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'U-.-. DES SCIENCES ACADM1E DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES INSTITUT D'ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÈENNES = u.. = u.-._ i - = = 'u-.-. TOME XVII-1979. N° 2 (Avril-juin) Mélanges offerts au IV' Congrès International des Etudes Sud-Est Européennes Ankara, Aoat 1979 / \ EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLICII SOCIALISTE ROMANIA www.dacoromanica.ro Comité de rédaction M. BERZAI membre correspondant de l'Académie de la République Socialiste de Roumanie rédacteur en chef ; ALEXANDRU DUTU rédacteur en chef adjoint ; EM. CONDURACHI, A. ROSETTI, membres de l'Académie de la République Socialiste de Rouma- nie ;H. MIHAESCU, COSTIN MURGESCU, D. M. PIPPIDI, membres correspondants de l'Acadérnie de la République SocIaliste de Roumanie ; AL. ELIAN, VALENTIN GEORGESCU, FR. PALL, MIHAI POP, EUGEN STANESCU LA REVUE DES gTUDES SUD-EST EUROPgENNES paratt 4 fois par an. Toute commande de l'étranger (fascicule ou abonnements) sera adressde i: ILEXIM, Depar- tamentul ExportImport presa, P.O. Box 136-137, telex 11226, 70116 Bucure0, str. 13 Decembrie nr. 3, Romania, ou a ses repr6sentants a l'étranger. Le prix d'un abonnement est de $ 35 par an. La correspondance, les manuscrits et les publications (livres, revues, etc.) envoyés pour comptes rendus seront adressés a l'INSTITUT D'ÉTUDES SUD-EST EURO- PgENNES, 71119 Bucuregi, sector 1, str. I.C. Frimu nr. 9, téléphone 50 75 25, pour la REVUE DES ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES. Les articles seront remis dactylographiés en trois exemplaires. Les collaborateurs sont priés de ne pas dépasser les limites de 25-30 pages dactylographiées pour les articles et de 5-8 pages pour les comptes rendus. EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLICII SOCIALISTE ROMANIA Calea Victoriei nr. 125, téléphone 50 76 80, 71021 Bucure;ti, Romania www.dacoromanica.ro TOME XVII 1979 Avril Juin N° 2 SOMMAIRE MÉLANGES OFFERTS AUX We CONGRÉS INTERNATIONAL DES ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES (ANKARA, AOCIT 1979) Voies de commerce et relations politigues SERBAN PAPACOSTEA,e Quod non iretur ad Tarxam* Un aspectfondamental de lapolitique génoise dans la mer Noire au XIVe siècle 20t AUSILIA ROCCATAGLIATA (Genova), Con un notaio genovese tra Pera e Chio nel 1453-1454 219 OLGA CICANCI, Le statut juridique et le regime de fonctionnement de la Compagnie de commerce de Brasov 241 Orientations diplomatiques CLAUDE MICHAUD (Orleans),Ralsond'Étatet consciencechrétienne. L'am- bassade du marquis de Nointel auprès de la Porte Ottomane 257 WALTER MARKOV (Leipzig), Zum Stellenwert des napoleonischen Illyrien . 269 CONSTANTIN IORDAN-SIMA, La Grece a la fin de Vann& 1920. Autour d'une mission roumaine a Athenes 283 CRISTIAN POPISTEANU, Contributions de l'Entente Balkanique a un climat de paix, cooperationetsécurité collective en Europe (1934-1936) 297 Vie sociale et mentalités ALEXANDRU DUTU, Intelligence et imagination a l'aube des cultures modernes sud-est européennes 315 FLORIN CONSTANTINIU, Sensibilité baroque et regime nobiliaire (Considerations préliminaires) 327 CRISTINA FENESAN, Abdul Kadir :ein tiirkischer Chronist und Augenzeug des Feldzuges gegen die Walachei (1595) 335 HORST FASSEL, Sudosteuropa und der Orient-Topos der deutschen Literatur im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert 345 Latín vulgaire et élémentslexicologiquesroumainsdans les langues balkaniques H. MIHAESCU, La 'literature byzantine, source de connaissance du latin vulgaire, III 359 ELENA SCARLATO1U, Romanian Lexical Elements in Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian 385 ZAMFIRA MIHAIL, Aromunische Elemente im Bulgarischen 397 CATALINA VATWSCU, Macedo-Romanian Words in Albanian Slangs 409 REV. ÈTUDES SUD-EST EUROP., XVIII, 2, P. 199-452, BUCAREST, 1979 www.dacoromanica.ro 200 Notes brèves Un manuscrit de la *Logique * de Théodore Cavalliotis (Andrei Pippidi) 417 Chronique ELENA SIUPIUR, Le colloque international a Littérature et histoire dans les pays du Sud-Est européen au XIXe siècle * (Bucarest, 21-23 septembre 1978). 425 Comptes rendus CARL GCILLNER, Turcica, Bd. III : Die Tarkenfrage in der bffentlichen Meinung im 16. Jahrhundert (Cristina Fenesan) ; AUREL DECEI, Istoria Imperiului aloman (pizzala 1656) : Relafii rornano-orientale (Mustafa Mehmet) ; ERNST WERNER, WALTER MARKOV, Geschichte der Turken. Von den Anfeingen bis zur Gegenwart (V. Ciociltan) ; PETER F. SUGAR, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (Alexandru Dutu) ; TRAIAN STOIANOVICH, French Historical Method. The Annales Paradigm;I REVIEW s(Lucian Boia), 427 Notices bibliographiques 441 www.dacoromanica.ro Voles de commerce et relations politiques «QUOD NON 1RETUR AD TANAM» UN ASPECT FONDAMENTAL DE LA POLITIQUE GÉNOISE DANS LA MER NOIRE AU XIV ° SIECLE §ERBAN PAPACOSTEA Fondée A, une date que Pinsuffisance des sources nous interdit de fixer avec certitude mais qui a suivi de près le retour des Byzantins A, Constantinople en 1261, la colonie génoise de Caffa a connu dans un bref laps de temps, grâce à Pintensité et A, la complexité de sa vie économique, un épan.ouissementspectaculairedont la métropole ne manqua pas de tirer,elle aussi, un très large profit. Les sources de la prospérité précoce du commerce génois au nord de la mer Noire furent certes multiples, car les Génois ne manquèrent pas d'exploiter toutes les possibilités qui s'offraient à eux dans la region. Un chroniquer -vénitien qui évoquait, bien qu'à une époque plus tardive, les événements lies à l'histoire de Caffa A, la fin du XIII' siècle, ne se faisait pas faute de mettre en evidence cette multilatéralité de Pactivité des Génois au nord de la rner Noire, Ai laquelle il attribuait non sans raison la richesse fabuleuse de la ville :« Era Caffa in quel tempo un nobilissimo fontico, et quasi il più ricco et più frequentato di tutto Levante, perchè portavano in quello ii Genovesi tutte le merci che anda- vano mercadantando in tutte le parti del mondo, et di IA si spargevano per tutte le provincie sottoposte alla Tramontana, cosi verso Levante come verso Ponente, pigliando all'incontro da quei popoli le cose che nascevano in quelle parti, portandole in altri luoghi, che di quelle haves- sero mancamento ;di sorte che era abondantissima, di tutte le cose quella città et perciò richissima »1. Le bien-fondé de cette constatation n.e saurait être mis en doute ; cepen.dant il est légitime de supposer que la première prospérité de Caffa fut intimement Jiée au contact dire,ct que les Génois avaient réussi a, établir par son intermédiaire avec l'Orient asiatique et la grande route intercontinentale qui y menait à travers l'Empire mongol. L'importance de la route mongole, tant de fois discutée par les historiens, n'a plus besoin d'être démontrée une nouvelle fois2; ce qu'il R. G. Loenertz, Menengo Schiavo, esclave,corsaire, seigneur d'Ios (1296 1310), Studi veneziani *,9, 1967, p. 334. 2 Sur la route mongole et sa fonction historique, v. entre autres :L.Petech, Les marchands/ italiens dans l'Empire mongol,s Journal Asiatique *,250, 1962, P. 549-574; G. Pinto, Viaggiatori veneti in Oriente dal secolo XIII al XVI, dans Venezia e l'Oriente fra tardo Medioevo e Rinascimento, Venezia, 1966, p. 389-390; R. H. Bautier, Les relations iconomi- REV. ÈTUDES SUD-EST EUROP., XVII, 2, P. 201-217, BUCAREST. 1979 www.dacoromanica.ro 202 SERBAN PAPACOSTEA 2 convient cependant de souligner dans le cadre de notre étude c'est que si l'exploitation de cette route a permis aux Génois de réaliser dans un intervalle très court d'immenses bénéfices, que nous ne sommes pas en mesure d'exprimer en termes quantitatifs, le fait s'explique en premier lieu par les conditions privilégiées à plusieurs égards dans lesquelles cette activité s'est déroulée. L'aspect décisif de cette situation privilégiée découlait sans doute pour les Génois de Pabsence d'une concurrence commerciale de grande envergure ;seul3 capable de concurrencer efficacement Génes, paree que seule A, disposer de ressources navales et financières comparables celles de la cité ligure, Venise fut longtemps tenue 1 l'écart du commerce des régions septentrionales de la mer Noire où le droit d'installer à son tour une colonie autonome et privilégiée et d'opposer ainsi à Caffa une place d'importance égale lui fut contesté avec succès par sa rivale. Protégés contre la concurrence des Vénitiens par le traité de Nymphée d'abord etensuiteetsurtoutpar leur propre vigilence, les Génois furent à méme de profiter à plein des avantages du commerce de la région ; tel point que, au bout d'un quart de siècle, Caffa faisait déjà figure de grand emporium du commerce international. La résolution des Génois de perpétuer le cadre si favorable qu'ils avaient su créer à leur commerce dans les régions septentrionales du bassin pontique et à la villa qui le centralisait, Caffa, n'est que trop explicable. En effet, dès que Venise tenta de s'infiltrer A, son tour dans la région, pour permettre à ses ressortissants de participer A, conditions égales avec les Génois à l'exploitation de la route mongole, Gênes lui opposa une fin de non-recevoir ;refus qui se répéta chaque fois que les Vénitiens revenaient A, la charge. Cependant de l'ensemble du programme inscrit dans le traité de Nymphée qui avait complètement exclu. les Vénitiens du bassin pontique, une préoccupation particulière s'imposa à l'attention de Génes très tôt, c'est-à-dire dès ses premiers contacts diplomatiqu es avec Venise après les événements de 1261, et cette préoccupation spéciale visait justement le nord de la mer Noire et plus exactement Tana, zone sensible entre toutes pour le commerce pontique des Génois. Ce souci particulier des Génois pour Tana perça pour la première fois en 1269 au cours des négociations de paix qui eurent lieu entre les deux républiques avec la médiation du pape qui s'efforçait de réconcilier Génes et Venise. Or, constate l'u_n des plus insignes spécialistes de l'histoire de la mer Noire au moyen Age,« les instructions du 17 octobre 1269 envoyées aux ambassadeurs < de Génes> qui se trouvaient à Rome, ne contenaient qu'une seule recommandation où l'on pouvait entrevoir le point capitla ques des Occidentaux avec les pays d'Orient au Mogen Age.
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