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THE EXISTENCE OF AMERICAN LIBERAL IN INDONESIAAS THREAT OR OPPORTUNITIES IN RELATION TO SOME CRISIS Oleh: Didik Murwantono, 5.5., M.Hum Universitas lslam Sultan Agung (UN|SSULA) Semarang

ABSTRACT

Demacracy rnferesfs a tot of people with its challenges and hopes. Some people even consider democracy as a new retigion. Most peopte admire it and wish very much that it wiil improve their lives. lt is like a fresh cake taken from the oven. People have smelted the aroma as they know from media that democracy gives peace and prosperity. But smetting is not enough. They get want to a piece of the cake and taste it. Some crisis happened in our home caused not only by internal issues but also external values. Moreover, we live in an era in which everything is possrb/e and nothing is certain. Shortty the changing of an era witt bring some great values on which we must be selective to fitter fhose values as threat or opportunities based on our identities and experiences lhis paper is by no means a comprehensive account of democracy or more accurately, American tiberat democracy , in . In fact, it is intended to more be suggestive than comprehensive though it is characterized by more su mmary th an controversy.

Key words: democracy, oppottunities, threat, crisis, values.

I. INTRODUCTION A. Background The existence of democracy in this era is political life. Some people claim that America inevitably. Everyone is familiar with the word itself is well-known as a super power country democracy but he is always not certain in its seen as a mighty democracy and the leader definition. There is much disagreement over of the Western world of democratic nations. the meaning of the democracy term today. lt This image may seem clear enough at the is a word that has come to mean very different first glance. For example, around the mid_ things to different people. people Most simply nineteenth century, the was to define it as "the power of the people", of be a symbol of democratic nation in the world course, from the Greek ioots, ,,the demos when democracy was to be the main issue in people" and kratos "power". ln addition, some the world at the time. political scientists argue that democracy I nthe eighteenth century,Americaadopted is simply a way of making decision. They democracy and made revolution by and for believe democracy is nothing more than an democracy. At that time, a popular revolution agreement among citizens that the majority slogan was "no vote will carry the issue. tax without representation". After getting its independence from Westerns ln more recent times, definitions and which were fully dictator and , America practices of democracy vary widely. The United made a new theory of based on States is one of the countries that practices it in its experiences. As in the opening lines of

50 CALL pApER (Makalah pendamping) "Selamatkan Umn Don Bangsa Dari Berbagai Krisis" the second paragraph, Thomas Jefferson It is to emphasize that democracy needs clearly and simply stated the basic principles for continuous and progressive improvement of what today we call democracy "... all men with a viewto perfecting democratic institutions are created equal, they are endowed by their in all their aspects and practical applications. Creator with certain unalienable rights; Though, these will of course differ from among these are life, liberty, and the pursuits country to country and from continent, based of happiness." Unalienable rights are rights on the lessons of experience. which can not be taken away from the Democracy can exist in various forms, people-not by any government, nor even by but each of democracy may vary with the the people themselves (Todd and Curti,1972: historical, social, cultural and economical 123). conditions of the nations such as as a practical possibility democracy, Classical democracy, Liberal of individualism is also linked to the rights democracy, or even Pancasila Democracy in of the people pertaining to the government. lndonesia. Here, Pancasla is an philosophical Democracy refers not only to the rights of basis of the . China tends to equality- life, liberty and happiness individually or oriented democracy adopting as personally, but also to the rights of people in the philosophical basis of the state. Meanwhile determining their own government. People a term of is associated with have a central and strong position and right in Western democracy. establishing their own government systems. As mentioned above, there is no single They have rights to abolish the government definition of democracy, much less in a liberal if the government is corrupt or weak and democracy. lt means that democracy is always establish again a new government that can followed by local values. Democracy has no secure and save their lives and freedom. end. On the other hand, democracy cannot be According to Hegel, a democratic political taken for granted as something established system is a historical necessity. Sooneror later once and for all, nor can it be viewed as a it comes to all societies. Human history shows single static model of applicable work. On the that politicalsystems changed from monarchy contrary, democracy is an evolving system (in which one person rules) to (a that is gradually enriched and finetuned in group rules) and lastly to democracy (all the each country that adopts it in response to the people rule). A dernocratic political system, socioeconomic, technological, and cultural according to Hegel and later on picked up by changes to which today's open and dynamic Francis Fukuyama, is lhe End of History societies are exposed.

I do not mean ihat I agree with his For these reasons, no single definition of conclusion that we are arriving at "the democracy is entirely satisfactory since this end of history" by having a democratic term is the paradigm case of the essentially political system. Democracy is something contested concept, or one about which there desirable, but is it also a project of is no agreed meaning. This is not to say, capitalism to secure free market however, that the word lacks contents; in fact competition. Democracy does not solve it is one of the richest concepts in heritage the unjust economic exploitation of the of political thought. Each of the elements poor by economically rich. Therefore, within this and most other definitions will rather than arriving at "the end of history" require further specification. ln the course of societies continue to struggle for a just such elaboration most theories go beyond society (Fukuyama 19).

The Existence Of American Liberal Democracy In Indonesiu As Threat Or Opportunities 51 In Relation To Some Crisis description and definition to some statement sector. By early 1998, lndonesia experienced of democratic ideals. rising inflation, growing unemployment, and The global spreading of democracy declining GDP growth. ln this reform era, lndonesia always brings some critics of democracy. is still facing some crisis dealing power Thomas R. Dye and L. Harmon Zeigler with and wealth orientation such as observed that "E/ifes, not masses, govern corruption, terrorism, and violence. ln fact, America. ln an industrial, scientific, and there are some prominent factors to be noted here as nuclear age, life in a democracy, just as in a cornerstone in analyzing lndonesian totalitarian society, is shaped by handfut of crisis. They are democracy and capitalism. people. This the irony of democracl/'(1984:3- Seemingly, they are not fair enough to discuss lndonesian 4). The words of liberty, freedom, equality, crisis. But by using American security, and justice are merely descriptive Studies discipline with the main stream of than the word of democracy itself. Some inter-disciplinary study, it will cover them by forms of government provide security, others combining the different fields of study. This give liberty or even, they guarantee prosperity article highlights on historical, economical, and peace. Democracy may provide all these sociological and political aspect supported by the related social economic and spiritual needs if it is theories in analyzing lndonesian crisis. allowed to its functions. ln fact, democracy has in time been captured , , and capitalism. B. Problem Statement

One of the personal dissatisfaction of The writer highlights on some democratic outcomes is from Bruce Gilley indispensable problems in this paper as (2009:114-116). He states democracy is follows: not desirable because it causes , 1. How is the existence of American liberal inequality, instability, inefficiency, repression, democracy identified or characterized in and Westernization. Democracy is not globalization era in relation to lndonesian possible because of aggregation problems, democracy along with some crisis? power differences, , and citizen 2. How the best way to filter the Western stupidity and ignorance. lt is reflected also and American values by comparing and in the unwillingness or inability of citizens to contrasting with our values in society in take up the heavy burdens of self-rule, or the order to build our nation logical problems of translating individualism preferences into public choice. ldeally, C. Goal democracy could bring individual participation in the decisions that affect one's life. As John Based on the above formulated- problems, Dewbywrote: "The keynote of democracy as a the writerattempts to gain a number goals way of life may be expressed as the necessity of such as: for the participation of every mature human 1. To identify and analyze American liberal being in formation of the values that regulate democracy and lndonesian democracy the living of men together". in line with the changing of era correlated with lndonesian crisis, and Therefore the issue of democracy is very interesting to be analyzed in correlation with 2. To find out any solution for lndonesia in some crisis happened in our beloved country facing national crisis and to learn some lndonesia. ln 1 997, lndonesiawasafflictedwith experiences from big countries to avoid a severe El Nino-induced, a plumed exchange stumbling into the same pitfalls as they. rate, and near paralysis of the banking

52 CALL pApER (Makalah pendamping) "Selamatkan Umat Dan Bangsa Dari Berbagai Krisis" II. REVIEWANDDISCUSSION First were demanding the resign A. AMERICAN LIBERAL DEMOCRACY of the government and realizing the dream country, which provided AND GLOBALIZATION every citizen a wide guarantee to express without intervention from the governing A,.1. AMERICAN LIBERAL DEMOCRACY authority. This demand gradually grew It is rather difficult to determine into one important liberal democracy some issue related to American liberal doctrine. The doctrine was that it is democracy. One useful way to explore the the right of each individual to fight for dynamic that led to the personal interests in , economy, of liberalism is to consider the views social or whatever fields that relates to expressed by some leading liberal his everyday life. thinkers of the late eighteenth century. Second, opposition movements in An early example invocation of the the Middle Age bravely disposed natural of natural equality and consent of the or supernatural rights as the source for people as a basis for rejecting anything the King's authority legitimating. On the other than popular government can be contrary, the authority and competence found in the work of Thomas Paine, who of government or state relied on can always counted be upon to draw society's desires. ln the popular words, the most radical conclusions from the sovereignty is much belonged to the Lockean teaching Natural on Rights. people. The spirit of this sovereignty ln his Dissertation on First then encouraged the birth of ideas of Principles of Government (1795), Paine representation to assure each chosen argued that "there were only two primary political leader having widely supported division of government: First, government by the society (23) by election and representation; secondly, Based on the data above, government hereditary succession". by regardless of the section of the country, The former, Paine contends, is founded state, or community in which a person on the rights of the people, while the latter lives, Americans widely share values founded usurpation. is on Hereditary coming out of the collective national government, according to Paine, has not experience. These values, many a right to (Adkins exist 124). articulated during the colonial era and The following paragraph, by having their roots in Western liberal borrowing the writing of Eric Hiariej political thought, continue to contour (22-23), based on its history, liberal the way Americans look at government, democracy for the first time came up think about their relationship to it, and in amidst the attacks of opposition define public problems. political movements against institutions of Most basic liberal values are such the Middle Age, which was considerably as: (1) Popular sovereignty. lt holds that very hierarchical, under the authority political power resides in the people, not of despotic kings. Under the lights of in the government itself. Government liberalism spirit, opposition movements exists atthe people's behest, and they can attack the feudal monarchy system from replace their elected representatives; (2). two sides. Limited government. lt aims to prevent

The Existence Of American Liberal Democracy In Indonesia As Threat Or Opportunities 53 In Relation To Some Crisis government authority and discretion from big advantages to dominate the world free being exercised arbitrarily or tyrannically; market. America fully realizes to build big (3). The rule of law. lt is that law applies to power by creating global industries and all equally; (4). lndividuat tiberty. tt hotds strengthening the economic sector as that each individual is best positioned to significant factors in society and nation. decide what is in her own best interest; When America's economy transformed (5). Equality. lt stiputates that ail peopte into strong and ready to competitive with have the right to equal protection under others, lt needed an abroad market for the law, and one person's vote counts its products. ln fact, America did it for the same as another's, regardless of trade and imperialism. personal circumstances (payne and Some cases prove that America Nassar 19-20). as a super power country always shows its roles to make any hegemony other A.2. GLOBALIZATION nations. At least, War in the Middle East Globalization is a process of is one of the ways for America to get its national economic integration of nations interest like military business as well as into a global economic system. lt economical aspects. lt is very impossible involves the creation of at least one of that America produces its military the world economy that not only is the industries for domestic consumptions. lt totality of the national economy, but a needs target consumerism. Middle East strong independent reality. The flow of is primary target to bring about those capital, commodities, technology and goals. MIC (military lndustrial Complex) large scale employment and long term is as a tool to get a big profit from a big state across the border, is the definition business. Sometimes, conflict is made of the process of globalization. to change any society. The fact that private arms dealers Economics in America is familiar do conduct a lot of business of military, the five largest with the concept of capitalism. lt is arms exporters the vey interesting in collaborating with - United States, the United Kingdom, , the globalization era because of some France, and China changes in line with the development - are also the five permanent members of the United Nations of American capitalism itself. Besides, Security Council. Theory of conflicts, America is well known as an economic ldealist, and Capitalism world order. There are some prominent is always used by America to run its business issues dealing with the above statement. easily. They are as follows: (1). The Bretton Woods Conference makeAmerica be de B. REFORM ERA, INDONESIAN facto as a leader over the world due to DEMOCRACY AND CRISIS international monetary system; (2). The significant position in every international 8.1. REFORM ERA institution such as pBB and World Bank; The reform movement began with (3).And its social responsibilities such as the demand that Soeharto Leaden Rule, Reward and punishment, be replaced as president. Some politicalactivists and Extraterritorial Laws now say that economic crisis was a blessing America and its alliances which in disguise because it would have been adopt capitalism and democracy will get impossible to unseat Soeharto without it.

54 CALL pApER (Nlakalah pendamping) "Selamatkan Umat Dart Bungsa Dcu.i Berbagai Krisis" As the movement grew there began to be the streets. Newspaper and magazines demands for more fundamental political were filled with analyses about changes. But the reform movement communism. Political commentators started as a moral force in its demands said that the president should be for these fundamental changes. Such dealing with more urgent issues. Some demands are framed under a single legislators even threatened to impeach target: to unseat President Soeharto. him. ln responding these reactions, he The president was seen as symbol of simple said that "Reopening debate demoralized (Santoso 21 ) about the events of 1965 can help the nation search for the truth"(Timberlake The students were well aware that 1-2). a genuine democratic election in 1999 would be the real institutional solution for the political and economic crisis. The 8.2. INDONESIAN DEMOCRACY AND holding of free elections was the top of cRrsts the agenda in their political struggle. Discourse of lndonesian Related to this was the total abolition of democracy can be divided into military's dual-function role. The other Parliamentary Democracy (1950- main item at the top of their agenda was 1 959), Guided Democracy (1959-1965), to investigate thewealth of Soeharto, and Pancasila Democracy (1965 - 1998), to make the former president stand trial. and Democracy after Reform Era Replacement of Habibie administration (1998-Nowadays). Upon independence also entered the students' agenda from Dutch, lndonesia immediately because they did not believe that his introduced a form of liberal parliamentary government, which was still controlled democracy. ln this system, political by Soeharto's cronies, could genuinely parties were the major actors and a free democratize the country (Budiman 46). and fair general election was conducted ln short, Gus Dur was elected in 1955. But the 1955 election yielded as the fourth President in free election fragmented bodies without clear in October 1999. ln making a start on majorities. There were seven rotations reform, one of Wahid's first presidential of cabinet in this era such as Natsir, concerns was to build a team of people Sukiman, Wilo[po, Ali Sastroamidjojo l, whom he trusted to oversee the process Burhanuddin, Ali Sastroamidjojo ll, and of reform and the management of Juanda (Soebiantoro 55). government. A first official act was to Unstable cabinets and rotating abolish two government departments. He prime ministers could not stop ethno: closed down the Ministry for tnformation, regional and religious tensions from arguing that it did more harm than good, escalating into civil war. The army and both because of Stalinist approach to President Soekarno grew less and less the control of information and because willing to play secondary roles. ln 1959, of its entrenched practice of extorting with army backing, President Soekarno from media outlines (Barton 360). dispersed the assembly and returned ln the middle term, Gus Dur lndonesia to the strong executive revoked the ban of communism constitution of 1945, calling his new and Marxism-Leninism. lt made a system "Guided Democracy". ln 1963 he controversial issue. Protesters took to had himself named president for life

The Existence Of American Liberal Democracy In Indonesia As Threat Or Opportunities 55 In Relation To Some Crisis Guided Democracy, later termed characteristics are its rejection the Old Order, was in theory a tripod of poverty, backwardness, with Soekarno at the top. The legs were conflicts, exploitation, capitalism, nationalist, religious and communist, feudalism, , each with its own main political party: , and imperialism. respectively, the lndonesian National This is the policy I have chosen party (PNl), the lslamic Scholars'Revival, with confidence (1 93-1 94). and the lndonesian Communist party (PKl). At the apex, Soekarno played one Like Soekarno's Guided group off against another while insisting Democracy, the New Order under on national unity, as if by manipulation Soeharto was authorian. There was no and exhortation he could bridge the return to the relatively unfettered party country's pluralism with a single state policies of the 1950-57 period. (Suryadinanta 76). ln the decades after 1966, Soeharto's regime The period of liberal democracy evolved into a steeply hierarchical aftair, came to an end the imposition of martial characterized by tight centralized control law by Soekarno in 1952. According to and long-term personal rule. At the top President Soekarno, Western democratic of the hierarchy was Soeharto himself, practices were not appropriate for making important policy decisions and lndonesia. lt was difficult to make carefully balancing competing interests decisions with the multi-party system. in a society that was, despite strong Because all levels of society participated centralized rule, still extremely diverse. in great numbers, the parliamentary Arrayed below him was a bureaucratic system became ovenrrhelmed with state in which ABRI played the central demands and became ineffective. role. Formally, the armed forces' place Meanwhile Pancasila Democracy, in society was defined in terms of the this term was well-known as New Order concept of dwifungsi (McKay 67). or Soeharto's regime. lt might appear to President Soeharto of lndonesia, be an extension of Soekarno's. Soeharto who came to power in 1965 after he did decide to keep the Constitution of led a military takeover of government, 1945 in force, including the article that attempted to legitimize his authoritarian assigns lawmaking authority to the rule by building a strong economy. president, subject to legislative assent. Soeharto's government insisted that He also chose as the centerpiece of his people should minimize their difference New Order pancasila a formula, or the and work together to develop the five principles, that Soekarno himself country. lndonesians agreed to accept had set forth in 1945. ln 1985 alt social fewer democratic rights in exchange for and political organizations in lndonesia rapid economic development. were obliged to endorse the five ln Soeharto lndonesia principles: monotheism, humanitarism, era, has an economic success by getting unity, democracy, and justice. ln his swasembada pangan. least, most autobiography, President Soeharto At lndonesians says: feel that they are secured in economic sector. As modernization The democracywe need practice theory suggest, lndonesia's economic is Pancasila. Briefly its major success inevitably led to the increased

56 CAIL PAPER (Makalah pendamping) 'Selamatkan Umot Dan Bangsct Dari Berbagai Krisis', participation in the society. When C. HANDLING OF THE INDONESIAN lndonesia's economy collapsed, the CRISIS : A PERSPECTTVE government had not built a large enough Seemingly, what is happening in the reservoirof pol itica I legiti macy to convince America is happening gtobally. people to remain loyal and to keep their I think that globalization itself is product side of the bargain. lronically, Soeharto any of America to hegemony. America products had develop lndonesia sufficienfly offers us of democracy and capitalism to enable lndonesians to realize that that can give peace and prosperity economic development leads to greater is still questionable until now Globalization itself is a camouflage demands for political development. ln a of capitalism with free Not way, his success was also a cause of trade. in order to be alienated from the inter-relation among his downfall. KKN also contributed to his nations, lndonesia demise (Santoso 25). must take and face it. lt is very inevitably. Absolutely, lndonesia found After the Soeharto's regime, difficulties in challenging the globalization era. lndonesia has committed itself to make It was a logical response cause lndonesia got a transition to democracy. lndonesia has it for once (unprepared). committed itself to make a transition lf we see the success of China and to democracy. Political reform is now lndia in facing the era, at least we have good accepted by that once efforts to competitive with them. Only imitating strongly opposed any effort to allow by without considering some aspects, the people to govern themselves. ideology, foran example, itwill be dangerous Several factors contributed to this shift. forthe next economic climate. At least, in regional As countries achieved higher levels of area, lndonesia tried liberalizing economic development, the traditional its economic to attract foreign investors with joining ApEC foundations on which leaders based their and AFTA. Government I power were weakened. lnternational bel ieved that by iberal izing markets, industries, and companies, changes, especially the disintegration of would be competitiveness internationally. But many the Soviet Union and the end of its control government's policies were discriminative over eastern Europe, also speeded up (not accompanied by certain group the transition to democracy around the / sector from program). world. deregulation So there were no fair competitions at the time. Company puffed After the reform era, some crisis up, not it takes efficiency and competitions still hit in economical and political sector. but it can control asset and economy sources Corruption and cronysism were more because of privilege or KKN with the ruling widespread in our beloved country class. lndonesia. ln 1990s the re was cleady an Orientation of globalization is make increase in nepotism in lndonesia. The to division of work for getting efficiency. One corruption problem, however, is often indication that lndonesia abandon misunderstood; the issue is not simply its has workerswith lowsalary in many manufacturing role in generating moral hazard, but also industries (sweatshop) garment its effect on governments' management like in a global production chain. Female of the crisis. We can see some unsolved- workers dominate in lndonesia. They cases in lndonesia. lt shows that the work in the home and in the fields, often putting in longer power of government is questionable to hours than solve these problems. the males, but at a fraction of men's pay and without education, training,

The Existence of American Liberal Democracy In Indonesia As Threat or opportunities 57 In Relation To Some Cri.si.r health, and safety protection. Women are remain internationally competitive. China has far more likely than men to be displaced by supplied innovative products to global market. technology, to work for subsistence rather lndia decided on the global-operations than cash, to be illiterate, and to suffer from strategy. Despite their different approaches, malnutrition. China and lndia have the same both China and lndia have successfully met experiences in sweatshop firstly, but they can the challenges of global competition. up-grade their industries fast. lt is in contrast The penetrating of globalization in this era with lndonesia. is inevitably. Alienation from this phenomenon ln facing this era, apparently, will put aside lndonesia from inter-relation lndonesia faces many obstacles, moreover among nations in the world. I am positive by lndonesia economies continue to suffer learning some great experiences and histories from various economic ills preventing from big countries will supporl us to have clear them to take advantages of opportunities vision as a nation. Until now, lndonesia is still globalization offer by and government questionable "quo Vadis of lndonesia,'. See tends to "taken for granted" . lt means that competitiveness with opportunity oriented not lndonesia lacks for the competitiveness. risk oriented. I am sure lndonesia still should There are main obstacles that need to (must) keep to learn. Some points that we be waved so that lndonesia can take can learn are such as visioning, positioning, advantage globalization of are such as strategy, government policy, and leader. lt is innovation capacity in high value added absolutely essential that our creative endeavor industries and services is very weak; should be directed towards the formulation of oligopolistic structure of the private genuinely lndonesian solutions sector in which a few family owned The existence of American liberal groups largely dominates the modern democracy can seemingly not be ignored segment of the economy; and high rates again. At least in lndonesia, when we saw of unemployment, particularly among some demonstrations, most militant young people and people with academic activists frequently saying and defending the ,people's background. How is to accelerate the interest'generally do not want to excessively economic change? lndonesia should take argue about the problem of democracy. the following steps (alternatives): Defining To them, who the people is very obvious. The agents of change; Defining issues and people are a lot of persons ruled tools to be active; Linking the actors of by the authority. Structurally, the people change in a common strategy to taking are more specific, namely farmers, labors, urban poor, advantage of globalization; and Exiting street children, street singers, from the vicious circle of low productivity to beggars, jobless people, and other people whose the virtuous circle of high productivity and life is suppressed and very difficult (Hiariej competitiveness on the global market 9). The following paragraphs still borrow The above information describes in the thought of Hiariej. Back to a brief of China and lndia from the viewpoint the issue of people that the activists are no need to argue of global competition. We can take the complicatedly and refer to various confusing characteristics shared by the two nations literatures to understand people's the factors that are important to lndonesian the government. To them, democracy is people's companies as they strive to increase their participation in the government, people's competitive advantage in world market. At a control to the government, people's freedom, time when global competition is intensifying, press freedom, a fair and independent general China and lndia, using different strategies, election, openness, responsible government,

58 CALL pApER (Makalah pendamping) "Seldmotkan Umat Dan Bangsa Dari Berbogcri Krisis" etc. To realize democracy, as the activists not like deliberate democracy because the convinced, the people's critical consciousness practice of decision making would be won by must be risen up and organized well to fight elite which power over the weak people. against oppression. ln fact, democracy is government "by the Unconsciously, the activists' people" but the survival of democracy rests understanding come into perspective trap of on the shoulders of elites. lt also happened liberal democracy, an ideology they frequently in lndonesia. The irony of democracy in fight against. ln formulating democracy, lndonesia is that elites, not masses, are most the liberal tradition might be said as the committed to democratic values. Despite most initial, the sturdiest, having universal a superficial commitment to the symbol of claim and global influence. These tradition democracy, the lndonesian people have a followers generally understand procedural surprisingly weak commitment to individual democracy by referring to the Schumpeter liberty, toleration of diversity and freedom of ideology saying that democracy covers three expression for those who would challenge the fundamental things: competition, participation existing order. and liberalization (the civil right guarantee ln addition, based on its cultural and the politic of citizen). background, lndonesia is in multicultural Procedurally, this democracy covering democracy so that it is very fragile by existing those three indicators is institutionalized of the fundamentalist democracy. ln order through the general election arena and two to get good understanding, people need to main political institutions: the parliament and understand why change needs to happen. the political parties. These are the basis of Moreovel "rule of law" in lndonesia is still the idea birth and the institutionalization of questionable. Some big cases are still in . General election "grey" area. lndonesia need be transparent in is a competition arena to determine the decision-making and implementation. Another leaders or representatives through political obstacle is most lndonesian still believe that parties being the receptacle of articulation, "morale" can be fixed rather than "rule of aggregation, and people' participation. law". Democracy, certainly, is the best Furthermore, democracy needs government form, or at least it has the fewest prosperity to bring about it. lndonesia is till weaknesses compared to other governmental processing it. Politics and economics are big forms. ln lndonesia, the idea of liberal- factors in shaping democracy. lndonesia not stylist representative democracy has been only has no distinctive vision and mission, but accepted widely as a frame work of political also find difficulty which one is to be priority system ftom national level to the village one. firstly. The fighting between those issues give lndonesian people prefer democracy by the bad effects for its people. We often forget based on one man one vote principalto our great history. We can learn from America model of or Pancasila which is to be a country because democracy. of its history. The North can be rich because of the South's plantation. Economics is to be A lot of people say that democracy priority first then democracy. of Pancasila is only jargon reproduced by New Order regime, whereas empirically, that regime is far from Pancasila idealism. ilt. coNcLUstoN Pancasila was ruined, and disgraced by New Because of the differences and the Order regime itself. A lot of people also did similarities, America and lndonesia have

The Existence Of American Liberal Democracy In Indonesia As Threat Or Opportunities 59 In Relation To Some Crisis different form of democracy. America tends depends very much on the initiatives of the to liberal democracy because of its root of governing elites. Efforts are needed to spread liberalism. Meanwhile lndonesia is eager political education, to allow more political to Pancasila democracy as ideology state. participation, to get rid of KKN (corruption, Even though in some cases, lndonesia collusion and nepotism), and continuously also adopted liberal democracy. Therefore establish political institutions needed for democracy is inevitable for all countries. ln democracy to work. ln short, democracy in short, it proved that the definition of a concept lndonesia is forced. lt is not a well-planned as complex as democracy will inevitably by strategy. culturally based and historically conditioned. I n facingthe era of globalization, education Therefore, lndonesia that emerged from has also a significant role in preparing of colonialism after 1945 will have different qualified human resources with the mastery perceptions of democracy that will America of science and technology with keeping good of long-established country. And a person's morality and strong religion. Education shorfly definition of democracy will be influenced by is a form of long-term investment. Therefore any number of other factors as well. education system is expected to play a central For lndonesia, although the gate for role in generating new knowledge to increase democracy is open, it is not opened very wide. the Nation's competitiveness based on local lndonesia has to face some facts, two of them wisdom and diversity of resources as well as are feudalism and patron-client relationships. access and adapt global knowledge to local They remain strong factors governing the use. Finally, it is also expected to contribute to political behavior of the public, and hampering the process of shaping a democratic, civilized, the rise of independent political institutions. and inclusive society, maintaining national The prospects for democracy in lndonesia integration through ils role as moral force.

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