DOCSLIB.ORG

Writing Wales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Writing Wales Writing Wales: Welsh Historians and the Search for Welsh Identity, 1970-1997. Name: Lindsay Henderson Degrees: BA (QUT) : BA Honours (First Class) (QUT) School: Humanities and Human Services Centre: Centre for Social Change Research Thesis: Submitted for a PhD Year of Submission: 2007 i Keywords Wales Identity Britain Welsh-English Relationship Historiography ii Abstract This thesis is a study of the way in which Wales and Welshness have been depicted in Welsh general histories published in the period between 1970 and 1997. National identity has been and remains a topical and controversial issue in Wales, due to the complex and multiple nature of the identities that could be classified as ‘national’ identities. Correspondingly, the issue of identity, particularly national and regional identities, has been the subject of considerable study within Wales. These studies have provided considerable insight into the nature of Welsh identity but there remain significant gaps in the overall research picture. This study focuses on one: the way in which Welsh historiography has portrayed Wales and Welshness. The very nature of Welsh history means that such a study must also involve consideration of the impact of England and the relationship between Wales and England on the historiographical depictions of Wales and Welshness. England, as the dominant country in Britain and Wales’ neighbour, has played a major role in shaping both the Welsh historical experience and Welsh identity, facts to which Welsh historians must respond, particularly when writing general histories of their country. This thesis, then, also examines the depiction of the Welsh-English relationship within Welsh national historiography and the way this, in turn, impacted on the way in which the historians portrayed Wales and Welshness. These concepts are very significant for both Welsh historiography and the wider study of Welsh identity. Historical studies, in providing the information for the construction of historically based national identities, are heavily involved in the larger issue of Welsh identity. This study aims to contribute to the research on Welsh identity through the analysis of this specific area of Welsh historiography. In doing iii so, this thesis offers a new way of approaching the complicated and very real issues of understanding Wales, Welshness and the relationship between Wales and England. iv Contents Keywords. i Abstract. ii Abbreviations. v Statement of Ownership. vi Acknowledgements. vii Introduction. 1 Chapter One. Questioning Britain and the Boundaries of the 21 Welsh-English Relationship: 1970-1979. Chapter Two. Arthur Herbert Dodd and Gwynfor Evans: 68 Historiographical Confidence. Chapter Three. A Search for Wales and Welshness: the 1980s. 121 Chapter Four. Wynford Vaughan-Thomas and Gwyn A. Williams: 170 Historiography and the Search For Wales. Chapter Five. Towards Wales or Europe? The 1990s. 229 Chapter Six. J. Graham Jones and John Davies: A New 278 Framework? Conclusion. 335 Bibliography. 343 v Abbreviations and Welsh Terms Abbreviations EC European Community EEC European Economic Community EU European Union SNP Scottish Nationalist Party Welsh Terms Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg Welsh Language Society Gwerin Peasantry/Welsh folk Meibion Glyndwr Sons of Glyndwr (Nationalist supporters of direct action) Plaid Cymru Party of Wales Tynged yr Iaith Fate of the Language (A radio broadcast by Saunders Lewis) Uchelwyr Aristocracy/upper class/nobles Author’s Note There appears to be some historical debate over the use of ‘ab’ or ‘ap’ in relation to Llywelyn ab Iorwerth. This study follows John Davies’ use of ‘ab’. Owain Glyn Dwr’s appellation records similar variations, and this study uses the above form. vi Statement of Authorship The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. vii Acknowledgements When I began my PhD, I had no idea what I was getting into. Or rather, I knew intellectually, but knowing and understanding are two very different things. Despite the eventual shocked realisation of what a PhD involved, the almost four years that I have spent researching, writing, and rewriting have been an incredibly rewarding learning experience. So thank-you, Gary Ianziti and John Ainsworth, for your supervision, advice and guidance. I really appreciate all the work you have put in to get my PhD and me to this point! I also owe a huge vote of thanks to my family, who have supported me right the way through. Thank-you, Mum and Martti, for everything and, most especially, for always being around. Thanks, Hope, for all the dinners, movies and ice-creams – wonderful stress relief! My grandparents and aunt cheerfully provided me with a home and family away from home during my several trips to Wales for research and conferences. Thanks, all. My trips over would have been considerably more difficult without you! My friends have also been fantastic and have definitely helped to keep me grounded and sane. Your patience has been much appreciated. Thanks, Lisa, Catherine, Merran and Alvin. 1 Introduction Studies of Welsh identity indicate the centrality and influence of England and the complicated and multi-layered nature of identity within Wales. Welsh identity has, in this wide context, been approached from many angles: literature, Britain, religion, industry, and experiential Welshness. Each approach has provided a position from which to explore the ways in which Welsh identity has been constructed, expressed and experienced. History – the study of the Welsh past – has facilitated this examination. Over the last four decades, the field of Welsh history has been widely explored, providing the groundwork for the examination of the construction of aspects of Welsh identity over a considerable period of time. In the late 1990s, the way history was used to depict images of Wales also became a topic of study. This shift towards the analysis of the role of the Welsh historical tradition has played in the construction of Welsh identity opened the door to a historiographical analysis of the topic. Such an analysis would, when placed in the wider context of Welsh identity studies, facilitate a deeper and wider understanding of the identity debate in Wales. This thesis, then, is an effort to analyse the identity debate from the perspective of historiography. In order to do so, this thesis argues that Welsh national history has been built around the framework of the relationship between Wales and England, and expresses the resultant conflict over what, precisely, can be considered to be the identity of Wales and the Welsh people. In order to examine this proposition, I selected, on the basis of three criteria, six history books published between 1970 and 1997 and have analysed the way in which all six portrayed Wales, Welshness and the Welsh-English relationship. To look at the national situation, these books had to address national Welsh history. As 2 national histories address the widest time period available, they enabled me to trace the historiographical depictions of the Welsh-English relationship, Wales and Welshness throughout a variety of periods and events. It is, after all, to events over the entire national history, from nation formation to the present day, to which theoreticians of national identity like Anthony D. Smith refer. According to Anthony D. Smith, a connection with a shared past, a national history, is one of the essential facets of national identity. This shared past can be accessed through myth, popular history, or academic-based history: it is the shared past itself that is significant.1 History provides the outline of the nation: how it was formed, its significant events, and the connections between the people and the geographical territory of a nation.2 This argument was more philosophically reinforced by Ross Poole in his book Nation and Identity.3 National identity, including history had, according to Poole, become a fundamental part of the way we articulate our self.4 History, through its fundamental position in our understanding of our national identity, tied with our national experience of the past to connect us with events that occurred before our life time.5 Nation, national identity and history are, in this interpretation, inextricably intertwined, and demand “…a moral involvement in our nation’s past and its future…”6 History, then, not only facilitates national identity, community and a sense of a shared past but influences the way the claimant of that national identity views the future. Benedict Anderson approached the argument from a slightly different perspective, focusing on the production of a popularly available literature, of which 1 Anthony D. Smith (1991) National Identity. London: Penguin, pp.21-22. 2 Ibid., pp.22-23. 3 Ross Poole (1999) Nation and Identity. London: Routledge. 4 Ibid., p.69. 5 Ibid., pp.72-73. 6 Ibid., p.73. 3 historical works formed a part. Theoretically, Benedict Anderson argued that a nation was an imagined community, made possible by the rise of a combination of print culture and capitalism.7 Print culture facilitated the dominance of a unitary written language within the nation, while capitalism fostered the desire to sell and possess. This combination facilitated the spread within a group of people of an awareness of their status as a nation, rather than simply as a region or locality. Popularly available literature enabled those separated by distance to imagine the other’s life, to realise the commonality they shared, and to feel a mutual sense of belonging to one nation. Historiography, in its widest sense as written history, forms a significant part of this literature, enabling those who read it to feel a connection with a shared past. National history, then, provides a connection with a national past, facilitating the emergence of a national identity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Emyr Humphreys Catalogue
    EMYR HUMPHREYS 100 @WelshBooks / @LlyfrauCymru CYNGOR LLYFRAU CYMRU gwales.com WELSH BOOKS COUNCIL CYNGOR LLYFRAU CYMRU WELSH BOOKS COUNCIL Emyr Humphreys Emyr Humphreys, born in 1919 in Ganed Emyr Humphreys ym Mhrestatyn Prestatyn, north Wales, is one of the yng ngogledd Cymru ym 1919. Mae’n un foremost Welsh novelists writing in o nofelwyr mwyaf blaengar Cymru. Yn English. He has published over twenty ystod ei yrfa lenyddol, cyhoeddodd dros novels, which include such classics as ugain o nofelau, gan gynnwys clasuron A Toy Epic (1958), Outside the House of megis A Toy Epic (1958), Outside the Baal (1965) and The Land of the Living, House of Baal (1965) a The Land of an epic sequence of seven novels the Living – cyfres epig o saith nofel yn charting the political and cultural history adrodd hanes gwleidyddol a diwylliannol of twentieth-century Wales. He has also Cymru yn yr ugeinfed ganrif. Mae hefyd written plays for stage and television, wedi ysgrifennu dramâu ar gyfer y llwyfan short stories and poems. He was a theledu, straeon byrion a chasgliadau o described by the poet R. S. Thomas as gerddi. Disgrifiwyd ef gan R. S. Thomas fel ‘the supreme interpreter of Welsh life’. ‘the supreme interpreter of Welsh life’. In the early 40s, as a conscientious Yn ystod ei gyfnod yn astudio hanes objector and whilst studying history at ym Mhrifysgol Cymru, Aberystwyth, the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, ymrestrodd yn wrthwynebwr cydwybodol he was sent to work on the land during pan ddechreuodd yr Ail Ryfel Byd. Wedi the Second World War. He subsequently iddo fwrw sawl cyfnod yn y Dwyrain went as a war relief worker to the Middle Canol ac yn yr Eidal yn gweithio ym maes East and then to Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • People, Places and Policy
    People, Places and Policy Set within the context of UK devolution and constitutional change, People, Places and Policy offers important and interesting insights into ‘place-making’ and ‘locality-making’ in contemporary Wales. Combining policy research with policy-maker and stakeholder interviews at various spatial scales (local, regional, national), it examines the historical processes and working practices that have produced the complex political geography of Wales. This book looks at the economic, social and political geographies of Wales, which in the context of devolution and public service governance are hotly debated. It offers a novel ‘new localities’ theoretical framework for capturing the dynamics of locality-making, to go beyond the obsession with boundaries and coterminous geog- raphies expressed by policy-makers and politicians. Three localities – Heads of the Valleys (north of Cardiff), central and west coast regions (Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire and the former district of Montgomeryshire in Powys) and the A55 corridor (from Wrexham to Holyhead) – are discussed in detail to illustrate this and also reveal the geographical tensions of devolution in contemporary Wales. This book is an original statement on the making of contemporary Wales from the Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods (WISERD) researchers. It deploys a novel ‘new localities’ theoretical framework and innovative mapping techniques to represent spatial patterns in data. This allows the timely uncovering of both unbounded and fuzzy relational policy geographies, and the more bounded administrative concerns, which come together to produce and reproduce over time Wales’ regional geography. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license.
    [Show full text]
  • For the Holidays! the World of Downton Abbey
    Adam Hillier Photography © Photos The World of Downton Abbey For the Holidays! December 8-17, 2015 Limited to 25 participants. Holidays at Highclere Castle An exclusive presentation by Friends of Louisiana Public Broadcasting Join Louisiana Public Broadcasting on a memorable trip for the holidays TOUR HIGHLIGHTS: in 2015! On a tour of historic England, we discover the • Private tour and reception at Highclere Castle, the location for exterior world of the English aristocracy, in fact and fiction, past and present and interior scenes of Downton Abbey culminating in an exclusive private tour and reception at Highclere • Private guides, talks and visits with experts on British history and the Castle: for more than 300 years the home of Lord and Lady Carnarvon, Downton era in particular and the real Downton Abbey. • Tours of major historical sites in London and elsewhere, including From Edwardian London and the iconic Houses of Parliament to the the Houses of Parliament, Windsor Castle, Oxford and its University and Georgian splendor of Jane Austen’s Bath and the hallowed halls of Colleges, Lacock Abbey, Bampton village (Downton village scenes), Bath, Sandham Memorial Chapel (WWI memorial) among others Oxford, invited scholars and expert guides will help us explore our enduring fascination with the aristocracy, their grand estates, and how • Prime tickets to a theatre performance in London, plus evensong they survive today. We will learn the codes they live by, their manners in Oxford and customs, their dress and lifestyle. • Deluxe 4-star accommodations in London, Oxford, and Ston Easton We’ll tour the House of Lords, where Britain’s gentry once passed • 4 lunches, 3 dinners, 2 high teas and other receptions abiding laws.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Prophecies of Fferyll”: Virgilian Reception in Wales
    “The Prophecies of Fferyll”: Virgilian Reception in Wales Revised from a paper given to the Virgil Society on 18 May 2013 Davies Whenever I make the short journey from my home to Swansea’s railway station, I pass two shops which remind me of Virgil. Both are chemist shops, both belong to large retail empires. The name-boards above their doors proclaim that each shop is not only a “pharmacy” but also a fferyllfa, literally “Virgil’s place”. In bilingual Wales homage is paid to the greatest of poets every time we collect a prescription! The Welsh words for a chemist or pharmacist fferyllydd( ), for pharmaceutical science (fferylliaeth), for a retort (fferyllwydr) are – like fferyllfa,the chemist’s shop – all derived from Fferyll, a learned form of Virgil’s name regularly used by writers and poets of the Middle Ages in Wales.1 For example, the 14th-century Dafydd ap Gwilym, in one of his love poems, pic- tures his beloved as an enchantress and the silver harp that she is imagined playing as o ffyrf gelfyddyd Fferyll (“shaped by Virgil’s mighty art”).2 This is, of course, the Virgil “of popular legend”, as Comparetti describes him: the Virgil of the Neapolitan tales narrated by Gervase of Tilbury and Conrad of Querfurt, Virgil the magician and alchemist, whose literary roots may be in Ecl. 8, a fascinating counterfoil to the prophet of the Christian interpretation of Ecl. 4.3 Not that the role of magician and the role of prophet were so differentiated in the medieval mind as they might be today.
    [Show full text]
  • John Leland's Itinerary in Wales Edited by Lucy Toulmin Smith 1906
    Introduction and cutteth them out of libraries, returning home and putting them abroad as monuments of their own country’. He was unsuccessful, but nevertheless managed to John Leland save much material from St. Augustine’s Abbey at Canterbury. The English antiquary John Leland or Leyland, sometimes referred to as ‘Junior’ to In 1545, after the completion of his tour, he presented an account of his distinguish him from an elder brother also named John, was born in London about achievements and future plans to the King, in the form of an address entitled ‘A New 1506, probably into a Lancashire family.1 He was educated at St. Paul’s school under Year’s Gift’. These included a projected Topography of England, a fifty volume work the noted scholar William Lily, where he enjoyed the patronage of a certain Thomas on the Antiquities and Civil History of Britain, a six volume Survey of the islands Myles. From there he proceeded to Christ’s College, Cambridge where he graduated adjoining Britain (including the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Man and Anglesey) and an B.A. in 1522. Afterwards he studied at All Souls, Oxford, where he met Thomas Caius, engraved map of Britain. He also proposed to publish a full description of all Henry’s and at Paris under Francis Sylvius. Royal Palaces. After entering Holy Orders in 1525, he became tutor to the son of Thomas Howard, Sadly, little or none of this materialised and Leland appears to have dissipated Duke of Norfolk. While so employed, he wrote much elegant Latin poetry in praise of much effort in seeking church advancement and in literary disputes such as that with the Royal Court which may have gained him favour with Henry VIII, for he was Richard Croke, who he claimed had slandered him.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Sustainable Development and Children's Rights
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Integrating Sustainable Development and Children’s Rights: A Case Study on Wales Rhian Croke 1,*, Helen Dale 2 , Ally Dunhill 3, Arwyn Roberts 2 , Malvika Unnithan 4 and Jane Williams 5 1 Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK 2 Lleisiau Bach/Little Voices, National Lottery People and Places Fund 2012-2020, Swansea and Bangor University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; [email protected] (H.D.); [email protected] (A.R.) 3 Independent Consultant and Researcher, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 8TA, UK; [email protected] 4 Northumbria University Law School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; [email protected] 5 Observatory on the Human Rights of Children, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: The global disconnect between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Conven- tion on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has been described as ‘a missed opportunity’. Since devolution, the Welsh Government has actively pursued a ‘sustainable development’ and a ‘children’s rights’ agenda. However, until recently, these separate agendas also did not contribute to each other, al- though they culminated in two radical and innovative pieces of legislation; the Rights of Children and Young Persons (Wales) Measure (2013) and the Well-being and Future Generations (Wales) Act (2015). This article offers a case study that draws upon the SDGs and the CRC and considers how recent Citation: Croke, Rhian, Helen Dale, Ally Dunhill, Arwyn Roberts, guidance to Welsh public bodies for implementation attempts to contribute to a more integrated Malvika Unnithan, and Jane Williams.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Edwardian England
    Edwardian Beverley: a snapshot in time How much do you know about the Edwardian era in England? Strictly, it was the time of King Edward VII’s brief reign from 1901 to 1910, but is usually considered to extend up to the start of war in 1914. It is often seen as a ‘golden age’, when the world paused between the busy industrialisation of the Victorians and the chaos of global war, after which life changed forever. However, although the Edwardian period was short it was a time of great change, from social reforms to fashion trends and technological advances. One of the key technological developments of the period was the introduction of Kodak’s Brownie camera in 1900, which enabled everybody to make their own record of their surroundings. There is therefore a wonderful photographic record of life in Beverley from the turn of the century, which we have drawn upon in this exhibition as we attempt to put the town into the context of the wider world. Museum Group Collection Online. Science (Y1988.43.3) Creative Commons Licence. 1900 Box Brownie camera Introduction to Edwardian England Samuel Hynes described the Edwardian era as a “leisurely time when There were significant technological advancements, especially in mass women wore picture hats and did not vote, when the rich were not communication (the first wireless signal across the Atlantic was sent in ashamed to live conspicuously and the sun really never set on the British 1901), leisure and entertainment, particularly with the development of the flag”. This perception of a romantic age of long summer afternoons and cinema.
    [Show full text]
  • Adroddiad Blynyddol / Annual Report 1974-75
    ADRODDIAD BLYNYDDOL / ANNUAL REPORT 1974-75 WILLIAM GRIFFITHS 1975001 Ffynhonnell / Source The late Miss A G Jones, M.A., Aberaeron, per Miss Olive M Jones, Aberaeron. Blwyddyn / Year Adroddiad Blynyddol / Annual Report 1974-75 Disgrifiad / Description Correspondence, journals, diaries, etc., of Rev William Griffiths (1788-1861), Calvinistic Methodist minister in Gower, co. Glamorgan, including journals for the years 1816-19, 1822-7 (numbered vol. 5), 1827-34 (vol. 6), 1834-42 (vol. 7), 1842-7 (vol. 8), and 1848-55 (vol. 9) (for vol. 4, 1819-22, see Calvinistic Methodist Archives 8710); printed diaries 1837; 1943-5; 1850-1 (very few entries); a `day book' or diary, 1854-61, with additional entries at the end by his son also named William Griffiths; a note-book containing autobiographical data compiled at intervals ? up to 1860; thirteen letters, 1825-6, addressed by him to his future wife Miss A. G. Jones, and one letter, 1826, written by him to his wife; twenty-five miscellaneous letters, 1840-60 and undated, received by him; thirty letters, 1846-9 and undated, received by him and his wife from their son William; printed copies of reports and notices of general meetings of the Glamorganshire Banking Company, 1845-58, addressed to him; bundles of sermon notes, 1817-61 ; two note-books containing a record of subscriptions towards the support of the ministry at Bethesda Church, Gower, 1838-43; a manuscript volume described on the title-page as `A Series of Questions and Answers on the more prominent doctrines of the Holy Bible written for the use of the Sabbath Schools belonging to Burry Green and Cherriton Chaples (sic) by Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Welsh Disestablishment: 'A Blessing in Disguise'
    Welsh disestablishment: ‘A blessing in disguise’. David W. Jones The history of the protracted campaign to achieve Welsh disestablishment was to be characterised by a litany of broken pledges and frustrated attempts. It was also an exemplar of the ‘democratic deficit’ which has haunted Welsh politics. As Sir Henry Lewis1 declared in 1914: ‘The demand for disestablishment is a symptom of the times. It is the democracy that asks for it, not the Nonconformists. The demand is national, not denominational’.2 The Welsh Church Act in 1914 represented the outcome of the final, desperate scramble to cross the legislative line, oozing political compromise and equivocation in its wake. Even then, it would not have taken place without the fortuitous occurrence of constitutional change created by the Parliament Act 1911. This removed the obstacle of veto by the House of Lords, but still allowed for statutory delay. Lord Rosebery, the prime minister, had warned a Liberal meeting in Cardiff in 1895 that the Welsh demand for disestablishment faced a harsh democratic reality, in that: ‘it is hard for the representatives of the other 37 millions of population which are comprised in the United Kingdom to give first and the foremost place to a measure which affects only a million and a half’.3 But in case his audience were insufficiently disheartened by his homily, he added that there was: ‘another and more permanent barrier which opposes itself to your wishes in respect to Welsh Disestablishment’, being the intransigence of the House of Lords.4 The legislative delay which the Lords could invoke meant that the Welsh Church Bill was introduced to parliament on 23 April 1912, but it was not to be enacted until 18 September 1914.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Critical Study of Kate Roberts and Virginia Woolf
    CULTURAL TRANSLATIONS: A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL STUDY OF KATE ROBERTS AND VIRGINIA WOOLF FRANCESCA RHYDDERCH A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PhD UNIVERSITY OF WALES, ABERYSTWYTH 2000 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. 4" Signed....... (candidate) ................................................. z3... Zz1j0 Date x1i. .......... ......................................................................... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed (candidate) ......... ' .................................................... ..... 3.. MRS Date X11.. U............................................................................. ............... , STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. hL" Signed............ (candidate) .............................................. 3Ü......................................................................... Date.?. ' CULTURAL TRANSLATIONS: A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL STUDY OF KATE ROBERTS AND VIRGINIA WOOLF FRANCESCA RHYDDERCH Abstract This thesis offers a comparative critical study of Virginia Woolf and her lesser known contemporary, the Welsh author Kate Roberts. To the majority of
    [Show full text]
  • JEWELS of the EDWARDIANS by Elise B
    JEWELS OF THE EDWARDIANS By Elise B. Misiorowski and Nancy K. Hays Although the reign of King Edward VII of ver the last decade, interest in antique and period jew- Great Britain was relatively short (1902- elry has grown dramatically. Not only have auction 1910), the age that bears his name produced 0 houses seen a tremendous surge in both volume of goods distinctive jewelry and ushered in several sold and prices paid, but antique dealers and jewelry retail- new designs and manufacturing techniques. ers alikereportthat sales inthis area of the industry are During this period, women from the upper- excellent and should continue to be strong (Harlaess et al., most echelons of society wore a profusion of 1992). As a result, it has become even more important for extravagant jewelry as a way of demon- strating their wealth and rank. The almost- jewelers and independent appraisers to understand-and exclusive use of platinum, the greater use of know how to differentiate between-the many styles of pearls, and the sleady supply of South period jewelry on the market. African diamonds created a combination Although a number of excellent books have been writ- that will forever characterize Edwardian ten recently on various aspects of period jewelry, there are jewels. The Edwardian age, truly the last so many that the search for information is daunting. The era of the ruling classes, ended dramatically purpose of this article is to provide an overview of one type with the onset of World War I. of period jewelry, that of the Edwardian era, an age of pros- perity for the power elite at the turn of the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifty: Fifty Croft, Paul
    Aberystwyth University Fifty: Fifty Croft, Paul Publication date: 2012 Citation for published version (APA): Croft, P. (Author). (2012). Fifty: Fifty: 30 Years of Drawing and Prints by Paul Croft RE TMP. Exhibition, Prifysgol Aberystwyth | Aberystwyth University. http://www.paulcroft.org General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 www.paulcroft.org Fifty: Fifty Fifty: Fifty: Fifty 30 Years of Drawings and Prints by Paul Croft RE TMP Fifty: Fifty30 by Paul Croft by Paul Croft Prints and Drawings Years of RE TMPRE Fifty: Fifty 30 Years of Drawings and Prints by Paul Croft RE TMP School of Art Press, Aberystwyth University Catalogue design and editing by Paul
    [Show full text]