Effect of Zingiber Officinale Ethanolic Extract on Liver and Kidney Functions in Rats
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KhartoumSpace EFFECT OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON LIVER AND KIDNEY FUNCTIONS IN RATS A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science in Biochemistry By Khanssa Ahmed Hamad Hussein B.V.M (2003) University of Khartoum supervisor DR.Suliman Mohamed EL Hassan Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Veterinary Medicine January 2010 i DEDICATION To my lovely parents To my sisters and brothers To my friends To all those whom I love khanssa ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Dr. Suliman Mohammed El Hassan for his excellent and wise guidance and continuous encouragement during the study period. I am grateful to the staff members of the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute (MAPRI). I extend my thanks to the staff members of Laboratory Center in Khartoum teaching hospital especially Susan Mustafa for assistance in analysis of samples. I am highly indebted to the technical assistance of Mohammed Aldo who contributed to this work. Special thanks go to Dr. Shoggy Mohammed Hassan for his assistance in the statistical analysis. Great acknowledgement is extended to my family, friends, teachers and any one donated help and even hopes. iii LIST OF CONTENTS page DEDICATION i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii ABSTRACT ix ARABIC ABSTRACT x INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVEW 1.1 Medicinal plants 2 1.2 Zingiber officinale. 2 1.2.1Taxonomy of Zingiber officinale 2 1.2.2 Ginger 3 1.2.3 General appearance 3 1.2.4 Geographical distribution 4 1.2.5 Nutritional value of ginger root 4 1.2.6 Composition of ginger rhizome 4 1.2.7 Activities and medical uses 5 1.2.8 A current look at ginger use 7 1.2.8.1 Hypolipidemic effect 7 1.2.8.2 Antioxidant effect 7 1.2.8.3 Anti-tumor effect 8 1.2.8.4 Anti-inflammatory effect 9 1.2.8.5 Nausea and emesiss. 9 1.2.8.6 Motion sickness 10 1.2.9 The effect of ginger during pregnancy 11 1.2.10 Precautions 12 CAHPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials 14 2.1.1 Experimental animals 14 2.1.2 Plant material 14 iv 2.1.2.1 Preparation of the ethanolic extract of ginger 14 2.1.3 Experimental design 15 2.1.4 Feeding program 15 2.1.5 Instruments 15 2.1.6 Sample collection 16 2.2 Methods 16 2.2.1 Laboratory analysis 16 2.2.2 Determination of total cholesterol 16 2.2.3 Determination of plasma total protein 18 2.2.4 Determination of plasma albumin 19 2.2.5 Determination of bilirubin 20 2.2.6 Determination of alkaline phoshatase 21 2.2.7 Determination of alanine amino transferase (ALT) 22 2.2.8 Determination of aspartate amino transferase (AST) 23 2.2.9 Determination of creatinine 25 2.2.10 Determination of urea 26 2.2.11 Determination of plasma uric acid 27 2.2.12 Statistical analysis 28 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS 3.1 The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic 29 extract on plasma AST, ALT and ALP enzymes in normal rats 3.2 The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract on plasma albumin, total protein, total bilirubin and bilirubin 31 direct in normal rats 3.3 The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract on plasma concentration of urea, creatinine ,uric acid and total 33 cholesterol in normal rats 3.4 The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic 35 extract on body weight in normal rats CHPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION 37 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMINDATIONS 41 REFERENCES 43 v LIST OF TABLES Table (1): The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract on plasma, ALT,AST and ALP enzymes..................................30 Table (2): The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic on plasma albumin, total protein, total bilirubin and bilirobin direct....32 Table (3): The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract on plasma concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid and cholesterol …………………………………………………………………………34 Table (4): The effects of oral administration of Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract on body weight of normal rats...................................................36 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Ginger plant...................................................13 Figure 2: Zingiber officinale rhizome...........................13 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ALT Alanine amino transferase AST Aspartate amino transferase ALP Alkaline phosphatase Dl Deciliter G Gram Kg Kilogram L Liter Mg Milligram Mmol Millimole NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinuclutide (oxidized) P probability SE Standard error viii ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on the level of plasma ALT,AST, ALP, total cholesterol, total albumin, total protein, urea, uric acid, creatinine and bilirubin in nomal Wistar albino rats. The ethanolic extract was prepared using one kilogram of dried powder of Z.officinale and extracted with ethanol (80%).Twenty four healthy Wistar albino rats of either sex were used in this experiment. They were divided into four groups of six rats in each group, the average weight of rats in each group100 g. Group A was kept as control and received only basal diet. Group B, C and D received basal diet and Z.officinale ethanolic extract, which was administrated orally at dose of 200,400 and 800 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Blood samples were collected after 3 weeks and used to estimate some biochemical parameters in plasma. This study showed that Z.officinale decreased numerically the plasma level of ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea and total cholesterol in group B,C and D when compared to the control group. Z.officinale increased numerically the level of plasma total albumin and total bilirubin in group B, C and D when compared to the control group. The level of total protein and direct bilirubin decreased significantly when compared to the control group. However, the level of uric acid was decreased numerically in group B and decreased significantly in group C and D when compared to control group. The rats' body weight was not affected by the administration of Z.officinale ethanolic extract. From the results of this experiment it can be concluded, Z.officinale seems to be not toxic. ix ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻻﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﺠﺒﻴل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ (ﺍﻻﻟﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﺘﺭﺍﻨﺴﻔﻴﺭﻴﺯ، ﺍﻻﺴﺒﺭﺘﻴﺕ ﺍﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﺘﺭﺍﻨﺴﻔﻴﺭﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻜﻼﻴﻥ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺘﻴﺯ)، ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻟﻴﺴﺘﺭﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ، ﺍﻻﻟﺒﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ، ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﻴﺎ، ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﻴﻙ، ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﺎﺘﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺭﻭﺒﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺯﻤﺎ ﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﻭﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ. ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻻﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ 1ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺠﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﺠﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻭ1ﻟﺘﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻴﺜﺎﻨﻭل ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ 80%. ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺎﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﻭﺴﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ 24ﺠﺭﺫ. ﻗﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺴﺕ ﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﺒﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 100ﺠﻡ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻀﺒﻁ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻱ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﺠﺭﻋﺕ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻻﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ 200، 400 ﻭ800 ﻤل ﺠﺭﺍﻡ ﻟﻜل ﻜﻴﻠﻭﺠﺭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ. ﺒﻌﺩ 3 ﺍﺴﺎﺒﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻜﻴﻤﻭﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ. ﻗﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻻﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺯﻨﺠﺒﻴل ﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎﺕ( ﺍﻻﻟﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﺘﺭﺍﻨﺴﻔﻴﺭﻴﺯ، ﺍﻻﺴﺒﺭﺘﻴﺕ ﺍﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﺘﺭﺍﻨﺴﻔﻴﺭﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻜﻼﻴﻥ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺘﻴﺯ)، ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﺎﺘﻨﻴﻥ، ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﻟﻴﺴﺘﺭﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻁ. ﺍﻴﻀﺎ" ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﺒﻴﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺭﻭﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻁ . ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﻱ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﺠﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺭﻭﺒﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻁ. ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ. ﻟﻡ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﺫﺍﻥ ﺒﺘﺠﺭﻴﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭل ﺍﻻﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺯﻨﺠﺒﻴل. ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻨﺠﺒﻴل ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻡ. x INTRODUCTION Ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) is a herbaceous rhizomatus perennial plant that is widely cultivated in warm climatic regions of the world such as Nigeria, Taiwan, India, Jamaica and the United States of America. The rhizome contains a spectra of biologically active compounds and several other types of lipids that confers on ginger the characteristic medicinal properties of being pungent and a stimulant (Yoshikawa et al., 1993; Bliddal et al., 2000). Ginger is a worldwide cultivated rhizome, which is used for various medicinal purposes and as a spice. Some of the undocumented ethno medicinal uses of the peeled rhizome part of the plant, when it is chewed raw, processed or decocted include stimulation of salivary duct secretion, alleviation of toothache, nasal decongestion, cold, cough and asthma. Other uses are as a diuretic, expectorant, anti rheumatic, carminative as well as in infective hepatitis and other forms of liver diseases (Gill, 1992). Ginger is reported to have various pharmacological activities like antiemetic, antiulcer, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities (Ahmed and Sharma, 1997). Ahmed et al (2000) has shown that addition of ginger (1%) to normal diet of rats prevent formation of free radicals and maintain the integrity of erythrocytes. Ginger is used in Sudan as spice in coffee and tea, recently ginger has been used in folkloric medicine for treatment of hypercholestermia and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Z.officinale ethanolic extract on c liver and kidney functions in Wistar albino rats. 1 CHAPTER ONE LITERATURE REVEW 1.1 Medicinal plants: The current surge of interest in phototherapeutics has led to numerous studies on medicinal plants in many countries. This resulted into a large volume of literature on the taxonomy, biology, chemistry and the recording of the claimed medicine utility of each plant .However, the latter aspect, namely the established clinical value of plant medicines is still lagging in research.