American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (5): 707-713, 2015 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.5.12593

Phytochemistry and Bioactivities of Quranic Plant, Zanjabil- (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A Review

11Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Muhammad Shoaib, 12Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Fazal-ur-Rehman and 3 Hafiz Ullah

1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan

Abstract: Zanjabil (Ginger) Zingiber offcinale Roscoe of family Zingiberaceae is a medicinal plant mentioned in the Holy Quran and Ahadis of Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) and other Islamic and scientific literature. It is an important plant with several ethnomedicinal and nutritional values therefore, used extensively worldwide as a spice, flavouring agent and herbal remedy. Numerous chemical components of Zingiber offcinale have been reported from many regions of the world. Its active ingredients showed the presence of and gingerol related compounds, , shogoal, zingerone, zerumbone, terpenoids, ginger flavonoids etc. which are responsible for various pharmacological and biological activities such as the antioxidant activity, anti-tumour activity via induction of apoptosis, modulation of genetic and other biological activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-analgesic activity. anti-microbial activity, hepato-protective activity, anti- cancerous activity, anti-proliferation activity and anti-invasion etc. But more work needs to be done regarding its medicinal importance to record and explore recipes for the benefit of improving human health. As the plant of Z. offcinale has immense potential as an anti-biological due to its richness of phytochemicals it possesses, therefore, such studies are recommended in various parts of the countries where it grows.

Key words: Zanjabil Ginger Holy Prophet Phytochemistry

INTRODUCTION one a piece of ginger. Who also gave one piece of it to me [3, 4]. Zanjabil (Ginger) is a medicinal plant mentioned in Ginger (Z. offcinale) is widely used around the world the Holy Quran and Ahadis of Holy Prophet (Sallallaho in foods as a spice. For centuries, it has been an important Alayhi Wassallam) and other Islamic literature. The ingredient in Chinese, Ayurvedic and Tibb-Unani herbal Qur’an mentions ginger as one of the drinks of Paradise. medicines for the treatment of catarrh, rheumatism, “And they will be given to drink there of a cup (of nervous diseases, gingivitis, toothache, asthma, stroke, ) mixed with Zanjabil (ginger)” Quran 76:17 [1]. constipation and diabetes. Several reviews have appeared Zanjabil, is said to have been derived from the in the literature about this plant and this may reflect the Sanskrit word of Sringeber and is a very old medicinal popularity of the subject and its common use as a spice plant that grows underground. The modern name, and a medicinal plant [5]. Ginger has been a valued spice “ginger,” comes from the Arabic root, “zindshebil,” and as in many parts of the world, since before recorded history centuries have passed, we have discovered the amazing and was later recorded in Sanskrit, Chinese, Greek, Roman and miraculous healing properties ginger offers. The use and Arabic medical literature, was recommended by of ginger by Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaho Alayhi Hippocrates in cooking to calm and benefit the stomach Wassallam) as well as the many medical discoveries and is popular in Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic [2]. dating back to ancient times justifiably place ginger in the noble ranks of “heavenly herbs.” [2]. Abu Saeed Description: Zanjabil (ginger), botanically known as Khudri (R.A.) narrated: The rular of Rome presented a Zingiber officinale, belongs to a monocot family basket of in the honour of Rasulullah Zingiberaceae. It is a perennial herbaceous plant [6]. One (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) as a gift. Who gave every to three feet in height, with upright stems and aromatic,

Corresponding Author: Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. 707 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (5): 707-713, 2015 warty and branched rhizome [7, 8]. Rhizomes are Its taxonomic aspect is given as follows thickened, fleshy, yellowish inside [9,10]. They branch with thick thumb like protrusions [8]. The stem is Taxonomy of ginger plant surrounded by the sheathing bases of the two-ranked Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta sessile leaves, leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, Order: Zingiberales 15-30 × 2-2.5 cm, glabrescent. Inflorescences arising Family: Zingiberaceae from rhizomes, ovoid; peduncle up to 25 cm. Bracts green Genus: Zingiber Species: Z. officinale [12]. with a paler margin [7, 9]. A club like spike of yellowish, purple. lipped flowers with showy greenish yellow History: Ginger has been a valued spice in many parts of bracts beneath [8]. Corolla yellowish green; tube 2-2.5 cm; the world, since before recorded history and was later lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm. central lobe of labellum with recorded in Sanskrit, Chinese, Greek, Roman and Arabic purple stripe and cream blotches, oblong-oboviate, medical literature, was recommended by Hippocrates in shorter than corolla lobes; lateral lobes ovate, ca. 6 mm, cooking to calm and benefit the stomach and is popular in free nearly to base. Stamen dark purple; anther ca. 9 mm; Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine [2]. connective appendage curved [7]. The single, remaining Ginger (Z. officinale) plant is a cultigen, that is, it is anther is free and fertile; the inferior ovary globose; only known from cultivation. Its wild origins are not the tubular corolla divided into three lobes at the top known with certainty but are believed to be India or and the style is long. The fruit is a loculicidally dehiscent South-East Asia. Ginger has a very long history of use, fleshy capsule containing seed with a distinctive white both as a spice and as a medicinal plant and is mentioned aril [11]. in ancient Sanskrit texts and in classical Buddhist, Arabic, Greek and Roman literature. It was used widely in Europe Distribution: Z. officinale is a tropical plant and highly by the 10th century and was first exported from Jamaica, adapted to grow in sub-tropical areas also. Z. officinale where it became an important agricultural crop, in 1547. It grows well in warm and humid conditions from sea level is now grown in many tropical and subtropical areas up to 1500 m above MSL. The plant is cultivated in China, including India, Africa, China, the West Indies and Nepal, US, India, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Jamaica, Nigeria Australia, with the annual world production estimated at and some other parts of the world. India is the biggest 100,000 tons in 2000. producer of Z. officinale in the world. In India, it has been Ginger rhizome is valued as a spice for its cultivated in almost all the states. Some reports suggested combination of pungent and aromatic qualities, which that the climate conditions of Orissa, West Bengal, North arise from its content of phenolic compounds and Eastern states and Kerala are more suitable for the growth essential oil, respectively. Ginger is used as flavouring in of Z. officinale in India. Z. officinale is known by different a vast array of foods, including flavorful dishes such as names in different parts of world [12]. curries and sweets such as cakes and biscuits and also in beverages such as gingerale, ginger and ginger wine. Names of Zingiber officinale in different languages Ginger: English Ginger rhizome is used in several traditional systems Sheng jiang: Chinese of medicine, including Traditional Chinese Medicine, Aduwa, sutho: Nepali and Western herbal medicine. Its traditional Gemeiner ingber/ingwer: German Gingembre: French uses cover a great variety of complaints including Jahe: Indonesian dyspepsia, flatulence and colic, nausea and vomiting, Khing: Thai colds and flu, migraine, as well as muscular and rheumatic Saenggang: Korean Shokyo: Japanese disorders [13]. Katubhadra, Srngavera: Sanskrit Adarakha: Hindi Chemical Constituents: A variety of chemicals have been Ada: Bengali Adi, Adrak: Punjabi isolated from Z. officinale and extensively studied for their Adrak: Urdu [12]. chemical structure by using advanced analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass Zanjabil (ginger), botanically known as Zingiber spectroscopy (GC-MS) and high performance liquid officinale Roscoe, belongs to a monocot family chromatography (HPLC). The fresh and dried Z. officinale Zingiberaceae. It is a perennial creeping plant [6]. extracts have been reported to.

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Table 1: Showing various compounds of Ginger-Zingibar officinale Table 1: Continued S.# Compound Name Reference S.# Compound Name Reference 1. Acetoxy-6-dihydroparadol, 12 50. p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 12 2. Acetoxy-[4]-gingerol 12 51. isovanillin 12 3. acetyl derivatives of 05. 52. limonene 15 4. Adenine, 12 53. linalool 15 5. -bisabolene 14 54. 5-Methoxy-[6]-gingerol 12 6. Aldehydes 14 55. Methyl diacetoxy-[4]-gingerdiol 12 7. alcohols are also present 14 56. Methyl diacetoxy-[10]-gingerdiol 12 57. mono-and di-acetyl derivatives of gingerdiols 05 8. b-bisabolene (10-15%) 05 58. 1-(omega-ferulyloxyceratyl) glycerols 12 9. borneol 05 59. methyl [8]-paradol 05 10. borneol 15 60. 05 11. borneol 14 61. [6]-Paradol 05;12 12. camphene 14 62. [7]-Paradol 05;12 13. cineole 14 63. [8]-Paradol 05;12 14. citral 14 64. [9]-Paradol 05;12 15. camphene 15 65. [10]-Paradol 05;12 16. cineole 15 66. [11]-Paradol 05;12 17. Cineole 05 67. [13]-Paradol 05;12 18. Citral 05 68. phellandrene 14 19. curcumene 15 69. b-phellandrene 05 20. Curcumene 05 70. phytosterols. 15 21. ar-curcumene 05 71. b-sesquiphellandrene (15-20%) 05 22. 1-dehydrogingerdiones 05 72. sesquiphellandrene 14 23. 1-Dehydro-3-dihydro-[10]-gingerdione, 12 73. 05 24. 1-Dehydro-[3]-gingerdione 12 74. 15 25. 3-dihydroshogaols 05 75. [4]-Shogaol 05;12 26. beta-sitosterol palmitate 12 76. [6]-Shogaol 05;12 27. 1,7-bis-(40-Hydroxy-30-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-heptadione, 12 77. [8]-Shogaol 05;12 28. Geraniol 05 78. [10]-Shogaol 05;12 29. geranyl acetate 15 79. [12]-Shogaol 05; 12 30. geraniol 15 80. terpenes 15 31. gingerdi-ols 05 81. terphineol 15 32. [6]-gingerdiones 05 82. Terpineol 05 33. [8]-gingerdiones 05 83. vitamins 15 34. [10]-gingerdiones 05 84. alpha-zingiberene (30-70%) 15 35. [12]-gingerdiones 05 85. [a-zingiberene (30-70%) 05 86. zingiberol]. 05 36. methyl [6]-isogingerol 05 87. zingiberene 15 37. gingerols 05 88. zingerone 15 38. Gingerol 15 89. zingiberene 14 39. [4]-gingerols 05 90. zingiberol 14 40. [6]-gingerols, 05,12 91. zingiberenol 14 41. [7]-gingerols 05 92. zingiberene 15 42. [8]-gingerols, 05, 12 93. gingediol 15 43. glycol monopalmitate 12 94. zingerone 15 44. [10]-gingerols, 05, 12 95. 3-6% fatty oil 15 45. hexacosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester 12 96. 9% protein 15 46. 1-(40-Hydroxy-30-methoxyphenyl)-7-octen-3-one 12 97. 60-70% carbohydrates 15 47. 1-(40-Hydroxy-30-methoxyphenyl)-7-decen-3-one 12 98. 3-8% crude fiber 15 48. 1-(40-Hydroxy-30-methoxyphenyl)-7-dodecen-3-one 12 99. 8% ash 15 49. [4]-Isogingerol 12 100. 9-12% water 15

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Table 2: Showing various pharmacological activities / properties of Ginger-Zingibar officinale S.# Activity/ Property References 1. Effect on lipid and glucose concentrations in blood 05,08 2. Effect on blood clotting 05,08,15 3. Effect on blood pressure 05,08,15 4. Anti-inflammatory 05,06,08 5. Analgesic activities 05,08 6. Effect on gastrointestinal (GIT) tract 05,15 7. Tissue and radio-protective effects 05 8. Anti-oxidant actions 05,08,16 9. Effects on cardiovascular system 06,08,15 10. Effect on migraine 08 11. Effect on colon cancer 06,08 12. Effect on Nephrotoxicity 08 13. Anti-proliferative activity 08 14. Hepatoprotective activity 08 15. Hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic activity 06 16. Effect on Osteoarthritis 08 17. Neuro protective activity 08 18. Breast cancer 06 19. Anti-microbial actions of 05,15 20. Antifungal Activity 17 21. Ginger induces Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer Cells 06 22. Anti-diabetic activity 18 23. Neuroprotective effect 08 24. Effect on osteoarthritis 08 25. Gastroprotective effect 18 26. Anti-emetic effect 18 27. Hepato-protective effect 18 28. Effect on migraine 18 29. Effect of ginger on eye 18 30. Antioxidant activity 18 31. Anti-inflammatory activity 18 32. Anti-tumour activity 18

Table 1: Showing some of the ginger active compounds and their various biological activities Active compound of ginger Biological activities References Gingerol and gingerol related compound The antioxidant activity. [19] Anti-tumour activity via induction of apoptosis, modulation of genetic and other biological activity. [20-23] Anti-inflammatory and anti-analgesic activity. [24] Anti-microbial activity. [25] Hepato-protective activity. [26, 27] Paradol Anti-oxidant and anti-cancerous activity. [28-30] Anti-microbial activity. [31] Shogoal Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. [20] [6]-shogaol showed anticancer activities through the inhibition of cell invasion reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, anti-proliferation activity and anti-invasion. [32 33,34] Zingerone Antioxidant activity. [35,36] Anti-inflammatory action. [37,38] Anti-bacterial activity. [39] Zerumbone Anti-tumour activity. [40 ] Anti-microbial activity. [41] 1-Dehydro-(10) gingerdione Regulation of inflammatory genes. [42] Terpenoids Induce Apoptosis by activation of p53. [43] Ginger flavonoids Antioxidant activity. [44] Spurse: [18].

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