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2011 Joint Conference Joint ConferenceConference:: Hellenic Observatory,The British SchoolLondon at School Athens of & Economics & British School at Athens Hellenic Observatory, London School of Economics Changing Conceptions of “Europe” in Modern Greece: Identities, Meanings, and Legitimation 28 & 29 January 2011 British School at Athens, Upper House, entrance from 52 Souedias, 10676, Athens PROGRAMME Friday, 28 th January 2011 9:00 Registration & Coffee 9:30 Welcome : Professor Catherine Morgan , Director, British School at Athens 9:45 Introduction : Imagining ‘Europe’. Professor Kevin Featherstone , LSE 10:15 Session One : Greece and Europe – Progress and Civilisation, 1890s-1920s. Sir Michael Llewellyn-Smith 11:15 Coffee Break 11:30 Session Two : Versions of Europe in the Greek literary imagination (1929- 1961). Professor Roderick Beaton , King’s College London 12:30 Lunch Break 13:30 Session Three : 'Europe', 'Turkey' and Greek self-identity: The antinomies of ‘mutual perceptions'. Professor Stefanos Pesmazoglou , Panteion University Athens 14:30 Coffee Break 14:45 Session Four : The European Union and the Political Economy of the Greek State. Professor Georgios Pagoulatos , Athens University of Economics & Business 15:45 Coffee Break 16:00 Session Five : Contesting Greek Exceptionalism: the political economy of the current crisis. Professor Euclid Tsakalotos , Athens University Of Economics & Business 17:00 Close 19:00 Lecture : British Ambassador’s Residence, 2 Loukianou, 10675, Athens Former Prime Minister Costas Simitis on ‘European challenges in a time of crisis’ with a comment by Professor Kevin Featherstone 20:30 Reception 21:00 Private Dinner: British Ambassador’s Residence, 2 Loukianou, 10675, Athens - By Invitation Only - Saturday, 29 th January 2011 10:00 Session Six : Time and Modernity: Changing Greek Perceptions of Personal Identity in the Context of Europe. Professor Renee Hirschon , St. Peter’s College, Oxford 11:00 Coffee Break 11:15 Session Seven : The vicissitudes of identity in a divided society: The case of the Muslim minority in Western Thrace. Professor Thalia Dragonas , Secretary, Ministry of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs 12:15 Concluding Session : Themes and Comparisons 13:00 Close **We are grateful for the financial support of the NATIONAL BANK OF GREECE for this event** CHANGING CONCEPTIONS OF ‘EUROPE ’ IN MODERN GREECE: AN INTRODUCTION. KEVIN FEATHERSTONE LSE THE DOMESTIC CONSTRUCTION OF ‘EUROPE’ AS A RÉFÉRENTIEL IN MODERN GREECE: QUESTIONS Where is ‘‘‘Europe‘EuropeEurope’’’’[an object]? Relational to: Who are ‘‘‘Europeans‘EuropeansEuropeans’’’’?? [subject] Which ‘Europe’ is chosen? Concert, Great Powers, EU (MLS). Relationship to ‘Greekness’: the juxtaposition of our glamorous ancestors & the modern Europe we wish to emulate (Skopetea in MLS). The narration of ‘Europe’ (e.g. in ethno- symbolic terms) . A ‘Eurocentric’ mindset of Greekness & of the ‘Other’ [‘Turk’] legitimating new nation (Pesmazoglou). Inclusion/exclusion of the ‘other’ (Th. Dragona; ); relevance of ‘Europe’ to minorities. When is ‘‘‘Europe‘EuropeEurope’’’’?? [temporal comparisons in how constructed; its intintensity;ensity; cf. alternatives] Why ‘‘‘Europe‘EuropeEurope’’’’?? [actor purpose] The relevance of ‘Europe’ to the domestic: the content & purpose of identification/rejection; relationship to ‘modernity’ (& its opponents)(R. Beaton); as a cultural lifestyle (R. Hirschon). What is ‘‘‘Europe‘EuropeEurope’’’’?? [a constructed & an activated domestic resource] legitimation, empowerment of domestic action: e.g. early Greek state & contradictions between imported norms & backward realities (Tsoucalas; Mouzelis). Today: ‘modernisation’; a set of evaluation criteria: failings of domestic state. How is ‘‘‘Europe‘EuropeEurope’’’’?? [capability to act; options arising] The power; strategic opportunities; reform instruments, constraints of Europe (Pagoulatos; Tsakolatos). A PRIORI : MANY ‘EUROPES’ IN GREECE Object changes over time due to: Historical resonance & shifting power balances (IR): Images change in relation to Greek irredentism; impact of Great Powers; divisions, fears of Cold War & position of Balkans; affecting Greece’s interests on Cyprus, Turkey. Conflicting cultural & political identities: Early diasporic orientations, relevance of Orthodoxy (e.g. Hélène Ahrweiler) Legacy of contrasting orientations: e.g. Trikoupis v. Deligiannis; later: Venizelos. Theotakis’ “Free Spirit” (1929) confident outwardness (R Beaton). Different ‘worlds’ within Europe. Changing status of neighbours (e.g. Balkans). Object, models of emulation (from nation-building to recent Irish or Swedish economic models). The consequences of AntiAnti----Americanism.Americanism. Redefining the ‘West’ & Greece’s attachment: Europe as an alternative ‘pole’ after 1974. Integration & the deepening of the EUEU’’’’ss domestic reach. Sectoral variation in impact of EU. Transformation in agriculture. Shift/cleavage in support for EU – changing popular image. Economic penetration & interest: trade, finance, dependence. Shift of frames in foreign (im)migration (remittances, Gastarbeiter to porous Schengen, influx of Albanians). Gains from trade & threatened domestic model; ‘underdog culture’ (Diamandouros). Need for international loans (C19th-21 st ). PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF BEING MORE ‘EUROPEAN’ IN RECENT TIMES: E.G. Consolidation of democracy Administration: more technocratic modes Economics: more neoneo----liberalliberal & flexible (EMU; single market; Lisbon; priprivatisation;vatisation; bailout) Civil society: empowerment Revised notions of ‘‘‘citizenship‘citizenshipcitizenship’’’’;; minorities & multiculturalism Engagements: multiple sociosocio----politicalpolitical EU networks Political parties: LAOS; PASOK & social democracy A cultural mode of behaviour (not traditional) Exchanges: ERASMUS; high levels of education abroad. Foreign policy: Cyprus, Turkey accession; Kosovo. KARAMANLIS POST-1974 Strategic: Consolidation of democracy. Time imperative: accession before Spain, Portugal. National defence: advantage over Turkey. Ideational: Modernise Greece (economic, social; institutional). Economic aid, investment. ‘‘‘EuropeEurope’’’’used in agendas of democratisation; foreign policy advantage; national programmatic steer of modernisation. MITSOTAKIS, 1990-93: CATCH-UP, AVOID MARGINALISATION IN DEEPENING EU. ‘‘‘Η‘ΗΗΗΕλλάδα έχει µείνει πολύ πίσωπίσω, , ουραγός στην Ευρωπαϊκή κούρσα προς τοτοτο 1992 και τιντιντινοικονοµική και νοµισµατική ένωσηένωση. Είναι ανάγκη νανανα εφαρµοστεί αµέσως µίαµίαµία οικονοµική πολιτική γιαγιαγια τηντηντην επόµενη τετραετίατετραετία, , που θαθαθα εγκυάται τηντηντην ανασυγκρότησηανασυγκρότηση,, τηντηντηνδιαρθρωτική προσαρµογήπροσαρµογή, , τηντηντηνοικονοµική ανάπτυξηανάπτυξη, , τητητη σύγκληση µεµεµε τηντηντην πορεία που διαγράφουν οιοιοι Ευρωπαίοι εταίροι µαςµας. ∆εν υπάρχει άλλωστε άλλη επιλογή γιαγιαγια τοντοντον ΤόποΤόπο. ΉΉΉθαθαθα προχωρήσουµε µεµεµε τους άλλους λαούς τηςτηςτηςΕυρώπης ήήή θαθαθα µπούµε οριστικά στοστοστο περιθώριοπεριθώριο’ ’’’.... ‘‘‘Greece‘Greece is behind in the European race towards ‘‘‘1992‘19921992’’’’and Economic and Monetary Union. It is necessary to immediately implement a four year econeconomicomic policy that will guarantee the reconstruction, the structural adjustment, ththee economic and social development, [and] convergence with our European partnerspartners…………ThereThere is no other alternative for our country. Either we will follow the resrestt of the European people, or we will be marginalisedmarginalised…………(Mitsotakis 1990: 15 & 18). SIMITIS’ DISCOURSE ON ‘EUROPE’ Strategic: Again ‘‘‘time‘timetime’’’’:: a lever for catchcatch----up.up. A big leap. History of lost opportunities, internal division. ‘Modernisers’: a strata that aspires; & is frustrated. New uncertainties: technology; globalisation; demography. MitigaMitigatedted in EUEU’’’’ss core. Ideational: Real convergence means structural reforms. Reform leverage. A new ‘‘‘social‘social statestate’’’’,, a ‘‘‘powerful‘powerful societysociety’’’’.... A social dialogue. [see also R. Prodi] ‘‘‘EuropeEurope’’’’as identity; leverage; (policy) normative. DISTINCTIVE DISCOURSES Greek discourse differs from dominant narratives of: Rapprochement & Cold War (France, Ger.) Market access: UK; Ireland; Denmark; Sweden; Finland. Sovereignty, neutrality sensitivities. Human, civic rights (Turkey; Kosovo). Greece: Distinctive, but not unique, stress on: Democratic consolidation Foreign policy advantage over neighbour Reform leverage for ‘‘‘modernisation‘modernisationmodernisation’’’’,, liberal reforms. Identity: with core, not marginalised Economic aid, support, austerity. A ‘‘‘cash‘cashcash----cowcowcowcow’’’’.. Different worlds of Europe, different content to ‘‘‘Europeanisation‘EuropeanisationEuropeanisation’’’’----discourses ascribe different meanings, instrumentality. cf. T G Ash on ‘‘‘grand‘grand narrativenarrative’’’’of EU. INDIGENOUS ROOTS OF ‘EUROPE’ ‘‘‘Modernity‘ModernityModernity’’’’& W Europe since birth of the new nation; democratidemocraticc consolidatconsolidation,ion, issue of identity: common themes in SE discourse ((DiamandDiamandourosDiamandouros).ouros ).).). ‘Progress and civilisation’ of early C20th; ‘modernisation’ of Simitis. EU as a foreign policy tool: mirrors Great Power (collective & iindividual)ndividual) interventions in Greece. But whatwhat’’’’ss new: EU is historically distinctive as a constraiconstraint:nt: a vehicle for economic liberalism; reform empowerment; need to remain in ‘‘‘core‘corecore’’’’.. [but
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