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Abrar, Muhammad (2012) Enforcement and regulation in relation to TV broadcasting in Pakistan. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3771/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Enforcement and Regulation in Relation to TV Broadcasting in Pakistan Muhammad Abrar Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Law College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow November 2012 Abstract Abstract In 2002, private broadcasters started their own TV transmissions after the creation of the Pakistan Electronic Media Authority. This thesis seeks to identify the challenges to the Pakistan public and private electronic media sectors in terms of enforcement. Despite its importance and growth, there is a lack of research on the enforcement and regulatory supervision of the electronic media sector in Pakistan. This study examines the sector and identifies the action required to improve the current situation. To this end, it focuses on five aspects: (i) Institutional arrangements: institutions play a key role in regulating the system properly. (ii) Legislative and regulatory arrangements: legislation enables the electronic media system to run smoothly. It needs some more improvement as proposed in the thesis. (iii) International efforts: these efforts are very positive to enforce the broadcasting regulation at international level. It will also have a gradual effect on the national market. (iv) Current enforcement challenges: some current media enforcement issues are analysed for the first time in this thesis. (v) Regulatory Reforms: after the development of the technology, the broadcasting sector is now facing some significant regulation issues. These five aspects are examined in Chapters 2 to 4 respectively. These three chapters constitute the main part of the thesis. I Table of contents Table of Contents List of Abbreviation .................................................................................................................................... V List of Chart, Tables and Graphs ............................................................................................................... VII Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. VIII List of Legislations ...................................................................................................................................... IX List of Cases ................................................................................................................................................ X Chapter 1: Introduction and Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Description of the topic ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Structure .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Description of Relevant Terms ............................................................................................................. 6 1.6.1 Broadcasting ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2 Kinds of Broadcasting .............................................................................................................. 10 1.6.2.1 Public Broadcasting ......................................................................................................... 10 1.6.2.2 Private Broadcasting ....................................................................................................... 12 1.6.3 TV and Internet......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Pakistan’s Legal and Regulatory System ............................................................................. 14 2.1 The History of Electronic TV Media in Pakistan ................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 Stage One: Evolutionary Period (1947 to 2000) ....................................................................... 15 2.1.2 Stage Two: Latest Development (2000 to Present) .................................................................. 17 2.2 Institutional Arrangements ................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.1 Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority...................................................................... 18 2.3 National Electronic Media Laws ......................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Regulatory Process ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1.1 Grant of a Licence .......................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Enforcement Process ................................................................................................................ 24 2.3.2.1 Councils of Complaints.................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2.2 Prohibition ...................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.3 Offences and Penalties ................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.4 Appeals ........................................................................................................................... 28 2.4 Judicial Review ................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 High and Supreme Courts ......................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 3: Enforcement of Electronic Media Laws in Pakistan ............................................................ 33 3.1 Pakistan Media Enforcement Environment ...................................................................................... 33 3.2 Regulation of Broadcasting ............................................................................................................... 34 3.3 Cablecasting TV ................................................................................................................................. 35 3.3.1 International Standards & Development of Cablecasting TV ................................................... 36 3.3.2 Digitalization of Cable TV in Pakistan ....................................................................................... 39 3.3.3 Transmission through Wire ...................................................................................................... 40 3.3.4 Domestic Legislation Regulating Cable TV................................................................................ 41 3.3.5 Cable Industry in Pakistan ........................................................................................................ 43 3.3.6 Domestic Enforcement Issues .................................................................................................. 46 I Table of contents 3.3.7 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Satellite .............................................................................................................................................. 52 3.4.1 Technical and Historical development ..................................................................................... 54 3.4.2 International Development ...................................................................................................... 56 3.4.3 UN and Prior Consent ............................................................................................................... 57 3.4.4 Basic Principles ......................................................................................................................... 59 3.4.5 Pakistan Satellite Broadcasting Environment ..........................................................................

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