Gardun – Antički Tilurium*
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M. Sanader – D. Tončinić Gardun – antički Tilurium∗ Gardun – The Ancient Tilurium∗ M. Sanader – D. Tončinić, Gardun – antički Tilu- M. Sanader – D. Tončinić rium.1∗ Gardun – the Ancient Tilurium1∗ elo Gardun nalazi se na uzvisini iznad desne he village of Gardun is perched on a plateau over- obale rijeke Cetine, na dominantnom i stra- looking the right bank of the Cetina river, on a teškom položaju s kojeg se nadziru sva okolna dominating and strategic position controlling Tthe surrounding fields and plateaus, as well as the crossing Spolja i visoravni te prijelaz preko rijeke Cetine na području grada Trilja. Trilj se razvio na mjestu na over the Cetina in the area of the town of Trilj. Trilj has kojem je bio moguć lakši prijelaz preko rijeke Ce- developed on the spot that offered an easy crossing over tine i na kojem ona napušta Cetinsko polje te poči- the Cetina, at the point where the river leaves the Cetina nje sječi duboki klanac kroz Zamosorje. Za razliku Plain and starts intersecting the deep canyon through the od Trilja koji se nalazi na nadmorskoj visini od 300 Zamosorje region. Unlike Trilj, which lies at 300 m above m, kod crkva sv. Petra, u sjeveroistočnom dijelu sela the sea level, at St. Peter's church in the northeastern part Gardun, apsolutna nadmorska visina doseže 429 m, of the Gardun village the absolute height reaches 429 m. a prema sjeverozapadu sela, gdje se nalazi lokalitet Towards the northwest of the village, at the site of Ogla- Oglavak, teren se stepenasto penje do visine od go- vak, the terrain rises over several terraces to almost 450 m, tovo 450 m, dok se prema jugu i lokalitetu Podvor- while to the south, towards the Podvorice site, the terrain nice teren spušta na ispod 420 m. Prema jugozapadu descends to less than 420 m. To the southwest, the terri- područje današnjeg sela Gardun graniči s dolinom tory of the present-day village of Gardun borders with the sela Vojnić. valley of the Vojnić village. Selo Gardun i njegova bliža okolica već više od 200 Gardun and its immediate vicinity have been attracting godina plijene pozornost arheološkim nalazima koji attention for more than 200 years due to the archaeologi- su dospijevali u Arheološki muzej – Split, Arheološ- cal finds that were coming to the Archaeological Museum ku zbirku Franjevačkog samostana u Sinju, Muzej in Split, the Archaeological Collection of the Franciscan Cetinske krajine u Sinju, a od nedavno dospijeva- Monastery in Sinj, the Museum of Cetinska Krajina in ju i u novosnovani Muzej triljskog kraja u Trilju.2 Sinj and, from recently, also the newly-founded Trilj Re- gional Museum in Trilj.2 The finds from Gardun reached 1 ∗ Prikazani rezultati proizišli su iz znanstvenog projekta (Rimski vojni logori u Hrvatskoj), provođenog uz potporu 1 ∗ The results presented here were achieved within the Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike framework of the scientific project (Roman military camps Hrvatske. in Croatia) carried out with the support of the Ministry of 2 Gotovo je nemoguće nabrojati sve radove u kojima se oni Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia. obrađuju ili usput spominju. Usporedi na pr. Milošević 1981, 2 It is almost impossible to list all the works in which they kat. br. 7, 35, 51, 67, 68, 70, 71, 93, 101, 107, 108, 109; are analyzed or at least mentioned in passing. Compare for Milošević 1998, 243-248; Milošević 2003, slike na str. 3-5, instance Milošević 1981, cat. no. 7, 35, 51, 67, 68, 70, 71, 7-9, 11. Cambi 2008, kat. br. 5, 7, 27-28; Višić-Ljubić 2008, 93, 101, 107, 108, 109; Milošević 1998, 243-248; Milošević kat. br. 15; Fadić 2008, kat. br. 17-23 (?); Babić 2008, kat. br. 2003, figures on pages 3-5, 7-9, 11. Cambi 2008, cat. no. 5, 7, · 33 · Nalazi sa Garduna dospijevali su i u muzeje izvan also museums outside Croatia,3 as well as various private Hrvatske,3 u različite privatne zbirke,4 a neki su dan collections,4 while there are also those that have been built danas uzidani u građevine na Gardunu. O velikoj to this day into buildings at Gardun. That the finds from pozornosti koju su izazvali nalazi s Garduna svjedoči Gardun aroused great interest is made plain by the case of i slučaj krivotvorenja nalaza od strane kovača Petra the smith Petar Pezelj from Vojnić, who forged some of Pezelja s Vojnića.5 Kao najznamenitije nalaze kame- the finds.5 Two fragments of a tropaion (see cat. no. ???) nih spomenika valja spomenuti dva ulomka tropeja – a monument commemorating a victory – assumed to (vidi kat. br. ???) – spomenika pobjedi – za kojeg have been erected at Gardun to mark the Roman victory se pretpostavlja da je na Gardunu podignut kako bi in the Dalmatian-Pannonian rebellion of A.D. 6-9, stand obilježio pobjedu Rimljana nad delmatsko-panon- out as the most important preserved stone monuments.6 skim ustankom 6-9. godine poslije Krista.6 Nadalje Other prominent monuments are tombstones and other se ističu nadgrobni spomenici i drugi natpisi kojima inscriptions bearing testimony to the presence of various su na Gardunu potvrđene različite rimske vojne po- Roman military units at Gardun - legio VII, that is VII strojbe – legio VII, odnosno VII Claudia pia fidelis7, Claudia pia fidelis7, legio XI, odnosno XI Claudia pia fi- legio XI, odnosno XI Claudia pia fidelis8, legio IV Fla- delis8, legio IV Flavia felix9, cohors II Cyrrhestarum10, ala via felix9, cohors II Cyrrhestarum10, ala Claudia nova11, 27-28; Višić-Ljubić 2008, cat. no. 15; Fadić 2008, cat. no. 17- 28, 30, 44, 55-56; Župić 2008b, kat. br. 18, 24, 20. 23 (?); Babić 2008, cat. no. 28, 30, 44, 55-56; Župić 2008b, 3 Milošević 2003, 4. cat. no. 18, 24, 20. 4 Za nalaze u privatnim zbirkama vidi Milošević 2003, 4; 3 Milošević 2003, 4. Bekić 1998, 233–242. 4 For the finds in private collections see Milošević 2003, 4; 5 Kenner/ Hörnes/ Frimmel 1890, 18-24; Thallóczy 1890, Bekić 1998, 233–242. 323-330; Milošević 2003, 4. 5 Kenner/ Hörnes/ Frimmel 1890, 18-24; Thallóczy 1890, 6 Ulomci AMS Kat. br. D 129 i MCK Inv. Br 381. 323-330; Milošević 2003, 4. Usporedi Cambi 1984. 6 Fragments AMS cat. no. D 129 and MCK Inv. no. 381. 7 CIL III 2709, 2710 = 9726, 2714 = 9736, 2715, 2716, Compare Cambi 1984. 2717 = 9728, 9733, 9734 (usp. str. 2269), 9737, 9738 i 8781; 7 CIL III 2709, 2710 = 9726, 2714 = 9736, 2715, 2716, 9741, 9742, 13976, 14931, 14932, 14933; ILJug 1949, 2717 = 9728, 9733, 9734 (comp. page. 2269), 9737, 9738 1950, 1952, 733; Bulić 1894, 5, br. 3(1984); Sanader 2000, and 8781; 9741, 9742, 13976, 14931, 14932, 14933; ILJug 225–236; Fadić 1995, 163-187; Tončinić 2003, 266, br. 18; 1949, 1950, 1952, 733; Bulić 1894, 5, no. 3(1984); Sanader Tončinić/ Babić/ Librenjak 2006, kat. br. 16, 26-27; O VII. 2000, 225–236; Fadić 1995, 163-187; Tončinić 2003, 266, legiji usporedi i RE XII (1924-1925) 1614-1629 s. v. Legio (E. no. 18; Tončinić/ Babić/ Librenjak 2006, cat. no. 16, 26-27; Ritterling); Betz 1938, 6-17, 64-67, kat. br. 1-83; Fadić 1997, About the VII legion compare also RE XII (1924-1925) 1614- 77-119; Tončinić 2004. 1629 s. v. Legio (E. Ritterling); Betz 1938, 6-17, 64-67, cat. 8 CIL III 2708=9725, 2711. Tončinić/ Babić/ Librenjak no. 1-83; Fadić 1997, 77-119; Tončinić 2004. 2006, kat. br. 18-20, 28. O XI. legije usporedi i RE XII 8 CIL III 2708=9725, 2711. Tončinić/ Babić/ Librenjak (1924-1925) 1692 s. v. Legio (E. Ritterling); Betz 1938, 18, 2006, cat. no. 18-20, 28. About the XI legion compare also RE 22, 67-68, kat. br. 85, 89 i 113. Upitno je jeli pečat 14022 i XII (1924-1925) 1692 s. v. Legio (E. Ritterling); Betz 1938, 179 p. 2328 uistinu potječe s Garduna, vidi: Betz 1938, 26. O 18, 22, 67-68, cat. no. 85, 89 and 113. It is doubtful whether još jednom mogućem spomeniku XI. legije sa Garduna vidi the seal 14022 and 2328179 indeed come from Gardun, see: Tončinić 2007, 263-264. Betz 1938, 26.Regarding another possible monument of the XI 9 Sanader 2000, 225–236; Tončinić/ Babić/ Librenjak 2006, legion from Gardun see Tončinić 2007, 263-264. kat. br. 23 i 24. Nadgrobni spomenici i drugi natpisi IV. legije 9 Sanader 2000, 225–236; Tončinić/ Babić/ Librenjak 2006, na Gardunu za sada nisu potvrđeni. Usporedi RE XII (1924- cat. no. 23 and 24. Tombstones and other inscriptions of the 1925) 1540-1549 s. v. Legio (E. Ritterling); Betz 1938, 46-48 IV legion at Gardun have not been confirmed yet. Compare i 72, kat. br. 217-220. O jednom mogućem spomeniku IV. RE XII (1924-1925) 1540-1549 s. v. Legio (E. Ritterling); legije vidi Tončinić 2007, 263-264. Betz 1938, 46-48 and 72, cat. no. 217-220. Regarding another 10 CIL III 14934; Alföldy 1987b, 251, 268-269, 286, kat. possible monument of the IV legion from Gardun see Tončinić br. 11/3; Spaul 2000, 431. 2007, 263-264. 11 CIL III 9727 (2712); Alföldy 1987b, 242, 243, 268- 10 CIL III 14934; Alföldy 1987b, 251, 268-269, 286, cat. 269,278-279, kat. br. 1/62. no. 11/3; Spaul 2000, 431. · 34 · · 31 · ala (Tungrorum) Frontoniana12, cohors I Belgarum13, Claudia nova11, ala (Tungrorum) Frontoniana12, cohors I cohors III Alpinorum14, cohors VIII voluntariorum Belgarum13, cohors III Alpinorum14, cohors VIII voluntari- civium romanorum15. Osim navedenih uz Gardun orum civium romanorum15.