JUSTINIANA PRIMA JAGIELLONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski Vol. 7 Stanisław Turlej JUSTINIANA PRIMA AN UNDERESTIMATED ASPECT OF JUSTINIAN'S CHURCH POLICY Translated by Anna Sosenko Jagiellonian University Press SERIES COVER DESIGN Jan Jacek Bruski COVER DESIGN Agnieszka Winciorek Front cover: Solidus of Emperor Justinian, Th e National Museum in Krakow, No. MNK VII-A-5926 Th e paper edition of this book was fi nanced by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow – Facul- ty of History. Th e translation and the digital version were funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the National Programme for the De- velopment of the Humanities. © Copyright by Stanisław Turlej & Jagiellonian University Press First Edition, Kraków 2017 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electro- nic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaft er invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 978-83-233-4189-5 doi:10.4467/K9556.13/e/16.16.5344 ISBN 978-83-233-9556-0 (e-book) ISSN 2299-758X www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press Editorial Offi ces: Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Krakow Phone: +48 12 663 23 80, +48 12 663 23 82, Fax: +48 12 663 23 83 Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98 Cell Phone: + 48 506 006 674, e-mail: [email protected] Bank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Turlej_2.indd 4 2017-07-21 13:11:18 Contents Abbreviations ...................................................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................ 9 Chapter I: Th e main literature on Justiniana Prima ......................... 23 Chapter II: An analysis of Novels XI and CXXXI ............................ 47 An analysis of Novel XI ............................................................................ 47 A critical analysis and literal interpretation of Novel XI ...................... 49 Th e legal aspect of establishing the archbishopric of Justiniana Prima .............................................................................. 71 Novel XI as a document ............................................................................ 74 Th e preparation of Novel XI as an imperial document ........................ 78 An analysis of Novel CXXXI ................................................................... 81 Chapter III: An analysis of Procopius of Caesarea’s account of Justiniana Prima ....................................................................... 87 Chapter IV: Th e history of Aquis in Justinian’s times ....................... 125 Chapter V: Th e circumstances surrounding the establishment of the archbishopric of Justiniana Prima .................................... 135 Illyricum ..................................................................................................... 136 Th e historical background of the establishment of the archbishopric of Justiniana Prima .......................................... 174 5 Turlej_2.indd 5 2017-07-18 13:29:59 Chapter VI: Th e history of Justiniana Prima aft er 535 ..................... 193 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 204 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 211 Maps .................................................................................................... 237 Index of persons .................................................................................. 239 Index of geographical names ............................................................. 241 Turlej_2.indd 6 2017-07-18 13:29:59 Abbreviations ACO Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum, ed. E. Schwartz, Berolini 1927 ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der Neueren Forschung II, Berlin–New York 1972 AT Antiquité Tardive CAH Cambridge Ancient History CFHB Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae CIC Corpus Iuris Civilis Coll. Avell. Collectio Avellana = O. Guenther, Epistulae imperatorum pontifi cum alio- rum, Vindobonae 1895–1898 CTh . Codex Th eodosianus BSl Byzantinoslavica Byz Byzantion BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift CSCO SS Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scriptores Syri DACL Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et géographie ecclésiastique DNP Der Neue Pauly, eds. H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Stuttgart 1996–2003 Dölger, Regesten F. Dölger, Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 565–1453, 1. Teil, München–Berlin 1924 DOP Dumbarton Oaks Paper DTh C Dictionnaire de Th éologie Catholique EK Encyklopedia katolicka, Lublin 1974 GCS Die Griechischen Christlichen Schrift steller Grumel, Regestes V. Grumel, Les regestes des actes du patriarcat de Constantinople, Les Actes des Patriarches, Kodiköy–Istanbul 1932 Hortus Hortus Historiae. Księga pamiątkowa ku czci profesora Józefa Wolskiego w setną rocznicę urodzin, red. E. Dąbrowa, M. Dzielska, M. Salamon, S. Sprawski, Kraków 2010 Jaff é Regesta Pontifi cum Romanorum, ed. Ph. Jaff é, Lipsiae 1885 JÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JRS Journal of Roman Studies 7 Turlej_2.indd 7 2017-07-21 13:12:02 Keszthely Keszthely – Fenékpuszta im Kontext spätantiker Kontinuitätsforschung zwischen Noricum und Moesia, ed. O. Heinrich-Tamáska, Budapest– Leipzig–Keszthely–Rahden/Westf. 2011 Das Konzil Das Konzil von Chalkedon, Bd. 2, Hrsg. A. Grillmeier, H. Bacht, Würz- burg 1953 LdM Lexicon des Mittelalters, Stuttgart 1999 LP Liber Pontifi calis LTh K Lexikon für Th eologie und Kirche Mansi Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, ed. J.D. Mansi, Flor- entiae 1759 MEFR Mélanges de l’École française de Rome MGH AA Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores Antiquissimi MGH Epp. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Epistolarvm Le Monde Le Monde Byzantin, t. I: L’Empire Romain d’Orient 330–641, sous la di- rection de C. Morrisson, Paris 2004 ODB Th e Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. A. Kazhdan, Oxford 1991 PL Patrologiae cursus completus. Series latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, Paris 1844– 1880 PLRE I Th e Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, eds. A.H.M. Jones, J.R. Martindale, J. Morris, vol. I, Cambridge 1971 PLRE II Th e Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. II, ed. R. Martindale, Cambridge 1980 PLRE III a–b Th e Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. III, a–b, ed. R. Mar- tindale, Cambridge 1992 PS Publizistische Sammlungen zum Acacianischen Schisma, ed. E. Schwartz, München 1934 RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, Stuttgart 1950 RbK Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst, Stuttgart 1963 RE Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft , Stuttgart 1894–1980 Regesten Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 476 bis 565, bearbeitet von T.C. Lounghis, B. Blysidu, St. Lampakes, Nicosia 2005 RGA Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde SSS Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich TIB Tabula Imperii Byzantini T&U Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur Villes Villes et peuplement dans l’Illyricum Protobyzantin, Actes du colloque or- ganisé par l’École française de Rome (Rome, 12–14 mai 1982), Rome 1984 VV Vizantijskij Vremennik ZRVI Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta Turlej_2.indd 8 2017-07-21 13:12:32 Introduction Justinian I (527–565) is one of the best-known rulers of Byzantium and without much doubt, one of the most outstanding Roman and Byzantine emperors ever. Th is is mainly due to his achievements. Military successes, the likes of which had not been seen for centuries, enabled the Empire to recapture its domains in Africa, Italy, and southern Spain. Th e number, size, and beauty of the buildings erected by Justinian fi lled his contemporaries with awe; many of them have survived to our times. Th e Emperor secured a permanent place in history for himself as a great legislator, even though religious matters were decisively closer to his heart. It should be emphasised that even if the laws he introduced were not always positively evaluated, the very fact that on his initiative the work on the Code was started contributed to the survival of numerous unique sources from the earlier period. On the other hand, the ruler’s excessive and authoritarian involvement in ecclesiastical matters caused many serious internal problems, ranging from the revolt of the Samaritans, driven to the limit, to the desperate escape of pagan philosophers to Persia. Using state power to solve theological disputes which divided contemporary Christians also led to a ruthless persecution of opponents of the beliefs shared by the ruler and to bending the Church to his will.1 We have to resign ourselves to the fact that it is very diffi cult to arrive at an unambiguous evaluation of the ruler’s reign as a result of a great num- ber of various events occurring during this period and Justinian’s broad, 1 Main sources for Justinian’s biography: Iustinianus 7: PLRE II: 645–648. An overview of older studies on the origin and family of the ruler: Vasiliev 1950: 48 ff . A characteristics of Justinian’s reign according to the principles corresponding to the main spheres of his activity: Hunger 1965: 341–343; Cameron 2000a: 65 ff . A plethora of literature means that organising the material is important,