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Zingiber Officinale Roscoe): a Review American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (5): 707-713, 2015 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.5.12593 Phytochemistry and Bioactivities of Quranic Plant, Zanjabil-Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A Review 11Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Muhammad Shoaib, 12Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Fazal-ur-Rehman and 3Hafiz Ullah 1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Abstract: Zanjabil (Ginger) Zingiber offcinale Roscoe of family Zingiberaceae is a medicinal plant mentioned in the Holy Quran and Ahadis of Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) and other Islamic and scientific literature. It is an important plant with several ethnomedicinal and nutritional values therefore, used extensively worldwide as a spice, flavouring agent and herbal remedy. Numerous chemical components of Zingiber offcinale have been reported from many regions of the world. Its active ingredients showed the presence of gingerol and gingerol related compounds, paradol, shogoal, zingerone, zerumbone, terpenoids, ginger flavonoids etc. which are responsible for various pharmacological and biological activities such as the antioxidant activity, anti-tumour activity via induction of apoptosis, modulation of genetic and other biological activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-analgesic activity. anti-microbial activity, hepato-protective activity, anti- cancerous activity, anti-proliferation activity and anti-invasion etc. But more work needs to be done regarding its medicinal importance to record and explore recipes for the benefit of improving human health. As the plant of Z. offcinale has immense potential as an anti-biological due to its richness of phytochemicals it possesses, therefore, such studies are recommended in various parts of the countries where it grows. Key words: Zanjabil Ginger Holy Prophet Phytochemistry INTRODUCTION one a piece of ginger. Who also gave one piece of it to me [3, 4]. Zanjabil (Ginger) is a medicinal plant mentioned in Ginger (Z. offcinale) is widely used around the world the Holy Quran and Ahadis of Holy Prophet (Sallallaho in foods as a spice. For centuries, it has been an important Alayhi Wassallam) and other Islamic literature. The ingredient in Chinese, Ayurvedic and Tibb-Unani herbal Qur’an mentions ginger as one of the drinks of Paradise. medicines for the treatment of catarrh, rheumatism, “And they will be given to drink there of a cup (of nervous diseases, gingivitis, toothache, asthma, stroke, wine) mixed with Zanjabil (ginger)” Quran 76:17 [1]. constipation and diabetes. Several reviews have appeared Zanjabil, is said to have been derived from the in the literature about this plant and this may reflect the Sanskrit word of Sringeber and is a very old medicinal popularity of the subject and its common use as a spice plant that grows underground. The modern name, and a medicinal plant [5]. Ginger has been a valued spice “ginger,” comes from the Arabic root, “zindshebil,” and as in many parts of the world, since before recorded history centuries have passed, we have discovered the amazing and was later recorded in Sanskrit, Chinese, Greek, Roman and miraculous healing properties ginger offers. The use and Arabic medical literature, was recommended by of ginger by Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaho Alayhi Hippocrates in cooking to calm and benefit the stomach Wassallam) as well as the many medical discoveries and is popular in Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic [2]. dating back to ancient times justifiably place ginger in the noble ranks of “heavenly herbs.” [2]. Abu Saeed Description: Zanjabil (ginger), botanically known as Khudri (R.A.) narrated: The rular of Rome presented a Zingiber officinale, belongs to a monocot family basket of gingers in the honour of Rasulullah Zingiberaceae. It is a perennial herbaceous plant [6]. One (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) as a gift. Who gave every to three feet in height, with upright stems and aromatic, Corresponding Author: Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. 707 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (5): 707-713, 2015 warty and branched rhizome [7, 8]. Rhizomes are Its taxonomic aspect is given as follows thickened, fleshy, yellowish inside [9,10]. They branch with thick thumb like protrusions [8]. The stem is Taxonomy of ginger plant surrounded by the sheathing bases of the two-ranked Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta sessile leaves, leaf blade lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, Order: Zingiberales 15-30 × 2-2.5 cm, glabrescent. Inflorescences arising Family: Zingiberaceae from rhizomes, ovoid; peduncle up to 25 cm. Bracts green Genus: Zingiber Species: Z. officinale [12]. with a paler margin [7, 9]. A club like spike of yellowish, purple. lipped flowers with showy greenish yellow History: Ginger has been a valued spice in many parts of bracts beneath [8]. Corolla yellowish green; tube 2-2.5 cm; the world, since before recorded history and was later lobes lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm. central lobe of labellum with recorded in Sanskrit, Chinese, Greek, Roman and Arabic purple stripe and cream blotches, oblong-oboviate, medical literature, was recommended by Hippocrates in shorter than corolla lobes; lateral lobes ovate, ca. 6 mm, cooking to calm and benefit the stomach and is popular in free nearly to base. Stamen dark purple; anther ca. 9 mm; Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine [2]. connective appendage curved [7]. The single, remaining Ginger (Z. officinale) plant is a cultigen, that is, it is anther is free and fertile; the inferior ovary globose; only known from cultivation. Its wild origins are not the tubular corolla divided into three lobes at the top known with certainty but are believed to be India or and the style is long. The fruit is a loculicidally dehiscent South-East Asia. Ginger has a very long history of use, fleshy capsule containing seed with a distinctive white both as a spice and as a medicinal plant and is mentioned aril [11]. in ancient Sanskrit texts and in classical Buddhist, Arabic, Greek and Roman literature. It was used widely in Europe Distribution: Z. officinale is a tropical plant and highly by the 10th century and was first exported from Jamaica, adapted to grow in sub-tropical areas also. Z. officinale where it became an important agricultural crop, in 1547. It grows well in warm and humid conditions from sea level is now grown in many tropical and subtropical areas up to 1500 m above MSL. The plant is cultivated in China, including India, Africa, China, the West Indies and Nepal, US, India, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Jamaica, Nigeria Australia, with the annual world production estimated at and some other parts of the world. India is the biggest 100,000 tons in 2000. producer of Z. officinale in the world. In India, it has been Ginger rhizome is valued as a spice for its cultivated in almost all the states. Some reports suggested combination of pungent and aromatic qualities, which that the climate conditions of Orissa, West Bengal, North arise from its content of phenolic compounds and Eastern states and Kerala are more suitable for the growth essential oil, respectively. Ginger is used as flavouring in of Z. officinale in India. Z. officinale is known by different a vast array of foods, including flavorful dishes such as names in different parts of world [12]. curries and sweets such as cakes and biscuits and also in beverages such as gingerale, ginger beer and ginger wine. Names of Zingiber officinale in different languages Ginger: English Ginger rhizome is used in several traditional systems Sheng jiang: Chinese of medicine, including Traditional Chinese Medicine, Aduwa, sutho: Nepali Ayurveda and Western herbal medicine. Its traditional Gemeiner ingber/ingwer: German Gingembre: French uses cover a great variety of complaints including Jahe: Indonesian dyspepsia, flatulence and colic, nausea and vomiting, Khing: Thai colds and flu, migraine, as well as muscular and rheumatic Saenggang: Korean Shokyo: Japanese disorders [13]. Katubhadra, Srngavera: Sanskrit Adarakha: Hindi Chemical Constituents: A variety of chemicals have been Ada: Bengali Adi, Adrak: Punjabi isolated from Z. officinale and extensively studied for their Adrak: Urdu [12]. chemical structure by using advanced analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass Zanjabil (ginger), botanically known as Zingiber spectroscopy (GC-MS) and high performance liquid officinale Roscoe, belongs to a monocot family chromatography (HPLC). The fresh and dried Z. officinale Zingiberaceae. It is a perennial creeping plant [6]. extracts have been reported to. 708 Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (5): 707-713, 2015 Table 1: Showing various compounds of Ginger-Zingibar officinale Table 1: Continued S.# Compound Name Reference S.# Compound Name Reference 1. Acetoxy-6-dihydroparadol, 12 50. p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 12 2. Acetoxy-[4]-gingerol 12 51. isovanillin 12 3. acetyl derivatives of gingerols 05. 52. limonene 15 4. Adenine, 12 53. linalool 15 5. -bisabolene 14 54. 5-Methoxy-[6]-gingerol 12 6. Aldehydes 14 55. Methyl diacetoxy-[4]-gingerdiol 12 7. alcohols are also present 14 56. Methyl diacetoxy-[10]-gingerdiol 12 57. mono-and di-acetyl derivatives of gingerdiols 05 8. b-bisabolene (10-15%) 05 58. 1-(omega-ferulyloxyceratyl) glycerols 12 9. borneol 05 59. methyl [8]-paradol 05 10. borneol 15 60. Paradols 05 11. borneol 14 61. [6]-Paradol 05;12 12. camphene 14 62. [7]-Paradol 05;12 13. cineole 14 63. [8]-Paradol 05;12 14. citral 14 64. [9]-Paradol 05;12 15. camphene 15 65. [10]-Paradol 05;12 16. cineole 15 66. [11]-Paradol 05;12 17. Cineole 05 67. [13]-Paradol 05;12 18. Citral 05 68. phellandrene 14 19. curcumene 15 69. b-phellandrene 05 20. Curcumene 05 70. phytosterols. 15 21. ar-curcumene 05 71. b-sesquiphellandrene (15-20%) 05 22. 1-dehydrogingerdiones 05 72. sesquiphellandrene 14 23. 1-Dehydro-3-dihydro-[10]-gingerdione, 12 73. shogaols 05 24.
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