Neuer Nationalismus Im Östlichen Europa

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Neuer Nationalismus Im Östlichen Europa Irene Götz, Klaus Roth, Marketa Spiritova (Hg.) Neuer Nationalismus im östlichen Europa Ethnografische Perspektiven auf das östliche Europa Band 3 Editorial Die tiefgreifenden Transformationsprozesse, die die Gesellschaften des östli- chen Europas seit den letzten Jahrzehnten prägen, werden mit Begriffen wie Postsozialismus, Globalisierung und EU-Integration nur oberflächlich be- schrieben. Ethnografische Ansätze vermögen es, die damit einhergehenden Veränderungen der Alltage, Biografien und Identitäten multiperspektivisch und subjektorientiert zu beleuchten. Die Reihe Ethnografische Perspektiven auf das östliche Europa gibt vertiefte Einblicke in die Verflechtungen von ma- krostrukturellen Politiken und ihren medialen Repräsentationen mit den Prak- tiken der Akteurinnen und Akteure in urbanen wie ländlichen Lebenswelten. Themenfelder sind beispielsweise identitätspolitische Inszenierungen, Prozes- se des Nation Building, privates und öffentliches Erinnern, neue soziale Bewe- gungen und transnationale Mobilitäten in einer sich umgestaltenden Bürger- kultur. Die Reihe wird herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Irene Götz, Professorin für Euro- päische Ethnologie an der LMU München. Irene Götz, Klaus Roth, Marketa Spiritova (Hg.) Neuer Nationalismus im östlichen Europa Kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (BY). Diese Lizenz erlaubt unter Voraussetzung der Namensnennung des Urhebers die Bearbeitung, Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung des Materials in jedem For- mat oder Medium für beliebige Zwecke, auch kommerziell. (Lizenztext: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de) Erschienen im transcript Verlag 2017 © Irene Götz, Klaus Roth, Marketa Spiritova (Hg.); Kapitel: jeweiliger Autor/Autorin Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagkonzept: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Umschlagabbildung: Agnieszka Balcerzak, Warschau, 2012; © Agnieszka Bal- cerzak Lektorat: Dr. Hildegard Hogen Satz: Tomislav Helebrant M.A Druck: Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-3962-9 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-3962-3 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] Inhalt Neuer Nationalismus im östlichen Europa. Kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Zur Einführung Irene Götz | 7 POPULARE REPRÄSENTATIONEN DES NATIONALEN »Performing the Nation«. Inszenierung des Nationalen in der Populärkultur Marketa Spiritova | 17 »Helden sterben nicht«. Darstellungen kroatischer Soldaten als symbolische Marker des Nationalen Klaudija Sabo | 39 Mehr als nur ein Spiel. Fußball und die Inszenierung nationaler Loyalitäten und Rivalitäten im östlichen Europa Alexandra Schwell | 57 ERINNERUNGSORTE UND MYTHEN »Die Nation bauen« – Die Konstruktion der Nation aus Antike und Mittelalter. Bulgarien und Mazedonien als Beispiele Klaus Roth | 81 Das Nationale versus das Europäische in der bulgarischen Gedächtniskultur. Zeitschichten konfliktreicher Erinnerungspraktiken Ana Luleva | 101 »Verstoßene Soldaten«. Die neuen Helden Polens als politischer Mythos der Republik Małgorzata Świder | 119 Politische Mythologie in Ungarn? Zu Kontinuitäten paralleler Geschichtsschreibung im Kontext von Archäologie und Sprachwissenschaft László Simon-Nanko | 139 IDENTITÄTSPOLITIKEN Ethnische Minderheiten an der ukrainischen Peripherie. Diversität ohne kulturelle Unterschiede? Simon Schlegel | 151 Der Duft der Traubenkirsche. Staatlich gelenkte Remigration nach Russland als konstitutives Element nationaler Identitätspolitik? Sara Reith | 169 »Nationales« als Erfolgsfaktor? Konstruktion und Funktion des »Nationalen« in erfolgreichen populärkulturellen Produkten am Beispiel Russlands Julia Person | 185 Slovakia as a Good Idea: The Politics of Nation Branding and the Making of Competitive Identities Petra Steiger | 205 WIR UND DIE ANDEREN: INNERE UND ÄUSSERE FREMDE »Es schwebte immer vor ihren Augen, dass sie es mit einem Zigeuner zu tun haben«. Antiziganismus in der Slowakei und sein Einfluss auf die Lebenswelten von slowakischen Roma und Romnja Noémi Sebők-Polyfka | 229 Nationalismus und die Darstellung der »Anderen«. Die diskursive Konstruktion von Rassismus in der ungarischen Provinz Margit Feischmidt | 245 »Gott, Ehre, Vaterland«. Das Wiederaufleben rechtsextremer Strömungen in Polen nach der Wende von 1989 Agnieszka Balcerzak | 267 Autorinnen und Autoren | 293 Neuer Nationalismus im östlichen Europa. Kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven Zur Einführung Irene Götz Neuer Nationalismus im östlichen Europa? Was ist eigentlich neu an diesem Natio- nalismus, der – nicht nur, aber doch besonders heftig und augenfällig – im östlichen Europa seit einiger Zeit auf dem Vormarsch ist? Diese Frage beleuchten die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes in unterschiedlichen Facetten. Die Publikation resultiert aus einer gleichnamigen internationalen Tagung, die von Irene Götz und Klaus Roth im Auftrag der Fachkommission Volkskunde des Herder-Forschungsrats in Koope- ration mit dem Institut für Volkskunde/Europäische Ethnologie (Ludwig-Maximi- lians-Universität München) und dem Georg R. Schroubek Fonds Östliches Europa organisiert wurde. Sie fand vom 1. bis 3. Dezember 2016 am Internationalen Begeg- nungszentrum der Universität München statt und versammelte Kulturwissenschaft- lerinnen und Kulturwissenschaftler, Soziologen und Historiker aus Deutschland und aus etlichen Ländern des östlichen Europa: aus Bulgarien, Kroatien, Mazedonien, Polen, Rumänien, Russland, der Slowakei, Slowenien, Tschechien, der Ukraine und Ungarn. Sie alle betrachteten aus ihrer jeweiligen Fach- und/oder Landesperspektive die einschlägigen Formen und Praktiken, die Intentionen, Ideologien und Inszenie- rungen der »Wiederentdeckung des Nationalen« (Götz 2011). Es ging dabei um Phä- nomene wie die wiederbelebten oder neu geschaffenen Traditionen, die Denkmodelle, Repräsentationen und Strategien nationaler Identitätspolitik – und damit verbunden auch der Geschichts-, Minderheits- oder Sprachpolitik. Zu betonen ist, dass diese Wiederkehr des Nationalen keinesfalls nur in den osteuropäischen Ländern zu be- obachten ist. Und dass dieser Band keinen Anspruch erhebt, diese Wiederkehr des Nationalen vollständig und gleichmäßig zu bedenken. Anders als von manchen wissenschaftlichen und politischen Akteuren ge- wünscht, zog im östlichen Europa nach 1989 kein postnationales Zeitalter auf; und schon gar nicht war, wie es der amerikanische Politologe Francis Fukuyama (1992) verkündet hatte, nun, nach dem Zusammenbruch des Staatssozialismus, »das Ende der Geschichte« gekommen. Die Neubesinnung auf das Nationale, auf nationale Ge- schichte und Mythen in Politik, Medien und Alltag kam nach dem Zusammenbruch 8 | Irene Götz des Sozialismus zurück mit den neu gegründeten beziehungsweise sich demokratisch souverän restrukturierenden oder sich neu konstituierenden Nationalstaaten – trotz oder vielleicht wegen der EU-Erweiterung. Die Wucht, mit der dies bisweilen geschah, richtete sich auch gegen die EU und die westliche Hegemonie, aber auch gegen eigene politische Kasten und Minderheiten. Die ethnischen Säuberungen und Vertreibun- gen im ehemaligen Jugoslawien in den 1990er Jahren waren nur die augenfälligsten und tragischsten Formen der Wiederkehr des Nationalismus. Nach den jüngsten Entwicklungen (wie dem Brexit und der Wahl Donald Trumps), nach dem Erstarken der neuen rechten Parteien und Gruppierungen von Frankreich bis Ungarn, von Dänemark bis Italien sprechen manche bereits vom Zerfall des poli- tischen Westens, seiner Bündnisse und demokratisch-freiheitlichen Werteordnung. Wenn wir ein »autoritäres« 21. Jahrhundert vor uns haben, wie der Soziologe Sig- hard Neckel vor einiger Zeit in der Süddeutschen Zeitung schrieb (Neckel 2016), dann relativieren sich die Unterschiede zwischen West und Ost bezüglich der Kräfte des Populismus und Nationalismus in tragischer Weise, ja die Entwicklung nimmt mög- licherweise sogar globale Ausmaße an. Selten waren die Medien so voll von Analysen, wie es zu Nationalismus und Popu- lismus dieses Ausmaßes kommen konnte, wie nach dem Brexit oder der Trump-Wahl. Intellektuelle wie Noam Chomsky (2016) oder der Warschauer Historiker Włodzi- mierz Borodziej (2016) verweisen auf die sozialen Spaltungen in den Gesellschaften in Folge der ungebremsten Globalisierung, die von den staatlichen Institutionen und insbesondere von den traditionellen (sozialdemokratischen) Parteien nicht bekämpft, sondern durch ihre Deregulierungspolitik noch befördert wurde. Die Prekarisierung großer Teile der unteren Mittelschichten, die sich von der Politik nicht mehr vertreten fühlen, fördert Ressentiments gegen Migranten und Flüchtlinge, die als Konkurren- ten um die knappen Transferleistungen und die Arbeitsplätze empfunden werden. Der Verlust von Wohlstand und Sicherheit in diesen Milieus in den OECD-Ländern fördert antidemokratische Haltungen und arbeitet den Populisten und ihren nationa- listischen Rhetoriken in die Hände. In den Višegrad-Ländern wiederum lastet man die »Verbitterung über den Neo- liberalismus«, so Borodziej, besonders der EU an – »Brüssel ist das zweite Moskau« (Borodziej 2016: 8). Man nehme die EU-Subventionen, dulde aber ansonsten bitte keine Einmischung.
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