSES 493 EVIDENCE 494 NEGLIGENCE 495 CONSENT 495 MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA (MCI) 496 IDENTIFICATION 496 Race Determination of Skeleton 496 Sex Determination 496 Indices Used for Determination of Sex 498 TEETH (FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY) 498 STATURE 499 HAIR 499 FINGERPRINTING 500 Medico-legal importance of various age groups 500 Tattooing 502 POSTMORTEM CHANGES 502 Certification of Brain Death 502 Algor mortis 503 Postmortem caloricity 503 Cadaveric spasm 503 Rigor Mortis (RM) 504 Putrefaction/Decomposition 504 Adipocere (Saponification, Grave Wax) 505 Mummification 505 Postmortem Lividity 505 Embalming 505 AUTOPSY 506 Autopsy Points 506 Exhumation 506 ASPHYXIAL DEATHS 506 Hanging 506 Strangulation 506 Common Methods of Homicidal Strangulation 506 Other High Yield 507 Atypical Drowning 507 Typical Drowning 508 REGIONAL INJURIES 508 Abrasion 508 Bruise (Contusion) 509 Laceration 509 Incised Wound 509

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Torture Methods 510 Motor Vehicle Injuries 510 Distinguishing Driver Versus Passenger Injuries 511 Pedestrian Injuries (Fig. 15.9) 511 Head Injuries 512 GRIEVOUS HURT 512 FORENSIC BALLISTICS 513 Parts of Firearm Weapon 514 Types of Firearms 514 Propellent (Gunpowder) 515 Types of Projectile (Missile, Bullet) 515 Difference between Wounds of Entry and Exit 516 Bomb Blast Injuries 516 INFANTS IN FORENSIC 516 Pregnancy, Infant Deaths 516 Infanticide 517 Test for Signs of Live Birth 517 Bastered Baby Syndrome 517 FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY 517 THERMAL INJURY 518 Heat and Cold Injuries 518 Electric Injuries 518 Difference between Antemortem and Postmortem Burns 518 Burns 519 Classification of Burns 519 RAPE AND SEX-RELATED TOPICS 520 Virginity 520 Rape 520 Tests for Seminal Fluid 520 Unnatural Sex 521 Impotence and Sterility 521 SEXUAL PARAPHILIAS 521 SUICIDE 521 HISTORY OF FORENSIC MEDICINE 522 TESTS FOR BLOOD 522 STARVATION DEATHS 522 MISCELLANEOUS HIGH YIELD 522 Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016. 523

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

TOXICOLOGY GENERAL TOXICOLOGY 526 History of Toxicology 526 Classification of Poisons 526 Other Important Points in Treatment 526 Odors in Poisonings 526 Diseases Resembling Natural Diseases 526 Urine Discoloration 526 Appearance of Stomach in Poisonings 526 Chelation Agents for Heavy Metal Poisons 526 Special Viscera Preserved 526 Drugs and Their Antidotes 527 CYANIDE POISONING 527 OXALIC ACID POISONING 527 SULFURIC ACID POISONING 527 MORE HIGH YIELD CORROSIVE POISON POINTS 528 PHOSPHORUS POISONING 528 ARSENIC POISONING 528 MERCURY POISONING 529 LEAD POISONING 529 COPPER POISONING 530 OTHER METALLIC IRRITANTS 530 ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE (CELPHOS) 531 Organophosphate poisoning 531 OTHER AGRICULTURAL POISONS 531 VEGETABLE POISONS 531 METHYL ALCOHOL POISONING 532 OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS 532 Datura (thorn apple) poisoning 532 STRYCHNINE POISONING 532 Strychnine Poisoning and Tetanus Compared 532 POISONOUS SNAKES 533 Fatal Dose of Dried Venoms 533 Features of Poisonous (Venomous) Snakes 533 SCORPION STING 534 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) POISONING 534 Tests for CO Poisoning 534 MORE HIGH YIELD POISON FACTS 534

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

OPHTHALMOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY OF EYE STRUCTURES 535 BASICS OF REFRACTION 535 Reduced Eye 535 Other Key Points 535 Mydriatics and Cycloplegic Drugs 536 Eyedrops for Retinoscopy 536 REFRACTIVE ERRORS 536 Myopia vs Hypermetropia 536 Treatment of Hypermetropia 536 Treatment of Myopia 536 Astigmaism 537 Aphakia 537 Presbyopia 538 Aberrations 539 Contact Lenses 538 LASIK 540 INSTRUMENTS/TESTS 540 OPHTHALMOSCOPY 541 CONJUNCTIVA 542 Basics 543 Acute Red Eyes 543 Conjunctivitis 543 Vernal Kerato-conjunctivitis (VKC) 545 TRACHOMA 545 OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM 545 Conjunctival Degenerations 546 Conjunctival Tumors 546 CORNEA 546 Corneal Basics 546 Layers of the Cornea 546 Factors responsible for corneal transparency 547 Corneal Metabolism 547 Corneal Stains 547 Pigment Deposition in Cornea 547 Prominent Corneal Nerves Seen in 548 Organisms Penetrating Intact Corneal Epithelium 548 CORNEAL CLINICAL CONDITIONS 548 Difference Between Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis 548 Few Corneal Terminologies 549 Herpes Simplex Keratitis 549 Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (Shingles) 550 Acanthamoeba Keratitis 550 Keratoconus 551 Corneal Stromal Dystrophies 551 Fuchs’ Endothelial Dystrophy 552 Vortex Keratopathy 552 Band Keratopathy 552

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Photophthalmia/Photokeratitis 552 Interstitial Keratitis 552 Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis (PUK) 552 WHO Grading of Xerophthalmia (Vitamin A Deficiency) 552 DRY EYES 553 CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION 554 Eye Banking 554 Penetrating Keratoplasty 554 Lamellar Keratoplasty 554 Keratoprosthesis 555 Stem-cell Grafting 555 Contraindications for Corneal Transplantation 555 DISEASES OF SCLERA 555 Sclera 555 Episcleritis 556 Scleritis 556 Posterior Scleritis 556 Staphyloma 556 Scleral Discoloration 556 LENS BASICS 556 Lens Anatomy 556 Lens Physiology and Biochemistry 556 CATARACTS 557 TYPES OF SENILE CATARACT 559 CATARACT SURGERY 559 INTRAOCULAR LENSES 560 CONGENITAL CATARACT SURGERY 561 COMPLICATIONS OF CATARACT SURGERY 561 Posterior Capsule Opacification (PCO) 561 Acute postoperative endophthalmitis 561 ECTOPIA LENTIS 563 GLAUCOMA BASICS 563 Angle of the Anterior Chamber (AC) 563 AQUEOUS HUMOR 564 Aqueous Humor Secretion 564 Intraocular Pressure (IOP) 564 Types of Applanation Tonometers 565 Causes of Colored Haloes 565 CHILDHOOD (CONGENITAL) GLAUCOMAS 565 PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA 566 Optic Disc Changes in Glaucoma 567 Visual Field Defects 567 Investigations in POAG 567 Laser Trabeculoplasty 568 Artificial Drainage Implants 568 Recent advances 568 Ocular Hypertension 568 Normal Tension Glaucoma 568 ANTIGLAUCOMA DRUGS 569 PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA 570 Acute Congestive Angle Closure Glaucoma 571

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Plateau Iris 571 LENS-RELATED GLAUCOMAS 572 OTHER IMPORTANT GLAUCOMAS 572 Neovascular Glaucoma 572 Steroid-induced Glaucoma 572 Ciliary Block (Malignant) Glaucoma 573 Posner Schlossman synd. 573 Glaucoma Associated with Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) 573 Syndromes Absolute Glaucoma 573 Various other glaucoma 573 UVEITIS 574 Ciliary Body 574 The Choroid 574 Iris 574 Bruch’s Membrane 574 Aqueous Flare 574 CLASSIFICATION OF UVEITIS 575 ANTERIOR UVEITIS (IRIDOCYCLITIS) 575 Keratic precipitates 575 SPECIAL UVEITIS ENTITIES 576 Sympathetic Ophthalmia 579 Eale’s Disease 579 BASICS OF RETINA 580 Fluorescein Angiography (FA) 581 FUNDOSCOPY 582 Cotton Wool Spots (CWS) 583 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR) 583 RETINAL VESSEL OCCLUSIONS 585 Variants of CRAO 585 Causes of Cherry Red Spot 585 Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) 585 Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) 586 Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) 586 RETINAL DETACHMENT (RD) 587 Peripheral Retinal Degenerations 587 RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (RP) 588 Syndromes A/W Retinitis Pigmentosa 588 AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (ARMD) 589 ANTI-VEGFS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 589 OTHER RETINAL DISORDERS 590 Hypertensive Retinopathy 590 Central Serous Retinopathy 590 Retinopathy of Prematurity (RoP) 591 Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous 592 Bulls Eye maculopathy 592 Causes of Night Blindness (Nyctalopia) 592 Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis 592 Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy 592 Electroretinogram (ERG) 593 Electroculogram (EOG) 593

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

LACRIMAL DISORDERS 593 Jones Dye Testing 593 Dacryocystitis 593 BLUNT OCULAR TRAUMA 594 PENETRATING OCULAR TRAUMA 594 Siderosis 595 Diagnosis of IOFB 595 CHEMICAL INJURY TO EYE 595 ORBITAL WALL FRACTURES ORBITAL WALL FRACTURES EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES 596 OCULAR MOTILITY 598 CLINICAL METHODS IN STRABISMUS 598 ESOTROPIA 599 SPECIAL SYNDROMES 600 AMBLYOPIA 600 PARALYTIC SQUINT 600 THE NEWBORN EYE 601 DISEASES OF EYELIDS 601 Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid) 602 ORBIT 603 Proptosis 603 BLINDNESS 604

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

E N T ANATOMY OF EXTERNAL EAR 605 Pinna/Auricle 605 External Auditory Canal (EAC) 606 Tympanic Membrane 606 ANATOMY OF MIDDLE EAR CLEFT 607 Anatomic Divisions of Tympanic Cavity (Middle Ear) 607 Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) 608 Contents of Tympanic Cavity 608 Mastoid Antrum 609 Eustachian Tube (Pharyngotympanic Tube) 610 ANATOMY OF THE INNER EAR 610 Bony Labyrinth 610 Semicircular Canals 610 Vestibule 611 Membranous Labyrinth 611 Inner Ear Fluids (Perilymph and Endolymph) 611 Endolymphatic Duct and Sac 611 Referred Otalgia 612 DEVELOPMENT OF EAR 613 PHYSIOLOGY OF AUDITORY SYSTEM 614 Organ of Corti 614 AUDITORY PATHWAY (PATHWAY OF HEARING) 614 MECHANISM OF HEARING 615 ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS OF COCHLEA AND VIII NERVE 616 NEURAL PROCESSING OF AUDITORY INFORMATION 616 PHYSIOLOGY OF VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 616 VESTIBULAR NERVE 616 CENTRAL VESTIBULAR CONNECTIONS 617 PERIPHERAL VESTIBULAR APPARATUS 617 Utricle and Saccule 617 Semicircular Canals 617 TUNING FORK TESTS 617 ASSESSMENT OF HEARING 617 Types of Hearing Tests 617 AUDIOMETRIC TESTS 618 Pure Tone Audiometry 618 Speech Audiometry 619 Tympanometry 619 Acoustic Reflex/Stapedial Reflex/Tympanic Reflex 619 OTOACOUSTIC EMISSION (OAE) 620 ELECTROCOCHLEOGRAPHY 620 BRAINSTEM EVOKED RESPONSE AUDIOMETRY (BERA) 620 VESTIBULAR-EVOKED MYOGENIC POTETIAL (VEMP) 621 ASSESSMENT OF VESTIBULAR FUNCTION 621 Vestibular Function Tests 621 Fistula Test 621 Romberg Test 621

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Hallpike Maneuver (Positional Test) 621 Nystagmus 622 Caloric Test 622 Galvanic Test 622 Optokinetic Nystagmus 622 DISORDERS OF VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 623 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo 623 Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome (SCDS) 623 CONGENITAL HEARING DISORDERS 623 HEARING LOSS 624 Classification of Hearing Loss 624 Difference between Conductive and Sensorineural Hearing Loss 624 CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS 624 SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS 624 Difference between Cochlear and Retrocochlear SNHL 624 SPECIFIC FORMS OF HEARING LOSS 624 Presbycusis (Senile Deafness) 624 Noise Induced Hearing Loss 625 Ototoxicity 625 WHO Classification 625 HEARING AIDS 626 COCHLEAR IMPLANT 627 EXTERNAL EAR DISEASES 627 Hematoma of Auricle 627 Furuncle of External Canal 627 Diffuse Otitis Externa 627 Malignant otitis externa 627 Otomycosis 627 Bullous Myringitis 627 Ramsay Hunt Syndrome 628 Keratosis Obturans 628 Impacted Wax/Cermumen 628 Perichondritis of Pinna 628 Surfer’s Ear 628 Congenital Abnormalities of External Ear 628 DISEASES OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE 628 Traumatic Rupture of Tympanic Membrane 628 Retracted Tympanic Membrane 628 Sade’s Grading of TM (Pars Tensa) Retraction 629 Tos Grading of TM (Pars Flaccida) Retraction Pockets 629 DISORDERS OF EUSTACHIAN TUBE 629 Patulous Eustachian Tube 629 Tests for Eustachian Tube Function 629 DISEASE OF MIDDLE EAR 629 Acute Suppurative Otitis Media (ASOM) 629 Secretory Otitis Media 629 Acute Mastoiditis 630 Aero Otitis Media (Otitic Barotrauma) 630 Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) 630 Cholesteatoma 631 COMPLICATIONS OF OTITIS MEDIA 631

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Acute Mastoiditis 631 Subperiosteal Abscesses 632 Petrositis 632 Sigmoid Sinus (Lateral Sinus) Thrombosis 632 Otogenic Brain Abscess 632 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MIDDLE EAR SUPPURATION 632 Myringotomy 632 Myringoplasty 633 Tympanoplasty 633 Cortical Mastoidectomy 633 Radical Mastoidectomy 633 Modified Radical Mastoidectomy 633 TUBERCULAR OTITIS MEDIA 635 OTOSCLEROSIS 635 Meniere’s Disease 635 ACOUSTIC NEUROMA (VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA) 636 GLOMUS JUGULARE/TYMPANICUM TUMORS 637 RADIOFREQUENCY 638 MORE ONE-LINERS IN EAR 638 NOSE 638 ESSENTIAL ANATOMY OF NOSE 638 ABOUT PARANASAL SINUSES 639 CHOANAL ATRESIA 639 ACUTE SINUSITIS 639 ATROPHIC RHINITIS 640 RHINOSPORIDIOSIS 640 RHINOSCLEROMA 641 NASAL POLYPS 641 CSF RHINORRHEA 641 EPISTAXIS 642 SEPTAL HEMATOMA 642 DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM 642 FRACTURE OF NOSE 643 INVERTED PAPILLOMA 643 CARCINOMA OF PARANASAL SINUSES 644 NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA 644 JUVENILE NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA 645 TYPES OF OSMIA 645 TYPES OF RHINITIS 645 PHARYNX PHARYNX ANATOMY 646 TONSILLITIS 647 Acute Tonsillitis 647 Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA, Quinsy) 647 TONSILLECTOMY 648 Throat Abscesses 649 ESSENTIAL ANATOMY OF LARYNX 649 Larynx of Infants is Different 650 Muscles of Larynx 650 EXAMINATION OF LARYNX 650 NEUROLOGY OF LARYNX 650

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Positions of Vocal Cords 651 Laryngeal Surgery 651 CONGENITAL LESIONS OF LARYNX 651 Laryngomalacia 651 Tracheomalacia 652 Laryngocele 652 ACQUIRED LARYNGEAL LESIONS 652 Vocal Nodules (Singer’s Nodes) 652 Reinke’s Edema 652 Contact Ulcer 652 Laryngeal Sulcus 652 Tuberculosis of Larynx 652 VOICE AND SPEECH DISORDERS 652 Normal Speech 652 Puberphonia 653 Dysphonia Plica Ventricularis 653 Phonasthenia 653 Rhinolalia 653 TUMORS OF LARYNX 653 Divisions of the Larynx 653 Juvenile Onset Recurrent Respiratory 653 Papillomatosis (JORRP)/Multiple Papillomatosis Adult Papilloma 654 Carcinoma Larynx 654 Tracheostomy 655 ORAL CAVITY 655 Conditions a/w malignant transformation in oral cavity 655 Oral Leukoplakia 656 Oral Submucus Fibrosis 656 Oral Candidiasis 656 Ludwig’s Angina 656 ODONTOGENIC CYSTS 656 Adamantinoma (Ameloblastoma) 657

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PEDIATRICS NEWBORN 658 MINOR CLINICAL PROBLEMS IN NEONATE 658 PRIMITIVE REFLEXES 659 Domains of Development 659 DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES 659 Apgar Score 661 GROWTH 661 Laws of Growth 661 Bone Age 661 Weight 661 Height 662 Head Circumference 662 Craniosynostosis 662 Chest Circumference 663 Approximate Anthropometric Values by Age 663 Dentition 663 Instruments used for Assessment of Growth 663 SHORT STATURE 663 Adolescence 664 Breast Growth Stages (as per Tanner) 664 NEONATAL DISEASES 664 Erythroblastosis Fetalis 664 Kleihauer-Betke test 665 APT test 665 Hydrops Fetalis 665 Hypothermia 665 Transient Tachypnea of Newborn 666 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 666 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 666 Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) 666 Assessment of RDS 667 Neonatal Sepsis 667 Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) 667 Neonatal Hypoglycemia 668 Infant of diabetic Mother 668 NEONATAL JAUNDICE 669 Inherited Hyperbilirubinemias 669 Kernicterus 670 TREATMENT OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA 670 Phototherapy 670 Exchange Transfusion 671 Causes of Acute Liver Failure in Neonates 671 Causes of Idiopathic Neonatal Hepatitis (Giant Cell Hepatitis) 671 BIRTH TRAUMA 671 PEDIATRIC CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 672 Physiology of Fetal Circulation 672 Pulmonary Plethora vs Oligemia 673

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

(Pulmonary Plethora) 673 Axis Deviations 673 NADA’s Criteria 673 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 674 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease – Left to Right Shunts 674 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease – Obstructive 674 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease 675 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease – Obstructive 675 Common Mixing Congenital Heart Disease: Acyanotic and Cyanotic 676 More about Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) 676 Additional Points about Congenital Heart Disease 677 CHF in Children 677 RHEUMATIC FEVER 677 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory Sounds 679 Typical Localizing Signs for Lung Pathology 679 Congenital Lung Lesions 679 Bronchopulmonary Sequestrations 679 Congenital Lobar Emphysema 679 Respiratory Infections 679 Pneumonia 680 Classification of Pneumonia in a Child (WHO Revised 2014) 680 Bronchiolitis 681 Bronchiolitis Obliterans 681 Cystic Fibrosis 681 Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis 681 Classification of Asthma according to Severity 682 PEDIATRIC GASTROINTESTINAL CONDITIONS 682 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia 682 Esophageal Atresia and Tracheo-esophageal Fistula 682 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 683 Duodenal Atresia 684 Hirschsprung’s Disease 684 Necrotising Enterocolitis 684 Intussusception 685 Volvulus 685 Meconium Ileus 685 PEDIATRIC RENAL CONDITIONS 685 CONGENITAL KIDNEY ANOMALIES 685 Renal Agenesis 685 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney 685 Nephronophthisis 685 NEPHROTIC SYNDROME 686 Primary (Idiopathic) Nephrotic Syndrome 686 Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome 686 Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome 686 NEPHRITIC SYNDROMES 686 Acute Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis 686 Henoch-Schonlein Purpura 686 IgA Nephropathy 687 VARIOUS OTHER CONDITIONS 687

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Vesico-Ureteric Reflux (VUR) 687 Posterior Urethral Valves 687 PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS 687 PEDIATRIC CNS CONDITIONS 688 Head Malformations 688 Causes of Bacterial Meningitis in Children 688 Haemophilus Meningitis 688 Common Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 689 Febrile Convulsions 689 Risk of recurrence of febrile seizures 689 CEREBRAL PALSY 690 PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS 690 Precocious Puberty 690 Congenital Hypothyroidism 690 DISORDERS OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION 690 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias 691 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency 691 THE ‘ORIGINAL’ SIX EXANTHEMATOUS ILLNESSES 691 Measles (Rubeola, First Disease) 691 Chickenpox (Varicella) 692 Rubella (German Measles, Third Disease) 693 Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease) 693 Exanthem Subitum (Roseola Infantum, Sixth Disease) 693 TORCHES INFECTIONS 693 CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS 693 CONGENITAL CMV INFECTION 694 NEONATAL HSV INFECTION 694 CONGENITAL SYPHILIS 694 WILMS TUMOR 695 NEUROBLASTOMA 695 D/D of Wilms Tumor, Abdominal Neuroblastoma 696 BREASTFEEDING AND BREAST MILK 696 Cardinal Principles of Breastfeeding 696 Mean Output of Breast Milk Per Day 696 Special Features of Breast Milk 696 Storage of Breast Milk 697 Composition of Breast Milk 697 Breast Milk vs Cow’s Milk 697 Differences between Human Breast Milk and Cow’s Milk 697 Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) 697 MALNUTRITION 698 Classifications of Malnutrition 698 Assessment of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) 698 Grading of Edema in Children 699 Indicators of Undernutrition 699 Protein Energy Malnutrition 699 Acute Complications of PEM 700 Age Independent Indices to Diagnose Undernutrition 700 Evaluation of Malnutrition 700 Management of Severe Malnutrition—10 Steps 701 Treatment 701

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Obesity in Children 701 DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION 701 Assessment and Treatment of Dehydration 701 RESUSCITATION OF NEWBORN 702 Other Important Points in Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol 2015 703 LOW BIRTH WEIGHT 704 Causes of IUGR (Small-for-Date) 704 Ponderal Index 704 Problems of Small for Date Infants (IUGR) 704 PREMATURITY 704 TERATOGENIC DRUGS 705 FDA Categories for Drug Use in Pregnancy 707

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ORTHOPEDICS HISTORY OF ORTHOPEDICS 708 ‘NAMED’ FRACTURES 708 BASICS 710 Stages of Fracture Healing 710 Bone Markers 710 Immature (Growing) Skeleton 710 Non-Union 710 Avascular Necrosis (Osteonecrosis) 710 Plaster Casts and Their Use 711 Splints 711 Tractions 712 Fixations Systems 712 Few Named Osteotomies 712 Arthrodesis 712 Open Fracture Treatment 713 INJURY 713 Mechanisms of Injury 713 Characteristic Deformities by Injuries 713 Dislocations at Different Joints 713 Gustilo Anderson Classification 713 Common Nerve Injuries and Effects 715 MEDIAN NERVE INJURY 715 ULNAR NERVE INJURY 715 Signs of Ulnar Nerve Palsy 716 RADIAL NERVE INJURY 716 High Radial Nerve Palsy 716 Low Radial Nerve Palsy (PIN Injury) 716 Treatment of Radial Nerve Palsy 717 Entrapment Neuropathies 717 TENDON AND FASCIAL DISORDERS 717 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 717 Guyon’s Tunnel Syndrome (Ulnar Nerve) 717 Ganglion 718 De Quervain’s Disease 718 Dupuytren’s Contracture 718 Trigger Finger/Thumb 718 Plantar Fasciitis 718 Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis) 718 COMMON BURSITES 718 TYPES OF OSTEOCHONDRITIS 719 SALTER AND HARRIS CLASSIFCATION 719 SHOULDER CONDITIONS 719 Shoulder Dislocation 719 Rotator Cuff Injury 720 Fracture Shaft of Humerus 721 Fracture Surgical Neck of Humerus 721 Fracture Greater Tuberosity of Humerus 721

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Fracture clavicle 721 Fracture Scapula 722 ELBOW CONDITIONS 722 Tennis elbow 722 Supracondylar Fracture of Humerus 722 Various Other Upper Limb Fractures and Their Features 723 3 Bony Points 723 FOREARM AND WRIST CONDITIONS 723 Colles’ Fracture 724 Scaphoid Fracture 724 HAND CONDITIONS 725 Deformities 725 HIP CONDITIONS 725 Pelvic Fractures 725 Fracture Neck of Femur (Intracapsular, Unsolved #) 726 Differences between Fracture Neck of Femur and 727 Intertrochanteric Fracture Causes of Non-union of # Neck of Femur 727 Hip Dislocation 727 Fracture Shaft of Femur 727 Surgical Approaches to the Hip 728 KNEE CONDITIONS 728 Anterior cruciate ligament tear (ACL) 728 Posterior cruciate ligament tear (PCL) 729 Collateral Ligament Tear 729 Meniscus tear 729 Fracture Patella 729 O’Donoghue’s Unhappy Triad Knee 729 Blount’s Disease 730 LEG AND ANKLE CONDITIONS 730 # Shaft of tibia and fibula 730 Ligaments of ankle 730 # Calcaneum 730 #Talus 730 SPINAL CONDITIONS 730 Prolapsed Intervertebral Disc 730 Three-Column Concept of Spine 731 Spinal Trauma 731 SCIWORA 733 Flags in Back Pain 733 CONGENITAL DISORDERS 733 Congenital Dislocation of Hip 733 Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) 735 Coxa Vara 735 Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis 735 More Congenital Malformations 735 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 736 ARTHRITIDES 736 Osteoarthritis 736 Other Arthritis 736 Gout 737

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

BONE INFECTIONS 737 Acute Osteomyelitis (OM) 737 Chronic Osteomyelitis 737 Other Special Types of Osteomyelitis 738 Septic Arthritis 738 Tom Smith Arthritis 738 Transient (Toxic) Synovitis of Hip 738 Musculoskeletal (Bone and Joint) TB 739 Sites of Musculoskeletal TB 739 BONE TUMORS 740 PRIMARY BONE TUMORS 740 Osteoid osteoma 740 Osteoclastoma 741 Osteochondroma 741 OsteoSarcoma 741 Ewing’s sarcoma 741 Chondrosarcoma 742 Uncommon Bone Tumors 743 D/D of Solitary Bone Lesion 743 MORE BONE DISORDERS 743 Osteoporosis 743 Amputations 744 Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans) 745 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) 745 Named ‘BONE’ Diseases 746 Gait 746

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

MEDICINE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 748 PULSES 748 Jugular Venous Pulse (JVP) 748 Kussmaul’s Sign 749 Arterial Pulse 749 HEART SOUNDS 749 Abnormalities in Splitting of S2 750 HEART MURMURS 750 Systolic Murmurs 751 Diastolic Murmurs 751 Effects of Various Interventions on Systolic Murmurs 751 Named Murmurs 751 NORMAL ECG 752 Calculation of Heart Rate on ECG 753 ECG – Abnormalities 753 Axis Deviations 754 RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE 755 Summary of Common Valvular Heart Lesions 755 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS 756 Sinus Bradycardia 756 Atrial Fibrillation 756 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT) 756 Heart Block 757 QT Interval 757 Torsades de Pointes 757 Drugs Causing Prolonged QTc (Torsades de Pointes) 757 Congenital Long QT Syndrome 758 Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome 758 Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias 759 Cardiac Syndrome X 759 CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE 759 Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure 760 Newer Drugs for Heart Failure 760 PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 760 ANGINA 760 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) 761 NON-ST ELEVATION MI (NON-STEMI) 761 ACUTE MYCOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH ST ELEVATION (STEMI) 761 ECG OF MI 761 Troponin 762 Creatine Phosphokinase 762 Treatment of MI 762 More about Fibrinolytic Agents 763 Pathology of Acute MI 763 Early Complications of MI 764 States of Myocardial Cells after Periods of Ischemia 764 Summary of Cardiomyopathies 765

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy 766 Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 766 D/D of Constrictive Pericarditis 766 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS 766 VASCULAR DISEASES 767 Monckeberg’s Medial Calcific Sclerosis 767 Aneurysms 767 Aortic Dissection 768 HYPERTENSION 768 Risk Factors for Hypertension (PSM Aspects) 768 CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) 769 ‘METABOLIC SYNDROME = SYNDROME X’ 769 CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS GRAFTING 769 HEART TUMORS 770 Myxoma of Heart 770 Other Heart Tumours 770 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION 770 PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 770 PRE-OPERATIVE CARDIAC RISK ASSESSMENT 771 Revised Cardiac Risk Index 771 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 772 MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES 772 Tropical Sprue 772 Celiac sprue (Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy) 772 Tests for Malabsorption 772 ACUTE DIARRHEAS 773 Food and Disease 774 Few Other Infectious Diarrheas 774 Chronic Diarrheas 774 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 774 Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Compared 774 Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease 775 Treatment of IBD 775 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 776 PATHOLOGY 776 Neuroglia 776 Cerebral Edema 776 Brain Herniations 776 Hydrocephalus 776 Primary and Secondary Brain Injury 777 Brain Parenchymal Injuries 777 MIGRAINE 777 Migraine Classification 777 Other Headaches 778 Treatment of Migraine 778 STROKE 778 Treatment of Stroke 779 Common Stroke Locations and Corresponding Signs and 779 Symptoms Less common Causes of Stroke 779 TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS 780

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE 780 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 780 Epidural vs Subdural hemorrhage 780 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 781 PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD) 782 HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE 782 RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME 782 BENIGN ESSENTIAL TREMOR 782 INHERITED ATAXIAS 782 AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS 783 GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME 783 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 783 MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (MG) 783 LAMBERT EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME (LEMS) 783 BELL’S PALSY 784 TYPES OF SEIZURES 786 Status Epilepticus (SE) 787 PHAKOMATOSES (NEUROCUTANEOUS DISEASES) 787 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 787 Tuberous Sclerosis (Bourneville’s disease) 788 Sturge-Weber Syndrome 789 FEW OTHER IMPORTANT TOPICS 789 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) 789 HSV Encephalitis 790 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 790 Chronic and Persistent CNS Infections 790 Signs of Basal Skull Fracture 790 SPINAL CORD DISEASE 790 Syringomyelia 790 Brown Sequard syndrome 790 Tabes dorsalis 790 Clinical Features of Cerebellar Disease 791 Other brain hemorrhages 791 PUPILS AND PHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY 791 Neurons of Visual Pathway 791 Pupillary Reflexes 791 Pupil and Pupillary Abnormalities 792 Neurological Visual Field Defects 792 Horner’s Syndrome 794 Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) Pathways 794 OPTIC NEURITIS 794 PAPILLOEDEMA 795 Differences between Papilledema and Papillitis (Optic Neuritis) 796 OPTIC ATROPHY 796 OPTIC NEUROPATHIES 797 Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) 797 Non-Arteritic AION (NAION) 797 Arteritic AION 798 GIANT CELL ARTERITIS 798 Toxic Optic Neuropathy 798 Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) 799

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE PALSIES 799 Oculomotor Nerve Palsy (Third Nerve Palsy) 799 Abducens Nerve Palsy (Sixth Nerve Palsy) 799 Trochlear Nerve Palsy (Fourth Nerve Palsy) 799 Parks-Bielschowsky Three-Step Test 799 Syndromes with Ocular Muscle Palsies 801 Cortical Blindness 803 Conjugate Eye Movements 803 Horizontal Gaze Palsy 802 Parinaud’s dorsal midbrain syndrome 803 Progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele Richardson synd.) 803 MORE HIGH-YIELD POINTS IN NEUROLOGY 803 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 804 BASICS 804 Dyspneas 804 Sputum Types 804 Crackles 804 ASTHMA 804 D/D OF COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIAS 805 Few other Pneumonia History/Clinical Hints 806 EMPHYSEMA (PINK PUFFER) 806 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS (BLUE BLOATER) 806 BRONCHIECTASIS 807 TUBERCULOSIS 807 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch’s bacillus) lesions in TB 807 Differences between Primary (Childhood) TB and Secondary TB 807 (Adult TB) EXTRAPULMONARY TB 809 Lymph Node TB (Tuberculous Lymphadenitis) 809 More High Yield about extrapulmonary TB 809 HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS (HP) 810 PNEUMOCONIOSIS (OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASE) 810 Asbestosis 810 Asbestos Effects on the Respiratory Tract 810 Silicosis 810 Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis 810 Berylliosis 811 PLEURAL EFFUSION 811 SARCOIDOSIS 812 PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE) 812 TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX 813 LUNG TRANSPLANTATION 814 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ARDS 814 RESPIRATORY FAILURE 814 OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA HYPOPNEA SYNDROME (OSAHS) 815 CAISSON’S DISEASE 815 NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA 815 COMMON DRUGS CAUSING INTERSTITIAL 815 PNEUMONITIS/PULMONARY FIBROSIS 815 LIVER 816

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Liver Enzymes 816 Causes of Fatty Liver 816 Drug Induced Liver Injury 816 Important Diagnostic Tests in Common Liver Diseases 816 CIRRHOSIS 817 PORTAL HYPERTENSION 817 Variceal Bleeding 817 SAAG 817 Hepatic Encephalopathy 817 CLASSIFICATION OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION 818 BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME 818 Reye’s Syndrome 818 WILSON’S DISEASE 818 HEMOCHROMATOSIS 819 RENAL SYSTEM 819 ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) 819 Differences between Prerenal and Intrinsic Renal Azotemia 820 Urinary Casts in AKI 820 Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury 820 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 820 Treatment of CKD 821 Calciphylaxis 821 Renal Transplantation 821 Most Common Opportunistic Infections in Renal Transplant 821 Recipients NEPHROTIC SYNDROMES 821 NEPHRITIC SYNDROMES 822 MORPHOLOGICAL KIDNEY APPEARANCES 824 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY 824 MORE RENAL TOPICS 824 Basement Membrane Syndrome 824 Fibronectin Nephropathy 825 Dent’s Disease 825 Atheroembolic Renal Disease 825 Bartter and Gitelman syndrome 825 Renal TB 825 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA) 825 CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES 826 AUTOANTIBODIES IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES 827 SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) 827 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 828 SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS 830 BEHCET’S DISEASE 830 VASCULITIS 831 SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES 832 Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s Syndrome) Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) 832 SJÖGREN SYNDROME 833 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 843 Signaling Pathways of Endocrine Hormones (Second Messengers) 834 Oxytocin and Vasopressin 834

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PITUITARY GLAND 834 Pituitary Adenoma 834 Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion 834 Acromegaly 835 Prolactinoma 835 Visual Field Defect in Chiasmal Compression 835 Diabetes Insipidus 836 Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH (SIADH) 836 Cerebral Salt Wasting 836 Causes of Hypopituitarism 836 THYROID GLAND 837 Thyroid Basics (Fig. 21.77) 837 Function of Thyroxine = “4Bs” 837 Regulation of Thyroid Secretion (Fig. 21.66) 838 FNAC of Thyroid 838 Graves’ Disease (Thyrotoxicosis) 838 features of Hypothyroidism 839 Differential Diagnosis 840 Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) 840 Painless Thyroiditis, or “Silent” Thyroiditis, 840 Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm) 840 PARATHYROID GLAND 840 Calcitonin 841 Hyperparathyroidism 841 Clinical Features of Hyperparathyroidism 841 Radiology of of hyperparathyroidism 842 Hypoparathyroidism 842 Pseudo-Hypoparathyroidism 842 Pseudo-Pseudo-Hypoparathyroidism 842 ADRENAL GLAND 842 Arterial Supply of Adrenals 843 Venous Drainage 843 Synthesis of Aldosterone 843 Hyperaldosteronism 843 Liddle and GoRdon syndrome 843 Synthesis of Cortisol 844 Cushing’s Syndrome 844 Pseudo-Cushing’s Syndrome 845 Addison’s disease 845 Addisonian Crisis 845 Incidentaloma 845 Pheochromocytoma 846 Adrenal Metastases 846 Adrenocortical Carcinoma 846 DIABETES MELLITUS 847 Comparison of Two Types of Diabetes Mellitus 847 MODY 847 Flatbush Diabetes 848 Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 848 Diabetic Ketoacidosis 848 Hyperosmolar (Nonketotic Hyperglycemic) Coma 848

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Somogyi Effect 849 Dawn Phenomenon 849 HYPOGLYCEMIA 849 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes 849 Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes (APS) 849 Function of the Endocrine Pancreas 849 INSULINOMA 849 OTHER PNET’S 849 GENERAL MEDICINE 850 “Named Fevers” 850 Differences between Fever and Hyperthermia 850 Quantifying Proteinuria 851 Pain Terminologies 851 Body Mass Index (Quetelet’s index) 851 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) 851 Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) 852 Pseudo's—You Should Know 852 Markers of Risk for Coronary Artery Disease 852 Copper 852 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) 852 Hyperkalemia management 853 EPONYMOUS SIGNS 853 TRIADS 865 ALTERNATE NAMES 866 Autoinflammatory Diseases in Which Fever is Characteristic 867

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

SURGERY IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN SURGERY 869 SURGERY BASICS 869 WOUND HEALING 869 Classification of Wound Closure and Healing 869 Tidy vs Untidy Wounds 869 Types of Surgical Wounds (Surgeries) 870 PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO INJURY 870 SHOCK 870 Types of Shock 870 Stages of Shock 870 Treatment of Shock 871 HEMORRHAGE 871 Types of hemorrhage 871 Classification of Hemorrhagic Shock 871 SURGICAL FLUID PHYSIOLOGY 871 INCISIONS 872 Scalpel Blades 873 Names of Incisions 873 SUTURES 873 Bowel Anastomoses 873 Ligasure 874 The ‘harmonic’ Scalpel 874 INFECTIONS AND SURGERY 874 Synergistic Spreading Gangrene 874 MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY 875 LAPAROSCOPY 875 Gases Used in Pneumoperitoneum 875 Physiological Changes in Laparoscopy 875 Gas Embolism 875 BURNS 876 Traditional and Current Classifications of Burns 876 Fluid Replacement in Burns Patient 876 SKIN GRAFTS 876 Skin Grafts (Thiersch Graft) 876 Full Thickness Skin Grafts (Wolfe graft) 876 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 877 ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS 877 Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus 877 Esophageal Perforation 877 Boerhaave’s Syndrome 877 Mallory-Weiss Tear 877 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) 877 Achalasia 878 Esophageal Diverticula 879 Hiatus Hernia 879 Barrett’s Esophagus 879 Plummer-Vinson Syndrome 880

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

STOMACH DISORDERS 880 Helicobacter pylori 881 Gastritis 881 GASTRIC VERSUS DUODENAL ULCERS 881 BENIGN AND MALIGNANT GASTRIC ULCERS COMPARED 881 Types of Gastric Ulcers (Daintree Johnson) 882 Complications of Gastric Ulcer 882 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS FOR GASTRIC ULCER (GU) 882 SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS FOR DUODENAL ULCER 883 COMPLICATIONS AFTER GASTRIC OPERATIONS 883 Postcibal (‘Dumping’ Syndromes) 883 GASTRIC VOLVULUS (ROTATION) 884 MENETRIER’S DISEASE (HYPERTROPHIC GASTRITIS) 884 ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME (ZES) 884 Linitis Plastica 885 BARIATRIC SURGERY 885 UPPER GI BLEEDING 885 TYPHOID 886 TUBERCULOSIS OF THE INTESTINE 886 INTESTINAL DIVERTICULA 886 MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA 886 ANGIODYSPLASIA 886 ISCHEMIC COLITIS 887 KEY POINTS ABOUT STOMAS 887 INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION 887 Types of Intestinal Obstruction 887 Strangulation 887 Internal Hernia 887 Gallstone Ileus 888 Volvulus 888 Cardinal Clinical Features of Acute Obstruction 888 Radiological Features of Obstruction (on Plain X-ray) 888 Treatment of Acute Intestinal Obstruction 889 Pseudo-obstruction 889 RECTAL PROLAPSE 889 Mucosal Prolapse 889 Full Thickness Prolapse 889 CONDITIONS OF THE ANUS 890 Anal Fissure 890 Fistula in Ano 890 Internal Hemorrhoids 890 External Hemorrhoids 890 ILEUS 890 PEDIATRIC GIT SURGICAL CONDITIONS 890 APPENDICITIS 891 APPENDICECTOMY 893 Retroperitoneal Zones 893 HERNIA 894 Inguinal Region Anatomy 894 Boundaries of the Inguinal Canal 894 Deep Ring Occlusion Test 894

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Nyhus Classification of Groin Hernia 894 Different Hernias 894 Surgeries for Femoral Hernia 894 Rare External Hernias 894 Other Named Hernias 896 Basics of Hernia Surgery 896 Landmarks a/w Hernia Repair 896 Athletic Pubalgia 896 LIVER, GALL BLADDER AND PANCREAS 897 AMEBIC LIVER ABSCESS 897 HYDATID CYST 897 CLASSIFYING THE SEVERITY OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 898 LIVER TRANSPLANTATION 898 GALLBLADDER 898 PATHOLOGY OF BILIARY TREE 898 BILARY CIRRHOSIS 899 GALLSTONES 899 DISEASES OF THE BILIARY TRACT 899 Ultrasound Features of Acute Cholecystitis 900 ACUTE PANCREATITIS 901 CHRONIC PANCREATITIS 902 RENAL SYSTEM 902 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE KIDNEY 902 Horseshoe kidney 902 Duplex renal pelvis 903 Duplex ureter 903 Ureterocele 903 Autosomal Recessive (Childhood) Polycystic Kidney 904 Autosomal Dominant (Adult) polycystic kidney 904 RENAL STONES 905 Predisposing Factors for Iatrogenic Urologic Injury 906 BLADDER CONDITIONS 907 Bladder Rupture 907 Urinary Fistulae 907 How to remove a retained/stuck Foley’s catheter? 907 THYROID 908 Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules on U/S 908 Radioactive Iodine 908 Thyroid Enlargement 908 Thyroid Operations 908 Retrosternal Goiter 908 Thyroid Cancers 908 BREAST 909 NIPPLE CONDITIONS 909 Nipple Discharge 909 Other Nipple Conditions 909 CONGENITAL BREAST ANOMALIES 910 ACUTE MASTITIS 910 DUCT ECTASIA (PERIDUCTAL MASTITIS) 910 More Breast Lesions 910 BENIGN BREAST TUMOURS 911

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Phyllodes Tumour 911 BREAST CARCINOMA 911 Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Breast Cancer 911 Ca Breast Risk Assessment Methods 911 Pathology 911 Histologic Types 911 Breast Histologic Subtype and Risk 912 Clinically 912 Triple Assessment for breast cancer 912 Prognosis of Breast Cancer 912 Types of Endocrine Therapy for Invasive/Metastatic Ca Breast 913 More about Tamoxifen 913 Newer Drugs in Breast Ca Treatment 913 Breast Cancer Surgery Terminologies 913 Mastectomy 914 Breast Conservation 914 Breast Reconstruction 914 MAMMOGRAPHY 914 BI-RADS 915 MRI and Breast 915 Breast Cancer Trials 915 VENOUS DISORDERS 915 Superficial Thrombophlebitis 915 VARICOSE VEINS 916 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT) 917 ARTERIAL DISORDERS 918 Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI) 918 Intermittent Claudication (IC) 918 Gangrene 918 Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) 918 Ultrasonography of Deep Vein Thrombosis 918 Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO, Buerger’s 919 PATIENT SAFETY 919 PATIENT SAFETY, QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 919 Patient Safety Incidents 919 TRAUMA 920 FEW SCORING SYSTEMS Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 920 Classification of Blast injuries 921 other hiGh yield sUrGery topics 921 SIGNS 921 FEW NAMED SURGERIES 922 IMPORTANT NAMED LYMPH NODES 922 SURGICAL POSITIONS 922 VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS 923 Capillary Hemangioma 923 Cavernous Hemangioma 923 Glomus Tumour 923 Pyogenic Granuloma 924 NECK 924 Branchial Cyst 924

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Branchial Fistula 924 Neck Dissection 924 MALE GENITALIA 925 Torsion of Testis 926 Testicular Torsion vs Epididymitis 926 Treatment of Hydroceles 926 CAUSES OF LYMPHEDEMA 926 ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION 926 “FIRSTS” in Organ Transplantation 926 Maximum and Optimal Cold Storage Times 927 Modified Maastricht Classification 927 ADDITIONAL HIGH YIELD POINTS 927 FLAIL CHEST 927 Immunohistochemical stains used for tumours 928 Radiological Appearances of pancreatic Conditions 929 Radiological Appearances of Renal Conditions 929 Radiological Appearances of Renal Conditions 930

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ONCOLOGY HIGH YIELD POINTS 931 ‘PLASIA’ DEFINITIONS 931 TUMOR GRADE VS STAGE 932 Named Staging/Grading 932 CHORISTOMA VS HAMARTOMA 932 METASTASIS 932 PATHWAYS OF SPREAD OF CANCER 932 Types of metastases: 933 Common Sites of Primary Tumors 933 ONCOGENES 933 Oncogenes and Associated Cancers 933 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES 934 FAMILIAL MALIGNANCIES/CANCERS 934 Examples of Familial Malignancies 935 CIGARETTE SMOKING 936 SUSPECTED CARCINOGENS 936 TUMOR MARKERS 937 HUMAN ONCOGENIC VIRUSES 937 COMMON CANCERS BY GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS 937 MC CANCERS 938 Hormone Dependent Tumors LUNG CANCER 938 Malignant Mesothelioma 940 BENIGN LIVER TUMORS 940 Hepatic adenoma 940 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia 940 Hemangioma 941 MALIGNANT LIVER TUMORS 941 2. Hepatoblastoma 942 3. Angiosarcoma 942 4. Metastases to Liver 942 CANCER OF THE GALLBLADDER 942 CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA 942 CANCER 943 CARCINOMA OESOPHAGUS 943 MEDIASTINAL TUMORS 944 Other Thoracic Tumors 944 GASTRIC CARCINOMA 944 Primary Gastric Lymphoma 946 GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS 946 BENIGN TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE 946 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 946 MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE 946 TUMORS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE 947 Nonfamilial Adenomatous Polyps 947 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) 947 COLORECTAL CANCER 948

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

CANCER OF THE ANUS 949 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA 949 BLADDER CANCER 951 PROSTATE CANCER 951 TESTICULAR CANCER 952 CANCER OF PENIS 953 BRAIN TUMORS 954 SKIN CANCERS 956 Basal Cell Carcinoma 956 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 957 Malignant Melanoma 957 SALIVARY GLAND TUMOS 958 OCULAR TUMORS 958 Malignant Melanoma of Choroid (Choroidal Melanoma) 958 Retinoblastoma (RB) 959 D/D of Leukocoria or White Pupillary Reflex 960 Rhabdomyosarcoma (Embryonal Sarcoma) 960 Other Orbital Tumors and Disorders 961 TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME 961 LACRIMAL GLAND TUMORS 962

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

OBSTETRICS PLACENTA AND FETAL MEMBRANES 963 Decidua 963 Placenta 963 Placental Circulation 963 Placental Abnormalities 963 HORMONES SECRETED BY PLACENTA 964 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) 964 Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) 964 Estrogen 965 Progesterone 965 UMBILICAL CORD 965 FETAL MEMBRANES 965 AMNIOTIC FLUID 965 Oligohydramnios vs Polyhydramnios 966 Amniotic Fluid Indicators/Tests of Fetal Lung Maturity 966 FETAL BLOOD 967 Fetal Hematopoiesis 967 PHYSIOLOGY OF FETAL CIRCULATION 967 PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE OF MOTHER TO PREGNANCY 967 Weight Gain during Pregnancy 967 Hematological Changes 968 Cardiovascular Changes 968 Clinical CVS changes in Pregnancy 968 Respiratory System 968 Renal System 968 Metabolic Changes 968 Changes in Genital Organs during Pregnancy 969 DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY 969 Formulae 969 Trimesters 969 Absolute (Positive) Signs of Pregnancy 970 Estimation of Fetal Weight 970 ANTEPARTUM FETAL MONITORING 970 Non-stress Test (NST) 971 Biophysical Profile 971 Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring 971 Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling (FSBS) 972 Vibroacoustic Stimulation Test 972 Contraction Stress Test 972 Fetal Movement Count 972 ANTENATAL ULTRASOUND 972 Gestational Sac on Ultrasound 973 Gestational age and Embryonic Structures identified by TVS 973 Maternal Serum Alfa-fetoprotein (MSAFP) 973 Doppler Ultrasonography 974 DIAMETERS OF FETAL SKULL 974 MATERNAL PELVIS 974

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Obstetric Significance of the Plane of Least Pelvic Dimension 975 A-P Diameters of Pelvic Inlet 975 Contracted Pelvis 975 Cephalopelvic Disproportion (CPD) 975 Trial of Labour 975 FETUS IN UTERO 975 Obstetrical Grips 976 Obstetric History Recording Nomenclature 976 NORMAL LABOR 976 Prelabor 976 Normal Labor: Stages and Duration 976 Mechanism of Normal Labor 977 Partogram 977 INDUCTION OF LABOR 977 Modified Bishop Score 977 Cervical Ripening 978 THIRD STAGE OF LABOR 978 Signs of Placental Separation 978 Active Mnagement of Third Stage of Labor 978 (AMTSL) POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE (PPH) 978 PERINEAL TEAR 979 PLACENTA ACCRETA 980 MALPOSITIONS 980 BREECH PRESENTATION 980 OTHER MALPRESENTATIONS 981 OBSTRUCTED LABOR 981 Shoulder Dystocia 981 PRETERM LABOR 981 DEVIATIONS FROM NORMAL LABOR 982 ABORTION 982 Cervical Incompetence 983 MTP ACT 983 MULTIPLE PREGNANCY/TWINS 984 THIRD TRIMESTER BLEEDING 985 Abruptio Placentae 985 Placenta Previa 986 PUERPERIUM 986 MEDICAL DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY 986 Hyperemesis Gravidarum 986 Pregnancy Induced Hypertension–Preeclampsia 986 and Eclampsia Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) 987 Maternal Hyperthyroidism 987 Heart Disease in Pregnancy 987 Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy 988 Antiphospholipid Syndrome 988 ECTOPIC PREGNANCY 988 “Most Common’s” in Ectopic Pregnancy 988

CONTRACEPTION AND BIRTH CONTROL 989

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

BARRIER METHODS 989 NATURAL CONTRACEPTION 989 STEROIDAL CONTRACEPTIVES 990 INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE (IUD) 990 FEMALE STERILIZATION 991 MALE STERILIZATION - VASECTOMY 991 ONGOING TRIALS AND SELECTIVELY AVAILABLE CONTRACEPTIVES 992 METHODS OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY 993 INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION (IUGR) 993 HYDATIDIFORM MOLE 993 CESAREAN SECTION (C/S) 994 Dilatation and Evacuation 994 SUCTION EVACUATION 994 MENSTRUAL REGULATION 994 VACUUM ASPIRATION 994 EPISIOTOMY 994 FORCEPS 994 VENTOUSE 994 Indications for Operative Vaginal Delivery (Foreceps/Ventouse) 995 Complications of Forceps and Ventouse 995 VERSIONS 995 DESTRUCTIVE OPERATIONS 995 SMOKING AND PREGNANCY 995 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 995

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

GYNECOLOGY ANATOMY OF FEMALE PELVIC ORGANS 997 Female External Genitalia 997 Homologous Glands in Males and Females 997 Vagina 997 Uterus 998 Uterine (Fallopian) Tube 999 Broad Ligament 999 Ovary 999 MENSTRUAL PHYSIOLOGY 1000 Endometrium 1000 Menstrual Cycle 1000 Overview of Menstrual Cycle 1001 Ultrasound Patterns of Endometrium 1002 Ovarian Follicles 1002 Corpus Luteum 1002 Inhibin 1003 HORMONES 1003 Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) 1003 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) 1003 GnRH Analogs/Agonists 1003 Estrogen and Progesterone Compared 1004 More about Natural Estrogens 1004 Uses of Estrogens 1005 Uses of Progesterone 1005 Anti-Estrogens 1005 Anti Progesterone (Mifepristone RU 486) 1005 Androgens in Females 1006 Anti-Androgens 1006 MENSTRUAL DISORDERS 1006 Amenorrhea 1006 D/D OF PRIMARY AMENORRHEA 1006 Dysmenorrhea 1007 Other Variations of Menstruation 1007 MENOPAUSE 1007 Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) 1007 CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS 1008 Imperforate Hymen 1008 Mullerian Agenesis 1008 Uterine Anomalies 1008 Congenital Cysts 1008 VULVOVAGINAL INFECTIONS 1009 Candidal Vulvovaginitis 1009 TrichomonasVaginalis 1009 Bacterial Vaginosis 1010 Herpes Genitalis 1010 PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE 1010 Genital Tuberculosis 1011

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

DISPLACEMENTS OF THE UTERUS 1012 Classification of Vaginal Prolapse 1012 Classification of Uterine Prolapse 1012 Treatment of Vaginal Prolapse 1012 Treatment of Uterine Prolapse 1012 GENIT0-URINARY FISTULAE 1013 Timing of Surgery in VVF 1013 Methylene Blue 3 Swab Test 1013 ‘Most Common’ in Fistulae 1014 URINARY INCONTINENCE 1014 DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING (DUB) 1015 POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING (PMB) 1015 POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE (PCOD) 1016 HIRSUTISM 1016 ENDOMETRIOSIS 1017 FIBROID (UTERINE LEIOMYOMA) 1018 INFERTILITY 1019 IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF, ‘TEST TUBE BABY’) 1020 ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA 1024 ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA 1025 CERVICAL INTRA-EPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA (CIN) 1026 PAP Smear 1026 Colposcopy 1027 Cone Biopsy (Conization) 1028 CARCINOMA CERVIX 1028 PHYSIOLOGIC/FUNCTIONAL CYSTS OF THE OVARY 1030 CLASSIFICATION OF OVARIAN TUMORS (WHO) 1030 BENIGN OVARIAN NEOPLASMS 1031 MALIGNANT OVARIAN NEOPLASMS 1031 ‘Catchwords’ in Ovarian Tumors Histology 1032 FALLOPIAN TUBE CANCER 1033 RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (RMS) 1033 GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC NEOPLASIA (GTN) 1034 DEGREES OF PERINEAL TEAR 1034 CULDOCENTESIS 1034 TYPES OF RADICAL HYSTERECTOMY 1034

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

DERMATOLOGY THE SKIN 1036 THE EPIDERMIS (FIG 26.1) 1036 Adhesions in the Epidermis 1036 Special Cell in Epidermis 1036 Keratinocytes 1036 Melanocytes 1037 Langerhans’ cell 1037 Merkel’s (Tastzellen) cells 1037 DERMIS 1037 SUBCUTANEOUS FAT (PANNICULUS) 1038 SKIN LESIONS 1038 Primary Skin Lesions 1038 Secondary Skin Lesions 1038 TERMS IN DERMATOPATHOLOGY 1038 Acantholysis 1039 Signs in dermatology 1039 Microabscesses 1041 PSORIASIS 1041 Psoriatic Arthritis 1044 Treatment of Psoriasis 1045 LICHEN PLANUS 1045 LICHEN NITIDUS 1047 PITYRIASIS ROSEA 1047 PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS 10471 SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS 1048 ECZEMA (DERMATITIS) 1048 CONTACT DERMATITIS 1048 Patch Test 1048 ATOPIC DERMATITIS VARIOUS OTHER DERMATITIS 1049 Pompholyx 1050 Nummular (Discoid) Eczema 1050 Lichen Simplex Chronicus 1050 FIXED DRUG ERUPTION 1050 HAIR BASICS 1051 ALOPECIA 1051 ALOPECIA AREATA (AA) 1051 ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA (AGA) 1052 EFFLUVIUM 1052 TRICHOTILLOMANIA 1052 ACNE VULGARIS 1052 ACNE ROSACEA 1053 SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF INTERNAL DISEASE 1053 Erythema Nodosum 1053 Erythema Multiforme (EM) 1054 Erythema Multiforme Major 1054 Pyoderma Gangrenosum 1054

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

OTHER ERYTHEMAS 1054 SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 1055 SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1055 Impetigo 1055 Scarlet Fever 1055 Erysipelas 1055 Ecthyma Gangrenosum 1056 Erythrasma 1056 VIRAL SKIN DISEASES 1056 Herpes Zoster (HZ, Shingles) 1056 Herpes Simplex 1056 Viral Warts 1056 Molluscum Contagiosum 1057 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease 1057 TUBERCULAR INFECTIONS OF SKIN 1058 Lupus vulgaris 1058 Scrofuloderma 1058 Tuberculids 1058 Swimming pool or sh-tank granuloma 1058 Buruli ulcer 1058 LEPROSY (HANSEN’S DISEASE) 1058 About M. leprae (Micro+PSM) 1058 Classifications of Leprosy 1059 Types of Leprosy 1060 Other leprosy subtypes 1060 Nerve Involvement in Leprosy 1060 Lepra Reactions 1061 Tests for Detecting Immunity in Leprosy 1062 Lepromin Test 1062 Slit Skin Smear (SSS) 1062 Treatment of Leprosy 1062 MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES (CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA) 1062 URTICARIA 1063 ANGIOEDEMA (QUINCKE’S DISEASE) 1063 Acrodermatitis Enteropathica 1063 LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 1063 DERMATOMYOSITIS (DRM) 1063 ICTHYOSIS 1063 INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI 1064 MORE SKIN CONDITIONS 1064 Skin manifestations of primary amyloidosis 1065 Fitzpatrick skin type classification 1065 Cutaneous Larva Migrans 1065 Sweet’s Syndrome HYPOPIGMENTATION 1065 Vitiligo 1065 HYPERPIGMENTATION 1066 NAILS AND DISEASE 1066 CUTANEOUS MARKERS OF INTERNAL MALIGNANCY 1067 Acanthosis nigricans 1067 CRYOSURGERY 1067

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Ultraviolet Radiation 1068 FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS 1068 Morphological Classification of Fungi 1068 DERMATOPHYTOSIS (RINGWORM, TINEA) 1068 Tinea/Pityriasis Versicolor 1069 COLORS UNDER WOOD’S LAMP 1069 BLISTERING SKIN DISEASES 1069 Classification Based on Level of Blister 1070 Direct Immunofluoresecnce (DIF) 1070 ACQUIRED BLISTERING DISORDERS 1070 Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) 1070 Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) 1070 Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) 1070 Bullous pemphigoid (BP) 1070 Cicatricial pemphigoid 1070 Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) 1070 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 1070 Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (linear IgA disease) 1070 INHERITED BLISTERING DISORDERS 1074 Hailey-Hailey disease 1074 Darier’s Disease Keratosis Follicularis 1074 Congenital Epidermolysis Bullosa 1074 Nikolsky and Friends: Mechanical Signs in Bullous Disorders 1074 LINES IN DERMATOLOGY 1075 Blaschko’s Lines 1075 Wallace’s Lines 1075 Langer’s Lines 1075 Vogt Futcher’s Lines 1075 Kraissl Lines 1075 Borges Lines 1075 SWEAT GLAND DISORDERS 1075 Miliaria (Prickly Heat) 1075 Hidradenitis Suppurativa 1075 Bromhidrosis 1075 Chromhodrosis 1076 Fox-Fordyce Disease (Apocrine Miliaria) 1076 DRUG-INDUCED SKIN REACTIONS 1076 INFESTATIONS 1076 Scabies 1076 Pediculosis (Lice Infestation) 1076 Leishmaniasis 1077 KEYWORDS 1077 PHENOMENA 1078 PANNICULITIS 1078 DERMATOLOGIC THERAPY 1079

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

VENEREOLOGY SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE MICROORGANISMS (PREDOMINANT ROUTE) 1081 D/D OF COMMON STDs 1081 Chancroid (soft sore) 1081 Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis) 1081 Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) 1081 Genital Herpes 1082 SYPHILIS (‘THE GREAT IMITATOR’) 1082 ENDEMIC TREPONEMATOSES 1084 URETHRITIS 1084 PSM ASPECTS OF STDS 1085

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

PSYCHIATRY IMPORTANT NAMES IN PSYCHIATRY 1086 CLASSIFICATION 1086 MENTAL DISORDERS 1086 MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION 1087 DISORDERS OF PERCEPTION (Hallucinations) 1087 DISORDERS OF THOUGHT 1088 Delusions 1088 Loosening of Associations 1089 NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS 1089 Delirium (Acute Confusional State) 1089 Dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder) 1089 Alzheimer’s Dementia 1090 Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) 1090 Cortical and Subcortical Dementia Compared 1091 Organic Amnestic Syndrome 1091 Cognitive Errors 1091 SCHIZOPHRENIA (SZ) 1092 MOOD DISORDERS 1095 Major Depressive Disorder 1095 Bipolar Disorders 1096 SUICIDE 1097 POSTPARTUM MOOD DISTURBANCES 1097 CHILD PSYCHIATRY 1098 Infantile Autism 1098 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD 1098 Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1098 Conduct Disorder 1099 Separation Anxiety Disorder 1099 Non-Organic Enuresis 1099 MENTAL RETARDATION (MR) 1099 ANXIETY DISORDERS 1100 Agoraphobia 1100 Social Phobia 1100 Other Specific Phobias 1100 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 1100 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 1101 Panic Disorder 1101 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 1101 CONVERSION AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS 1101 Conversion Disorder 1101 Dissociative Disorders 1102 Tourette’s Disorder (Gille’s de la Tourette) 1102 SOMATOFORM DISORDERS 1103 Somatization Disorder (Briquet’s Syndrome) 1103 Hypochondriasis 1103 Body Dysmorphic Disorder 1103 Pain Disorder 1103

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Munchausen syndrome 1104 FEATURES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS 1104 SLEEP DISORDERS 1104 Stages of Sleep and the EEG 1105 Stages 3 and 4 (Slow Wave) Sleep Disorders 1105 REM (Desynchronized or Paradoxical) Sleep Disorders 1105 Narcolepsy (Gelineau’s Syndrome) 1105 Insomnia 1105 Sleep Apnea 1106 EATING DISORDERS 1106 Anorexia Nervosa 1106 Bulimia Nervosa 1106 Other Eating Disorders 1107 IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDERS 1107 Kleptomania 1107 Pyromania 1107 Trichotillomania 1107 SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS 1108 Alcoholism 1108 Organs Affected by Alcohol 1108 Alcohol Withdrawal 1108 Blood Alcohol Levels and its Effects 1108 Acute Alcohol Intoxication 1109 Terminology According to Blood Alcohol Levels 1109 Testing for Alcohol 1109 Breath Alcohol Testing 1109 OTHER SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS 1110 Opioids 1110 Cannabis/Marijuana 1110 Amphetamines 1110 Cocaine 1110 LSD 1111 Drugs of Abuse—Slang 1111 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS 1111 Klüver-Bucy syndrome 1112 Kubler Ross model 1112 ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (NEUROLEPTICS) 1113 ANTIDEPRESSANTS 1114 MOOD-STABILIZING DRUGS (Lithium) 1115 ANTIANXIETY DRUGS 1115 Varenceline 1116 PSYCHOANALYSIS 1116 ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY 1118 CULTURE-BOUND SYNDROMES 1118 TESTS IN PSYCHIATRY 1119 CHANGES IN DSM-V 1120

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

ANESTHESIOLOGY HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA 1122 AIRWAY ASSESSMENT 1122 ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES 1123 LARYNGOSCOPE 1125 ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION 1125 LARYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY (LMA) 1126 END TIDAL CARBON DIOXIDE (ETCO2) 1127 CAPNOGRAPHY 1127 PULSE OXIMETRY 1129 OXYGEN DELIVERY METHODS 1129 CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE (CVP) 1130 MONITORING DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA 1130 STAGES OF ANESTHESIA 1130 PREOPERATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT 1130 ASA Physical Scale 1131 Cardiac Risk Factors for Noncardiac Surgery 1131 NYHA Classification 1131 Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) 1131 EEG PATTERNS DUE TO ANESTHESIA 1131 DRUGS TO BE MODIFIED PREOPERATIVELY 1131 POSTOPERATIVE DISCHARGE CRITERIA 1132 AIR EMBOLISM DURING ANESTHESIA 1132 MEDICAL GAS SUPPLY 1132 Color of Medical Gas Cylinders 1133 Pin Index 1133 Diameter Index Safety System 1133 Cylinder Pressures 1133 ANESTHESIA MACHINE 1133 ANESTHETIC BREATHING SYSTEMS/ANESTHETIC CIRCUITS 1134 Mapleson Systems 1134 CO2 ABSORBENTS 1134 Soda Lime 1134 Baralyme 1134 XENON ANESTHESIA 1135 FEW PROCEDURES 1135 Cricoid Pressure (Sellick’s Maneuver) 1135 Heimlich Maneuver 1136 SPINAL ANESTHESIA 1137 CAUDAL EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA 1137 INTRAVENOUS REGIONAL ANESTHESIA (IVRA, BIER’S BLOCK) 1138 CELIAC PLEXUS BLOCK 1138 STELLATE GANGLION BLOCK 1139 BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK 1139 GENERAL ANESTHETICS 1139 INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC (INDUCTION) AGENTS 1139 Sodium Thiopentone 1139 Propofol (Diisopropylphenol) 1140

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Etomidate 1140 Ketamine 1140 Benzodiazepines 1140 MAC (MINIMUM ALVEOLAR CONCENTRATION) 1140 BLOOD GAS PARTITION COEFFICIENT 1141 INHALATIONAL AGENTS AND INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS 1142 Ether 1142 Nitrous Oxide 1142 Halothane (Fluothane) 1142 Desflurane 1142 Metabolism of Inhalational Anesthetics 1143 NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS 1144 Depolarizing vs Nondepolarizing Block 1144 DEPOLARIZING MUSCLE RELAXANTS 1144 Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine, Scoline) 1144 NONDEPOLARIZING MUSCLE RELAXANTS 1144 Assessment of Neuromuscular Blockade 1144 IV Drug Dosing Based on Different Types of ’Body Weight’ 1144 RAPID SEQUENCE ANESTHESIA 1144 LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS 1145 Lignocaine (Lidocaine) 1145 Bupivacaine 1145 EMLA 1146 Maximum Recommended Doses 1146 ANESTHESIA AT HIGH ALTITUDE 1146 HYPOTHERMIA AND ANESTHESIA 1146 THERAPEUTIC USES OF CO2 1147 MALIGNANT HYPERPYREXIA (MH) 1147 MECHANICAL VENTILATION 1148 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION 1149 BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS 1150 Storage of Blood 1150 Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) 1150 Cryoprecipitate 1150 Platelets 1151 Shelf Life of Blood Products 1151 PLASMA/BLOOD VOLUME REPLACEMENT SOLUTIONS 1151 Crystalloids 1151 Colloids 1151 TRANSFUSION REACTIONS 1152 TRALI 1152 PHYSICS 1152

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

RADIODIAGNOSIS X-RAYS 1155 Production of X-rays 1155 Radiographic cassettes 1155 Safelights in X-ray Room 1156 Fluoroscopy 1156 ULTRASONOGRAPHY 1156 Doppler Ultrasonography 1156 Echocardiography 1157 TransEsophageal ECHO (TEE) 1157 Ultrasound Frequencies used in Medicine 1157 FAST 1157 eFAST 1157 CT SCAN (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) 1158 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 1159 T1 and T2 Images 1159 Enhancement in MRI 1159 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 1160 Radiation Exposure 1161 CONTRAST MEDIA 1162 Barium Sulphate Preparations 1162 Iodinated Contrast Agents 1162 Contrast Nephropathy 1162 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis 1162 Radiological Inv of Choice 1163 Embolization Agents 1163 SKELETAL SYSTEM Bone Metastases 1163 Ankylosing Spondylitis 1163 Rickets 1164 Scurvy 1164 Osteomalacia 1164 Psoriatic Arthritis 1165 Eosinophilic Granuloma 1165 Achondroplasia 1165 Hyperparathyroidism 1166 Sickle Cell Anemia (Bone Findings) 1166 Hemophiliac Arthritis 1166 Wormian Bones 1166 Bone within Bone Appearance 1167 Generalized Increased Bone Density 1167 SPINE/VERTEBRAE 1167 Vertebrae 1167 Intervertebral Disk Calcification 1167 Vertebra Plana 1167 Scoliosis 1167 Atlantoaxial Subluxation 1167 Spondylolisthesis 1168

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) 1168 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 1168 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1168 PA and AP Views of Chest Compared 1168 Normal CXR—Important Points (Figure 30.17) 1169 Felson’s Silhouette Sign (Figure 30.18) 1169 Egg Shell Calcification of Lymph Nodes 1170 Septal Lines (Kerley B Lines) 1170 Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN) 1171 Miliary Mottling (Honeycomb Lung) 1171 Unilateral Hypertransradiant Hemithorax 1172 Pneumatoceles (Figure 30.24) 1172 Pruning of Pulmonary Vasculature 1172 Rounded Atelectasis 1173 ‘Tree-in-Bud’ Opacities on Chest X-ray/CT Scan 1173 Signs of Pulmonary Hydatidosis on Chest X-ray 1173 Chest X-ray of Child with Foreign Body (FB) Aspiration 1174 Air Bronchogram 1174 Emphysema Radiology 1175 More High Yield Points 1175 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1176 Heart Borders on CXR 1176 Mitral Stenosis 1177 Cardiac Calcification 1178 Congestive Heart Failure 1178 Double Density Signs in Radiology 1178 Coarctation of Aorta 1178 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 1179 Pneumoperitoneum 1179 Intestinal Obstruction 1179 Acute Intussusception 1179 Ileocaecal TB 1180 Carcinoma Head of Pancreas 1180 Adrenal Calcification 1180 Thumbprinting in Colon 1180 Benign and Malignant Gastric Ulcers Compared 1180 Radiological Features of Sigmoid Volvulus 1180 More High Yield Points 1180 URINARY SYSTEM 1181 Bladder Calcification 1181 Duplex Renal Collecting Systems/Duplex Ureter 1181 Causes of Teardrop (Pear-shaped) Bladder 1181 Ultrasound Features of Acute Pyelonephritis 1181 SKULL AND BRAIN 1182 Abnormal intracranial calcification 1182 Ring-Enhancing Lesion on CT Scan 1182 Basal Ganglia Calcification 1182 J-shaped Sella Turcica 1182 Raised ICT; X-ray Signs 1182 NICE Guidelines for Computed tomography (CT) in Head Injury 1183 OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 1183

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

Ultrasound of Ectopic Pregnancy 1183 Blighted Ovum (Anembryonic Pregnancy) 1183 Ultrasound Signs of Ovulation 1183 Radiology of Fetal Death 1183 Ultrasound Signs of Pregnancy 1184 MORE RESPIRATORY ONE-LINERS 1184 MORE CVS ONE-LINERS 1184 MORE GIT ONE-LINERS 1185 MORE SKELETAL SYSTEM ONE-LINERS 1186 X-RAY VIEWS 1188 MORE NAMED SIGNS 1188 ‘Animal’ and ‘Food’ Signs in Radiology 1188 Fruity signs in radiology 1189

Sure Success MAGIC 11th Edition: 'TOPIC INDEX' by Dr B Ramgopal

RADIOTHERAPY TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION 1190 Ionizing and Penetrating Power 1190 RADIATION PHYSICS 1191 Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE) 1191 Linear Energy Transfer (LET): 1191 Photoelectric effect 1191 Compton effect: 1191 CELLULAR EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION 1191 Therapeutic Ratio 1192 Radiation-Derived Units 1192 EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY (EBRT) 1192 Fractionation 1192 Radiation Schedules 1193 BRACHYTHERAPY 1193 Types of Brachytherapy 1193 Manchester System 1193 3D CRT 1193 Conditions Treated with Stereotactic Radiation 1194 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RADIATION 1194 Stochastic Effects 1194 Non-stochastic Effects (Deterministic Effects) 1194 RADIOSENSITIVITY 1195 NEWER TOPICS 1195 (PSM) ASPECTS OF RADIATION 1196

NUCLEAR MEDICINE RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING–BASIC PRINCIPLES 1197 Radioisotope Half Lives 1197 COMMONLY USED RADIONUCLIDE SCANS 1197 Bone Scan 1197 Renal Scan 1197 Cardiac Scan 1198 Technetium-99m scans 1199