DOCSLIB.ORG

Toolkit on Cross-Sector Infrastructure Sharing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Toolkit on Cross-Sector Infrastructure Sharing TOOLKIT ON CROSS-SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE SHARING TO BE PUBLISHED AS MODULE 8 OF THE BROADBAND STRATEGIES TOOLKIT WWW.BROADBANDTOOLKIT.ORG M ACMILLAN K ECK A TTORNEYS & S OLICITORS Jerome Greene Hall 1120 Avenue of the Americas, 4th Floor 435 West 116th Street New York, NY 10036 USA New York, NY 10027 Tel: +1 212 626-6666 Phone: (212) 854-1830 Fax: +1 646 349-4989 Fax: (212) 854-7946 www.macmillankeck.pro ccsi.columbia.edu February 2017 Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ iii About the authors and contributors to Module 8 ........................................................................................... v About the World Bank team ........................................................................................................................... vi 8 CROSS-SECTOR INFRASTRUCTURE SHARING ................................................................................ 1 8.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 8.2 Executive summary ............................................................................................................ 5 8.3 The origins and development of cross-sector infrastructure sharing ................................... 13 8.3.1 The telegraph and railroads paved the way ................................................................ 13 8.3.2 The telephone followed by sharing road corridors and then utility poles .................. 17 8.3.3 Wireless ended telephone monopoly and reduced infrastructure sharing need ......... 24 8.3.4 Fiber renews need for infrastructure sharing in a competitive landscape .................. 28 8.4 Financial and other motivations ........................................................................................ 36 8.4.1 Motivations of broadband network operators ............................................................ 36 8.4.2 Motivations of infrastructure owners ......................................................................... 39 8.4.3 Motivations of lawmakers, policymakers and regulators ........................................... 41 8.5 Common business models ................................................................................................ 44 8.5.1 Joint planning and construction of infrastructure ....................................................... 44 8.5.2 Hosting third-party telecommunications facilities ..................................................... 45 8.5.3 Commercializing excess utility dark fiber.................................................................. 46 8.5.4 Utility joint venture with a third-party telecommunications operator ........................ 50 8.5.5 Utility provision of wholesale telecommunications services ..................................... 51 8.5.6 Providing co-location space, tower sites and ancillary services ................................ 52 8.6 Owner disincentives and impediments ............................................................................. 54 8.6.1 Suppression of financial incentives by utility ratemaking ......................................... 54 8.6.2 Suppression of financial incentives by infrastructure access regulation .................... 59 8.6.3 Institutional silos for infrastructure investment in developing countries ................... 63 8.6.4 Restrictions on activities of state actors and state-owned enterprises ........................ 65 8.6.5 Lack of resources to pursue infrastructure sharing .................................................... 70 8.7 Operator disincentives and impediments .......................................................................... 72 8.7.1 No clear path of engagement with infrastructure owners........................................... 72 8.7.2 Limitations on infrastructure owner’s land use rights ................................................ 73 8.7.3 Reliability of the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure ............................ 78 8.8 How policymakers, lawmakers and regulators can help ..................................................... 79 8.8.1 Remove financial disincentives via infrastructure owner’s sector regulator ............. 80 8.8.2 Ensure open, equal and efficient telecommunications access to corridors ................ 82 8.8.3 Tread carefully in regulating cross-sector joint use of facilities ................................ 87 8.8.4 Apply competition law principles to assess need for ex ante regulation ................... 91 8.8.5 Address regulatory restrictions that impede sharing by state utilities ........................ 93 8.8.6 Facilitate information exchange and dialogue ........................................................... 94 8.8.7 Tailor intervention to local conditions ....................................................................... 98 8.9 How international economic development institutions can help ...................................... 100 8.9.1 Encourage neutral and decentralized passive infrastructure ownership ................... 100 Cross-Sector Infrastructure Sharing Toolkit February 2017 Page i 8.9.2 Provide technical assistance to public sector stakeholders ...................................... 101 8.9.3 Plan for cross-sector sharing in all new infrastructure projects ............................... 105 8.10 Business and project case studies ................................................................................... 107 8.10.1 Lesotho Electricity Company ................................................................................... 107 8.10.2 RailTel (India) .......................................................................................................... 117 8.10.3 CEC Liquid Telecom (Zambia) ................................................................................ 123 8.10.4 Baltic Optical Network (Estonia) ............................................................................. 130 8.10.5 Kennedy Interchange (United States) ...................................................................... 133 8.10.6 Bombay Gas (India) ................................................................................................. 136 8.10.7 Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi ............................................................... 138 8.10.8 Adif (Spain) .............................................................................................................. 140 8.10.9 Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Japan) ................................................................ 143 8.10.10 Ghana’s Electricity Transmission Line Fiber ................................................... 145 8.10.11 Tunisian Railways ............................................................................................ 151 8.10.12 SOGEM (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal) .............................................................. 154 8.10.13 Information Broadband Infrastructure System (Poland) .................................. 158 8.10.14 KOSTT (Kosovo) ............................................................................................. 160 8.10.15 Portugal’s Rapid Increase in Fiber Access ....................................................... 165 8.11 Country case studies ....................................................................................................... 169 8.11.1 Lithuania ................................................................................................................... 169 8.11.2 South Africa ............................................................................................................. 173 8.11.3 United States ............................................................................................................ 182 8.12 Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 220 Cross-Sector Infrastructure Sharing Toolkit February 2017 Page ii Foreword The World Bank’s ICT Sector Unit initiated and sponsored the development of this web-based cross-sector infrastructure sharing toolkit which has been incorporated into the existing Broadband Strategies Toolkit as Module 8. It will serve as a neutral and comprehensive resource for all stakeholders in the joint use of passive infrastructure by telecommunications operators and public utilities and provide both a reference point and learning tool. It can be used to educate and assist a range of stakeholders in the telecommunications and other sectors in identifying and evaluating opportunities for cross-sector infrastructure sharing and addressing common challenges. The overall objective of Module 8 is to mainstream cross-sector infrastructure sharing to capitalize on synergies that will reduce costs, enhance competition and increase access to connectivity in the telecommunications sectors of developed and developing countries. Module 8 includes a comprehensive analysis of common opportunities and challenges faced by utilities, telecommunications network operators, policymakers and regulators and offers solutions which have been successfully employed to pursue these opportunities and address these challenges. This core analysis is supplemented
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tate Report 08-09
    Tate Report 08–09 Report Tate Tate Report 08–09 It is the Itexceptional is the exceptional generosity generosity and and If you wouldIf you like would to find like toout find more out about more about PublishedPublished 2009 by 2009 by vision ofvision individuals, of individuals, corporations, corporations, how youhow can youbecome can becomeinvolved involved and help and help order of orderthe Tate of the Trustees Tate Trustees by Tate by Tate numerousnumerous private foundationsprivate foundations support supportTate, please Tate, contact please contactus at: us at: Publishing,Publishing, a division a divisionof Tate Enterprisesof Tate Enterprises and public-sectorand public-sector bodies that bodies has that has Ltd, Millbank,Ltd, Millbank, London LondonSW1P 4RG SW1P 4RG helped Tatehelped to becomeTate to becomewhat it iswhat it is DevelopmentDevelopment Office Office www.tate.org.uk/publishingwww.tate.org.uk/publishing today andtoday enabled and enabled us to: us to: Tate Tate MillbankMillbank © Tate 2009© Tate 2009 Offer innovative,Offer innovative, landmark landmark exhibitions exhibitions London LondonSW1P 4RG SW1P 4RG ISBN 978ISBN 1 85437 978 1916 85437 0 916 0 and Collectionand Collection displays displays Tel 020 7887Tel 020 4900 7887 4900 A catalogue record for this book is Fax 020 Fax7887 020 8738 7887 8738 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. DevelopDevelop imaginative imaginative education education and and available from the British Library. interpretationinterpretation programmes programmes AmericanAmerican Patrons Patronsof Tate of Tate Every effortEvery has effort been has made been to made locate to the locate the 520 West520 27 West Street 27 Unit Street 404 Unit 404 copyrightcopyright owners ownersof images of includedimages included in in StrengthenStrengthen and extend and theextend range the of range our of our New York,New NY York, 10001 NY 10001 this reportthis and report to meet and totheir meet requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Railways of the MENA Region, Tools of National and Foreign Policy
    DHEEI – Mediterranean Studies Railways of the MENA Region, tools of national and foreign policy Master’s Thesis submitted by GALLOY Théophile Academic year: 2018-2019 Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Silvia Colombo Acknowledgements I wish to express my appreciation to my family, my co-students and CIFE for their valuable support throughout this year. I am also very grateful for the advice given by my fantastic supervisor Dr. Silvia Colombo, who has kindly dedicated some time to read, correct and advise me on my work, whilst allowing me to remain creative in my approach and research. I would also like to extend my thanks to my previous manager, Mr. Stephane Downes, and my previous employer, Mr. Stephane Rambaud-Measson, for opening me the doors of the railway industry and for passing on to me their knowledge and passion for this fascinating sector. I would also like to thank Dr. Ayadi Soufiane, the surgeon who successfully removed my infected appendix in Tunis, which allowed me to continue my work unimpeded. 2 Acknowledgements_____________________________________________________2 Table of Contents_______________________________________________________3 Introduction___________________________________________________________4 Part I: Understanding the political benefits of railway infrastructures______________6 1) The economic and social benefits of rail_____________________________6 2) Rail as a nation building infrastructure, a tool of power________________12 3) Rail as a region building infrastructure, a tool of integration____________19 Part II:
    [Show full text]
  • B-1 APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION of SELECTED COMPETITORS This
    APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED COMPETITORS This Appendix provides general descriptions of selected competitors for telecommunications services in a number of categories: ILECs/IXCs (other than BellSouth and AT&T); other network providers; CLECs; wireless carriers (other than Cingular); cable providers; system integrators; equipment vendors and value-added resellers; other VoIP service providers; fixed wireless broadband providers; and foreign-based carriers. Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs) / Inter-Exchange Carriers (IXCs) With its acquisition of MCI, Verizon is an even stronger competitor for telecommunications services both for enterprise and mass market customers, combining MCI’s robust national and international IP network with one of the nation’s largest cellular and broadband networks. Verizon Business became the company’s new business unit combining the operations of the former Verizon Enterprise Solutions Group and MCI to provide a comprehensive portfolio of end-to-end communications and IP solutions to business and government customers.1 Verizon Business has one of the largest and most interconnected IP 1 Press Release, Verizon, Verizon Business, New Global Communications Provider, Opens for Business Worldwide; Launches Integrated Product Portfolio and Advertising Campaign (Jan. 23, 2006), available at http://newscenter.verizon.com/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=93195; Press Release, Verizon, Verizon Business, New Global Communications Provider, Opens for Business Worldwide; Launches Integrated Product Portfolio and Advertising Campaign (Jan. 23, 2006), available at http://newscenter.verizon.com/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=93195 (“Verizon Business' Fortune 500 customers include Boeing, CSX, and McDonald's among others. The company manages some of the world's most complex and sophisticated networks with some of the highest performance commitments available today for customers including NASDAQ and the Federal Aviation Administration .
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 26 May 2006  Submarine Telecoms Forum Is Published Bi-Monthly by WFN Strategies, L.L.C
    Regional Systems Issue 26 May 2006 Submarine Telecoms Forum is published bi-monthly by WFN Strategies, L.L.C. The publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without the ExordiumWelcome to the May 2006, 26th issue of Submarine Telecoms Forum, our Regional permission of the publishers. Systems edition. Submarine Telecoms Forum is an independent com- mercial publication, serving as a freely accessible forum for My original Scuba diving certification was accomplished some 30 plus years ago, and professionals in industries connected with submarine optical it wasn’t until recently that I decided to upgrade it to the next level. Not that I had any fibre technologies and techniques. extra time to burn; but it just seemed like the right time to “confirm” the skills I had been Liability: while every care is taken in preparation of this using for all those years. Anybody can dive the tropics, but only the fanatical few dive a publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the frigid Virginia quarry in April. accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence We have, once again, some excellent articles for you, the fanatical few of the telecoms arising from any errors or omissions. industry. The publisher cannot be held responsible for any views Alan Robinson discusses SubOptic 2007, as well as the future of Apollo and Gemini expressed by contributors, and the editor reserves the right cable systems. Georges Krebs gives his view of the evolving submarine cable market, to edit any advertising or editorial material submitted for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • CES 2016 Exhibitor Listing As of 1/19/16
    CES 2016 Exhibitor Listing as of 1/19/16 Name Booth * Cosmopolitan Vdara Hospitality Suites 1 Esource Technology Co., Ltd. 26724 10 Vins 80642 12 Labs 73846 1Byone Products Inc. 21953 2 the Max Asia Pacific Ltd. 72163 2017 Exhibit Space Selection 81259 3 Legged Thing Ltd 12045 360fly 10417 360-G GmbH 81250 360Heros Inc 26417 3D Fuel 73113 3D Printlife 72323 3D Sound Labs 80442 3D Systems 72721 3D Vision Technologies Limited 6718 3DiVi Company 81532 3Dprintler.com 80655 3DRudder 81631 3Iware Co.,Ltd. 45005 3M 31411 3rd Dimension Industrial 3D Printing 73108 4DCulture Inc. 58005 4DDynamics 35483 4iiii Innovations, Inc. 73623 5V - All In One HC 81151 6SensorLabs BT31 Page 1 of 135 6sensorlabs / Nima 81339 7 Medical 81040 8 Locations Co., Ltd. 70572 8A Inc. 82831 A&A Merchandising Inc. 70567 A&D Medical 73939 A+E Networks Aria 36, Aria 53 AAC Technologies Holdings Inc. Suite 2910 AAMP Global 2809 Aaron Design 82839 Aaudio Imports Suite 30-116 AAUXX 73757 Abalta Technologies Suite 2460 ABC Trading Solution 74939 Abeeway 80463 Absolare USA LLC Suite 29-131 Absolue Creations Suite 30-312 Acadia Technology Inc. 20365 Acapella Audio Arts Suite 30-215 Accedo Palazzo 50707 Accele Electronics 1110 Accell 20322 Accenture Toscana 3804 Accugraphic Sales 82423 Accuphase Laboratory Suite 29-139 ACE CAD Enterprise Co., Ltd 55023 Ace Computers/Ace Digital Home 20318 ACE Marketing Inc. 59025 ACE Marketing Inc. 31622 ACECAD Digital Corp./Hongteli, DBA Solidtek 31814 USA Acelink Technology Co., Ltd. Suite 2660 Acen Co.,Ltd. 44015 Page 2 of 135 Acesonic USA 22039 A-Champs 74967 ACIGI, Fujiiryoki USA/Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 28Apr2004p2.Pdf
    144 NAXOS CATALOGUE 2004 | ALPHORN – BAROQUE ○○○○ ■ COLLECTIONS INVITATION TO THE DANCE Adam: Giselle (Acts I & II) • Delibes: Lakmé (Airs de ✦ ✦ danse) • Gounod: Faust • Ponchielli: La Gioconda ALPHORN (Dance of the Hours) • Weber: Invitation to the Dance ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Slovak RSO / Ondrej Lenárd . 8.550081 ■ ALPHORN CONCERTOS Daetwyler: Concerto for Alphorn and Orchestra • ■ RUSSIAN BALLET FAVOURITES Dialogue avec la nature for Alphorn, Piccolo and Glazunov: Raymonda (Grande valse–Pizzicato–Reprise Orchestra • Farkas: Concertino Rustico • L. Mozart: de la valse / Prélude et La Romanesca / Scène mimique / Sinfonia Pastorella Grand adagio / Grand pas espagnol) • Glière: The Red Jozsef Molnar, Alphorn / Capella Istropolitana / Slovak PO / Poppy (Coolies’ Dance / Phoenix–Adagio / Dance of the Urs Schneider . 8.555978 Chinese Women / Russian Sailors’ Dance) Khachaturian: Gayne (Sabre Dance) • Masquerade ✦ AMERICAN CLASSICS ✦ (Waltz) • Spartacus (Adagio of Spartacus and Phrygia) Prokofiev: Romeo and Juliet (Morning Dance / Masks / # DREAMER Dance of the Knights / Gavotte / Balcony Scene / A Portrait of Langston Hughes Romeo’s Variation / Love Dance / Act II Finale) Berger: Four Songs of Langston Hughes: Carolina Cabin Shostakovich: Age of Gold (Polka) •␣ Bonds: The Negro Speaks of Rivers • Three Dream Various artists . 8.554063 Portraits: Minstrel Man •␣ Burleigh: Lovely, Dark and Lonely One •␣ Davison: Fields of Wonder: In Time of ✦ ✦ Silver Rain •␣ Gordon: Genius Child: My People • BAROQUE Hughes: Evil • Madam and the Census Taker • My ■ BAROQUE FAVOURITES People • Negro • Sunday Morning Prophecy • Still Here J.S. Bach: ‘In dulci jubilo’, BWV 729 • ‘Nun komm, der •␣ Sylvester's Dying Bed • The Weary Blues •␣ Musto: Heiden Heiland’, BWV 659 • ‘O Haupt voll Blut und Shadow of the Blues: Island & Litany •␣ Owens: Heart on Wunden’ • Pastorale, BWV 590 • ‘Wachet auf’ (Cantata, the Wall: Heart •␣ Price: Song to the Dark Virgin BWV 140, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Projects
    Universal Universal Service Fund Service Fund (~ 5th Floot, HBL Tower, Jinnah A"""ue Blue /Vea, lslilmabad Ph:OS1-9212308·9 Fax:OS1-9214261 www.usf.af9.Pk Directors' Report for FY 12-13 Directors' Report for FY 11-12 06-07 Directors' Report for FY 10-11 08-09 Directors' Report for FY 09-10 10-11 An overview of Universal Service Fund 14-15 Board of Directors Programmes 26-41 Future Outlook Financial Highlights Participation of USF in International & National Events _j .: I • I ' Universal ~1 Service F~ / \\_( Financial Performance Directors' Report Given below are details of the subsidies committed and the disbursed amounts for the projects: for FY 2012-13 PROGRAMME Subsidy committed for project Disbursed Amount awarded in FY 12-13 (in Millions) (in Millions) Directors' Report for FY 2012-13 With these achievements, USF has created a success story for Rural Telecom Programme the public-private partnership entities nationally and The Board of Directors of Universal Service Fund (USF) is Projects award in FY 20 12· 13 internationally. 3,952 303 pleased to present its report for t he Fina ncial Year 2012-13. (Turbat/Kech) Overview Projects award in FY 2011-1 2 (Mastung) 600 In fisca l year 2012-13, USF made vast progress in Projects award in FY 2009- 10 enhancement of e-services in rural and urban areas of t he (Nasira bad) 314 country. USF has also contributed in other fields such as establishment of Telemedicine networks and population 2 Broadband Programme living in underserved areas is significantly benefitting from such initiatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Telecoms
    Global Equity Research Sector Flash Fixed-line telecoms Russia 28 August 2008 Regional telecoms TPs cut 7%-37% on tighter margins ● The regional telecoms’ non-consolidated RAS EBITDA margins lost 1pp-4pp y-o-y in 1H08 due to outpacing cost growth. Operating expenses (less depreciation) rose 8%-15% y-o-y in rubles (compared to top-line growth of 4%-8%), mainly driven by higher staff costs, interconnect payments and SG&A. As a result, four of the seven incumbents saw EBITDA decline 2%-7% y-o-y in rubles. ● We expect the underlying salary and interconnect cost increases to be reflected in the incumbents’ 1H08 IFRS results (due in September) despite the accounting differences. We reduce our 2008F EBITDA estimates for all the regional telecoms except Dalsvyaz by 5%- 15%, and now expect EBITDA margins of 28%-35% vs. our previous estimate of 32%-36%. ● We raise our projections for capex on acquisitions this year to reflect the companies’ spending on minority stakes in Hybrid Print Systems. We increase our 2008F capex/sales ratio for Centertelecom from 19% to 29%, as the company raised its 2008F capex guidance. ● We cut our 12-month TPs by 7%-37% due to lower operational forecasts and higher capex projections. We downgrade Centertelecom from Buy to Hold, following a 37% decrease in its 12-month TP to $0.49. We upgrade Southern Telecom from Sell to Hold due to the stock’s recent weakness, and maintain our Buy ratings for North-West Telecom, VolgaTelecom, Uralsvyazinform, Sibirtelecom and Dalsvyaz. ● Our top picks are Dalsvyaz and VolgaTelecom, given their upsides of 116% and 83%, respectively, to our new target prices and the fact that their 2008F EV/EBITDA multiples are below 3X.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Tunisian Budget a Guide to the Tunisian Budget
    A Guide to the Tunisian Budget A Guide to the Tunisian Budget PREFACE A Guide to the Tunisian Budget is intended While people understand in a general sense that to help civil society groups in Tunisia to the budget touches their lives, most would find play a larger role in the development and it difficult, if not impossible, to read the actual implementation of the government’s budget. document. Nor would they know how to monitor its implementation, or even influence what is in Governance in Tunisia has undergone it. This is where civil society groups come in. Civil remarkable changes over the last few years. society groups play a crucial role in identifying Indeed, as I write, citizens are fresh from voting and understanding critical issues facing society, in elections that are widely held to have been in bringing that understanding to the broader credible and fair. As the voices of citizens public, and in mobilizing and advocating for become ever more influential to how the country change to enhance the quality of people’s lives. is governed, knowledge of how public money Civil society groups can play this very important is raised and spent grows ever more important. role in Tunisia with regard to the government’s Understanding the government’s budget is an budget. essential component of this knowledge. A Guide to the Tunisian Budget is designed to A government’s budget is considered by most provide you with a simple, accurate description people to be a heavy, technical, and somewhat of the process by which the budget is developed mysterious document.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Competition in the Telecommunications Industry
    Report on the Status of Competition in the Telecommunications Industry A S O F D E C E M B E R 3 1, 2 0 1 9 Florida Public Service Commission Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter I. Introduction and Background ....................................................................................... 3 A. Federal Regulation ................................................................................................................ 3 B. Florida Regulation ................................................................................................................. 6 C. Status of Competition Report ................................................................................................ 8 Chapter II. Wireline Competition Overview ............................................................................... 11 A. Incumbent
    [Show full text]
  • Marchofempire.Pdf
    JIMMY SWAGGART BIBLE COLLEGE/SEMINARY LIBRARY ' . JIMMY SWAGGART BIBLE COLLEGE AND SEMINARY LIBRARY BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA .. "' I l.J MARCH OF EMPIRE Af+td . .JV l cg s- Rg I '7 4 ~ MARCH OF EMPIRE The European Overseas Possessions on the Eve of the First World War By Lowell Ragatz, F .R.H.S. Professor of European History in The George Washington University Foreword by Alfred Martineau CASCADE COLLEGE LIBRARY H. L. LINDQUIST New York THE CANADIAN CHRISTMAS STAMP OF 1898, THE EPITOME OF MODERN IMPERIALISM. The phrase~ ~~we hold a vaster en1pire than has been," is excerpted from Jubilee Ode, by the Welsh poet, Sir Lewis Morris (1833 -1907). Copyright, 1948 By LOWELL RAGATZ PRJ NTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To CauKo and PANCHO LIANG, Dear Friends of Long Ago FORE"\\TORD The period from the Fashoda Crisis to the outbreak of the great World War in 1914 has been generally neglected by specialists in European expansion. It is as though the several colonial empires had become static entities upon the close of the 19th century and that nothing of consequence had transpired in any of them in the decade and a half prior to the outbreak of that global struggle marking the end of an era in Modern Imperialism. Nothing is~ of course, farther fro~ the truth. I have, therefore, suggested to my former student and present colleague in the field of colonial studies, Professor Lowell Ragatz~ of The George Washington University in the United States, that he write a small volume filling this singular gap in the writings on modern empire building.
    [Show full text]
  • IP0335-RPT-TR-15 Technical Note 10 NA RAIL
    4.5 TUNISIA 4.5.1 Existing Situation The Tunisian Railway Network of SNCFT (Societe Nationale de Chemins de Fer Tunisien) is quite extensive in the north of the country, but there are no railways south and east of Gabès – though extensions to Mednine, Zarzis and the Libyan border are planned. The main route on the Tunisian Railways Network eastward is from Gharadimaou on the Algerian Border to Tunis (Route 18), and then Southward via Sousse (Routes 19 and 20) and Sfax (Route 21A) to Gabès (Route 22). This route could be continued onward to Libya via the proposed extension to Ras Ajdir (Routes 23 and 24). In addition to this, there are a number of subsidiary routes as shown at Figure 4.5.1. Proposed new lines are also shown. There is 1,674 km of metre-gauge route, and 468km of standard-gauge (plus 10km of dual / mixed gauge). Currently, rolling stock differences prevent through running between the northern and southern metre-gauge systems. 65 km of the metre-gauge railway is electrified at 25kv AC. There is a limited amount of double-track, including the line from Tunis to Sousse and Monastir (Routes 19 and 20). The passenger and freight figures for 1998 to 2002 are given below:- Table 4.5.1: Tunisia – Passengers and Freight (1998-2002) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Passengers (M) 32.4 34.4 35.6 36.9* 36.9* Passengers – km(M) 1,128 1,197 1,258 1,280* 1,280* Freight (M Tonnes) 12.54 12.55 12.08 12.05 12.2 Freight (M Tonne – km) 2,347 2,364 2,282 2,273 2,285 * From UACF statistics – data for 2002 has not been changed from that for 2001.
    [Show full text]