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Rimska Marsunija SVEU ČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Odsjek za arheologiju Ivana Lu čića 3 Ivan Bari čevi ć RIMSKA MARSUNIJA Diplomski rad Mentor: Vinka Bubi ć, MA Zagreb, travanj 2015. SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD .................................................................................................................................. 2 2. GEOGRAFSKE ZNA ČAJKE BRODSKOG POSAVLJA I SLAVONSKOG BRODA .... 3 3. KRATKI PREGLED ISTRAŽIVANJA .............................................................................. 7 4. PREDRIMSKO RAZDOBLJE .......................................................................................... 10 4. 1. Od paleolitika do željeznog doba........................................................................... 10 4. 2. Željezno doba: Panoni i Kelti................................................................................. 23 5. RIMSKO RAZDOBLJE .................................................................................................... 35 5. 1. Osvajanje Panonije i uspostava vlasti .................................................................... 35 5. 2. Marsunija................................................................................................................ 51 5. 2. 1. Pisani izvori.............................................................................................. 53 5. 2. 2. Etimologija imena .................................................................................... 56 5. 2. 3. Cesta Siscija-Sirmij.................................................................................. 59 5. 2. 4. Lokacija, upravno ure đenje i stanovništvo............................................... 69 5. 2. 5. Razdoblje Flavijevaca .............................................................................. 72 5. 2. 6. Razdoblje Trajana i Hadrijana.................................................................. 74 5. 2. 7. Razdoblje Severa...................................................................................... 76 5. 2. 8. Razdoblje dominata.................................................................................. 79 5. 3. Rimski nalazi iz Marsunije i okolice...................................................................... 83 5. 3. 1. Paradna knemida ...................................................................................... 83 5. 3. 2. Vojni čka diploma ..................................................................................... 92 5. 3. 3. Statueta Harpokrata................................................................................ 100 5. 3. 4. Ostali nalazi............................................................................................ 105 6. ZAKLJU ČAK .................................................................................................................. 130 7. POPIS SLIKA .................................................................................................................. 140 8. POPIS KRATICA ............................................................................................................ 141 9. POPIS LITERATURE I IZVORA................................................................................... 142 1 1. UVOD Prije pisanja ovog rada o Marsuniji sam znao vrlo malo kao i, vjerujem, šira javnost. Jasno je svakako bilo da se ona nije mogla mjeriti sa Salonom, Polom, Siscijom ili Mursom, ali da je nekakvu ulogu i zna čenje ipak imala. Poticaj za pisanje rada bila je stoga želja, oblikovana naro čito tijekom studija, da o Marsuniji pokušam saznati nešto više, što je zapravo bila, kada je i zašto nastala, kakvu je ulogu imala, tko je u njoj živio, kada je nestala i tome sli čno. Na ta pitanja nisu naravno dani kona čni odgovori, a upitno je ho će li se na neka ikada i dati zadovoljavaju ći. Tu odmah treba spomenuti jednu otegotnu okolnost, činjenicu da se Marsunija najvjerojatnije nalazila u samom centru grada tako da suvremena infrastruktura čini arheološka istraživanja vrlo nezgodnim ili neizvedivim. Iako tema rada spada u anti čko razdoblje, u njega je uvršten i kratki pregled prapovijesti Brod. Posavlja kako bi se razmotrio ritam, intenzitet i (dis)kontinuitet naseljavanja na tom prostoru, tj. kakve su u prošlosti bile geografske i socijalne pretpostavke za njegovo naseljavanje. Naglasak je stavljen na period od kasnog bron čanog doba, a osobito latena, budu ći da je otprilike u tom periodu nastalo prapovijesno naselje koje je rimskoj Marsuniji prethodilo i na kojem se ona i razvila. Priložena je i karta s prikazom latenskih lokacija. Na drugoj je karti pored rimskih lokacija ozna čen i pretpostavljeni areal Marsunije. Izra đene su na temelju dosadašnjih saznanja i nipošto ih ne treba uzimati kao kona čno stanje. Nastojao sam u radu rezimirati sva dosadašnja saznanja, indicije i pretpostavke vezane za Marsuniju direktno ili indirektno te ih staviti u kronološki kontekst povijesnih zbivanja u južnoj Panoniji. Arheologija i povijest, ali ne samo te znanosti, u uskoj su i prirodnoj vezi i jedino ona omogu ćuje stvaranje cjelovitije predodžbe i spoznaje o nekoj temi iz prošlosti. Ponudio sam u radu i neke svoje zaklju čke, pretpostavke i zapažanja, naravno uz odobrenje i korekcije mentorice, o kojima će kona čan sud možda u budu ćnosti dati arheološka istraživanja. Ovaj rad stoga može poslužiti i kao dodatni poticaj tim istraživanjima. Zahvaljujem se prije svega mentorici Vinki Bubi ć na stru čnom mentorstvu, konstruktivnim prijedlozima i primjedbama koje su dale dotjeran, kona čan sadržajni i metodološki oblik ovom radu. Zahvalu potom upu ćujem i djelatnicima Muzeja Brod. Posavlja na suradnji, ustupljenoj literaturi i pokretnoj gra đi, a posebno Josipu Lozuku na posljednjim, zasad neobjavljenim opservacijama o karakteru i gabaritima predrimske i rimske Marsunije. Zahvalio bih se ovom prigodom i svim svojim profesorima s Odsjeka za arheologiju. Slušaju ći njihova predavanja, polažu ći ispite te čitaju ći njihove knjige i članke tijekom studija, stekao sam kompetencije potrebne, izme đu ostalog, i za pisanje ovakvog rada. 2 2. GEOGRAFSKE ZNA ČAJKE BRODSKOG POSAVLJA I SLAVONSKOG BRODA Brodsko Posavlje je topografska, morfološka, geografska i hidrografska jedinica Posavine, pretežno nizinskog pojasa uz lijevu i desnu obalu Save. Ono ima osobine dobro ograni čene pokrajine otvorene prema istoku i zapadu. Njegova zapadna granica, širine 10 km, je izme đu Bosanskog Kobaša i Oriovca, odnosno bližih ogranaka Požeške gore i planine Motajice. Isto čna granica široka je 17 km, a nalazi se izme đu Novog Topolja i Bosanskog Svilaja, odnosno izme đu ogranaka Dilj gore i gore Vu čjak u Bosni. Dužina od isto čne do zapadne granice je 45 km. Prirodnu sjevernu granicu čine Dilj gora (459 m. n. v.) i njen južni izdanak Brodsko brdo (250-350 m. n. v.), kao i južnu granicu, u Bosni, planine Motajica (652 m. n. v.), Markovac (297 m. n. v.) i Vu čjak (367 m. n. v.) sa svojim ograncima do Kadra (205 m. n. v.) kod Bosanskog Svilaja. U smjeru sjever-jug najve ća je širina u središnjem dijelu, na pravcu od Podvinja (Slavonija) do Dervente (Bosna) i iznosi 23.6 km. 1 Reljef čine tri cjeline: naplavna ravnica uz Savu, povišena valovita ravnica te brdoviti dijelovi spomenutih planina i gora.2 Geološki najstariji su brdoviti dijelovi. Motajica ima naslage nastale u paleozoiku (prije ca. 540-240 milijuna godina). Njezin istaknuti sjeverni dio kod Bos. Kobaša sastavljen je od granita, a ima i kristalnih škriljevaca. Kronološki slijede planine Markovac i Vu čjak nastale uglavnom u paleogenu (prije ca. 66-24 milijuna godina), zatim Dilj gora nastala u neogenu (prije ca. 24-2 milijuna godina). Gotovo cijelu Panonsku nizinu do kraja neogena prekrivalo je tzv. Panonsko more i u njemu su se taložile raznovrsne morske i jezerske naslage koje su formirane u obliku sinklinale. Spuštanje morske razine krajem neogena oblikovalo je niz abrazijskih terasa koje su dobro sa čuvane na obroncima Brodskog brda. One se dobro vide od Oriovca do Rastušja, osobito kod Brodskog Stupnika i Starog Slatinika, a na bosanskoj strani kod Bosanskog Dubo čca. Te su terase iste visine i sastava kao one oko Panonske zavale, a potje ču iz miocena (prije ca. 24-5 milijuna godina) i pliocena (prije ca. 5-2 milijuna godina). Panonsku nizinu oblikovala su suha i hladna pleistocenska razdoblja. Vjetrovi su odnosili finu prašinu (prapor) s osušenih naplavnih ravnica i taložili je oko isturenih zapreka tvore ći veoma 1 I. Rubi ć, Slavonski i Bosanski Brod – studija o ekonomsko-geografskoj strukturi grada i okoline , Slavonski Brod 1953, 5, 6. Danas geografski naziv Brodsko Posavlje obi čno ozna čava slavonski dio, sjeverno od Save, no u kontekstu ovog rada, odnosno vremenskog perioda koji obra đuje, prikladnije su granice koje daje Rubi ć. To zna či da ono uklju čuje i Bosansku Posavinu s pripadaju ćim gorskim i planinskim dijelovima (dalje ćemo u tekstu koristiti Rubi ć 1953). 2 Lozuk 1993J. Lozuk, Arheološka topografija Brodskog posavlja , u: B. Čečuk (ur.), Arheološka istraživanja u Slavonskom Brodu i Brodskom posavlju. Znanstveni skup u Slavonskom Brodu, 18.–20. listopada 1988. Izdanja HAD-a 16, Zagreb 1993, 31 (dalje ćemo u tekstu koristiti). 3 dobru podlogu za razli čite agrarne kulture. Zato je Panonija danas jedno od najplodnijih podru čja u Europi za proizvodnju žitarica, bilja i raznih sorti vina. 3 Nestankom Paononskog mora otpo čeo je i fluvijalni rad i tada je, u pleistocenu (prije ca. 2.5 milijuna – 10 000 godina), definitivno formirana Sava koja je utjecala na izgled i sastav Brod. Posavlja. Dok su planinski dijelovi
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