Summer 2011 Vol. 4 No. 2

Vol. 4 No. 2 4 No. Vol.

Summer 2011 K K Y M C

ISSN 2005-0151 ISSN ISBN 2005-0151 ISBN

Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Summer 2011 Vol. 4 No. 2

C M Y K Cover

Red symbolizes summer. The symbolism originates from the traditional “five direc- tional colors” based on the ancient Chi-

Summer 2011 Vol. 4 No. 2 nese thought of wuxing. or ohaeng in korean. The five colors were associated with Summer 2011 seasons and other phenomena in nature,

Vol. 4 No. 2

including the fate of humans. The cover de-

sign features the auspicious designs from the Ten Longevity Chimneys. For more sto- ISBNISSN 2005-0151 ries about this, see p. 8.

KOREAN HERITAGE is also available on the website. ( http://english.cha.go.kr ) CHA News Vignettes Korean Flavor

Seoul to Host the 7th NEACH Meeting Hansik, the medicinal food The Seventh Meeting of the Networking of East Asian Cultural Heritage (NEACH) Koreans have long subscribed to the notion that food and medicine share the same will be held in Seoul on June 1–3, to deliberate diverse programs proposed by mem- origin. The nation’s dietary culture is rooted in the belief that health can be determined ber states to improve their management and preservation of tangible and intangible by whether one eats the proper food or not. cultural assets. The sixth conference was held in Solo, Indonesia, in 2010. The net- work comprises the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), South Ko- A typical Korean meal consists of rice, the main staple, rea, China and Japan. and various side dishes. The side dishes are largely based on cabbage, white radish and various other vegetables. The vegetables are most often parboiled so the Jongmyo Rites Mark the 10th Year since UNESCO Inscription vitamins are not lost and are seasoned with a variety The annual royal ancestral rites for kings and queens of the Joseon Dynasty were of condiments, including spices with medicinal effects, held on May 1 at Jongmyo shrine. This year’s rites commemorated the 10th an- such as scallion, garlic, ginger, sesame and red pepper niversary of the inscription of the Jongmyo rites and accompanying music on the powder. UNESCO roster of Masterpieces of the Oral and the Intangible Heritage of Human- ity, which is now the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Hu- These condiments not only stimulate appetite but help increase resistance to disease. manity. This year, the rites have also been partially revised to restore their original Fermented sauces, such as soy sauce, red pepper paste and bean paste, also enhance authenticity. the flavor and health benefits of side dishes. Meat and fish are boiled, simmered or braised, as well as eaten raw. Chestnuts, jujubes, ginseng, cinnamon and mugwort are Kim Sowol’s Azaleas Earns Registered Heritage Status also among favorite health-boosting ingredients.

Four copies of the first edition of Azaleas, a collection of poems by Kim Sowol A popular snack for festivities and holidays, yaksik personifies the time-honored di- (1902–1934), published in 1925, were recently designated Registered Cultural Her- etary philosophy of the Korean people. Yaksik, also called yakbap, literally means itage No. 470. Kim’s poetry collection is the first modern literary work to earn the “medicinal rice.” A Korean-style sweet brownie, it is made by steaming glutinous heritage stature, which is intended to protect the nation’s modern cultural heritage rice, mixing it with chestnuts, jujubes, pine nuts, honey or brown sugar, sesame oil in diverse fields from being lost or destroyed. The anthology includes the popular and soy sauce, steaming the mix, and finally cooling it in a desired shape. poem “Azaleas” by the short-lived poet. Although considerable time and effort is required to make tasty and attractive yaksik, this traditional delicacy remains as popular as ever. It is pleasing to the palate as well as the body. Summer 2011 Vol. 4 No. 2

CONTENTS

08 Rediscovery of Korean Palace 26 Photo Gallery

Palaces of the Joseon Period Buyeo Dazzling Garden Architecture Home of Brilliant Baekje Culture

14 Intangible Heritage 34 Foreigner’s View

Native Liquor Boosts Mood for Peace “Korea Rediscovered! Treasures from German Munbaeju Aims to Entice Drinkers Worldwide Museums” Touring Exhibition

18 Natural Heritage 38 Overseas Korean Cultural Assets

Natural Monuments Driven to Crisis Hyecho’s Memoir of Journey to India Rare Insects in Danger of Extinction Silla Monk Leaves Precious Travel Account

22 Special Report 42 Documentary Heritage

Tragic Legacies of Deposed Boy King Kitchen Secrets from 330 Years Ago Yeongwol Cherishes its Royal Exile The Oldest Known Cookbook in Hangeul Rediscovery of Korean Palace 8 |.9

Palaces of the Joseon Period Dazzling Garden Architecture

Text by Choe Jong-hui | Professor, Paichai University Photos by Graphickorea & Goodimage

The oldest royal palace gardens in Seoul the throne hall, the king’s offices, the bed- 1. Gyeonghoeru, a floating pavilion in Gyeongbok Palace, emerged in the early years of the Joseon Dy- chambers of the king and the queen and rear where the Joseon kings nasty, when its founding monarch, Taejo, re- gardens in the south; the residences of crown hosted banquets to celebrate felicitous events and wel- located his throne in 1394 from Gaegyeong, prince and queen dowager and other senior comed foreign emissaries the old capital of Goryeo. The garden archi- ladies of the royal family in the east; and (National Treasure No. 224). tecture of Joseon blossomed under the in- government offices and a floating pavilion fluence of Confucian philosophy and world in the west. Landscaping typically takes the view. Not even the national crises caused by form of rear garden, featuring a pond, leisure Japanese and Manchu invasions in the 16th pavilion and flower beds. to the 17th centuries could deter the development of unique garden architecture, which Gyeonghoeru: Majestic Water Pavilion can be viewed today at Gyeongbok and The floating pavilion Gyeonghoeru (Pavil- Changdeok palaces. ion of Joyous Gathering) and the surrounding square pond were built in 1412, the 12th Gyeongbokgung, the Centerpiece of Jo- year of the reign of King Taejo. State ban- seon Palace Architecture quets for visiting foreign emissaries as well Gyeongbokgung, or the “Palace of Shining as state examinations in the presence of the Happiness,” was built as the main palace of king were conducted at the two-story open the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) after its cap- pavilion, which stands on the largest among ital was moved to Hanyang by its founding several small islands in the pond. monarch, Taejo. Japanese invaders burned down the palace in 1592 and it remained in Accessed via three balustraded stone bridg- ruins until its reconstruction in 1867, the sev- es, the pavilion appears to be a simple struc- enth year of King Gojong’s reign. ture of straight lines in geometric composi- tion but it contains the traditional East Asian Enclosed by walls and a gate at each car- view of the universe in its details such as the dinal direction, the palace is an impressive number and lengths of rafters, and the shape 1 complex of scores of pavilions and halls: of the columns and the pond. Rediscovery of Korean Palace 10 | 11

2. Hyangwonjeong, a 3. Decorative brick chimneys in Amisan, the private leisure pavilion 3 of the royal family in the rear garden of the queen’s rear garden of Gyeongbok bedchamber in Gyeongbok 2 3 Palace, built in 1867. Palace (Treasure No. 811).

Hyangwonjeong: Private Leisure Pavil- plaster, the chimneys have picture panels on virtuous plants and Chinese characters with private place for rest and leisure activities ion for the Royal Family each side of their hexagonal structures with a auspicious meaning, such as the Buddhist of the royal family, this garden has an as- A two-story hexagonal pavilion stands in roof-shaped, tiled top. swastica (卍), longevity (壽), happiness sortment of outdoor pavilions, ponds and the middle of another pond in the rear gar- (福), health (康) and peace (寧). rocks that beautifully harmonize with their den of Gyeongbok Palace. King Gojong had The panels have brick mosaics of various natural surroundings. It is settings like this the pond and the pavilion built as a quiet and auspicious designs such as the ten longev- The chimney here is a rectangular projec- that make Changdeok Palace the most suc- tion on the back wall of the residence, not a cessful Joseon royal palace in maintaining its 4. The Ten Longevity Chimney private refuge. The pavilion is connected to ity symbols, the four virtuous plants and at the queen dowager’s Geoncheong Palace, built as a secluded resi- animal figures believed to have the power to stand-alone structure like those at the queen’s ancient scale and appearance today. For that, residence in Gyeongbok Pal- bedchamber. The chimney has a rectangular UNESCO inscribed the palace on its World ace, decorated with various dence for the king and the queen, to the north expel evil spirits and bring good luck. They auspicious designs (Treasure of the pond. Unlike most leisure pavilions, include cranes, bats, phoenixes, pine trees, picture panel at the center engraved with the Heritage List in 1997. No. 810). Hyangwonjeong (Pavilion of Far-reaching plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, the fungus ten longevity symbols. Ten smoke holes are Fragrance) has panel doors with lattice deco- of immortality, rocks, birds, deer, and vines. lined along the top, which is modeled after ration between wood columns that rise up to The chimneys were built in 1865, the second the tiled roof of a wooden building. This is the second story. year of the reign of King Gojong. recognized as most beautiful of all chimneys in Joseon royal palaces. Amisan: Chimneys at the Queen’s Jagyeongjeon: Flower Walls and Ten Bedchamber Longevity Chimneys Rear Garden of Changdeok Palace: Ko- The four brick chimneys in Amisan (Mount This elegant residence named Jagyeongjeon rea’s Finest Palace Garden Ami), the rear garden of the queen’s bed- (Pavilion of Blissful Affection) was built Changdeok Palace was built by Taejo, the chamber in Gyeongbok Palace carried the for Queen Dowager Jo, the mother of King third ruler of Joseon, as a secondary palace. It smoke from the under-floor heating flues in Heonjong, in 1867 when Gyeongbok Pal- has a spacious rear garden over some 60,000 the pavilion. These chimneys are, however, ace was reconstructed. It is surrounded by a pyeong (approximately 200,000 square me- more renowned for their exquisite appear- beautiful brick wall, which has picture pan- ters) of wooded, rolling terrain northeast 3 4 ance. Built with orange bricks and white els featuring ornamental designs of the four of the main palace ground. Designed as a Rediscovery of Korean Palace 12 | 13

7. One of the many ex- 5. Buyongji, a lotus quisite outdoor pavilions pond in the rear garden in the rear garden of 5 7 of Changdeok Palace. Changdeok Palace.

Buyongji: Microcosm of Heaven and On the southern bank of the pond perches Jeongjo tried to promote academic learning sure to visitors today but contain profound Earth a beautiful pavilion supported by two stone in the palace as a means to improve gover- meanings to reflect upon. They were not Past the main entryway into the rear garden plinths dipping their feet into the water. This nance as well as to groom the crown prince only places for the kings to relax and enjoy of Changdeok Palace and down the first hilly small pavilion, named Buyongjeong, faces a as an able future monarch. At the hall on the leisure activities but to exert efforts to har- path, the visitor would find an exquisite com- rather imposing two-story structure standing eastern bank of the pond, the king attended monize with nature and cultivate their minds pound of a pond and adjacent pavilions. This on top of the five-tiered flower terrace across state examinations for would-be high-rank- through reading, poetry writing and medita- ing officials. He also observed military drills tion. Thus, they accumulated wisdom and 6. Ongnyucheon, meaning is Buyongji, meaning the “Lotus Pond.” The the pond to the north. On both sides of the “jade stream,” flows along square pond with a round islet at the center pond are found more pavilions built on vary- or practiced archery here. became reinvigorated to devote themselves the deepest valley in the to handling state affairs. rear garden of Changdeok visualizes the ancient cosmic view that heav- ing levels, each designed differently for indi- Palace. en is round and earth is square. vidual functions. As discussed above, the ancient royal palace gardens do not merely present aesthetic plea- Juhamnu: Pavilion of Cosmic Union The two-story pavilion overlooking the Lo- tus Pond over a gate from atop the flower terrace is named Juhamnu, meaning the “Pa- vilion of Cosmic Union.” Originally small archives for storing personal writings by the kings and heirlooms of the royal family, the pavilion was rebuilt into the present structure by King Jeongjo. The first floor was used as 8. Kwanram, a pavilion a royal library and the second floor an aca- on the eastern bank of demic institute for prominent young talents Buyongji pond, where the kings enjoyed banquets to prepare themselves for proper state gov- with their retainers and 6 8 ernance. practiced archery. Intangible Heritage 14 | 15

Native Liquor Boosts Mood for Peace Munbaeju Aims to Entice Drinkers Worldwide

Text & Photos by Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Division, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage

In June 2000, leaders Traditional Liquor Contains History 1. A pottery distiller used in making soju, the native of South and North and Culture Korean distilled spirit. Korea met for the first Korea’s history of making alcoholic bever- time since territorial di- ages dates back many centuries. Ancient 2. Munbaeju is a traditional Korean distilled liquor that vision for historic sum- Chinese sources note that the people of the originated from South Pyongan Province, now in mit talks in Pyongyang. Baekje Kingdom (18 B.C.–A.D. 660) had North Korea. It is Important As tension shrouded the brewing know-how comparable to the Chi- Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 86-1. meeting, a traditional nese. The consumption of alcoholic bever- brand of liquor, origi- ages has fulfilled an integral part of Korean nated from the social and dietary life in which people cher- North but pro- ish how an alcoholic drink can soothe a de- duced in the spondent mood, lift spirits and boost health. South, helped to ease the Surveys of traditional alcoholic beverages mood. When identify as many as 360 varieties handed South Kore- down throughout Korea, each personifying an President the unique background and culture of respec- Kim Dae-jung tive regions or households. But the liquor tax proposed a toast law of 1907, imposed by the Japanese co-

2 with munbaeju lonial government, dealt a fatal blow to the that he had brought, nation’s time-honored traditions of brewing North Korean leader Kim and distilling. Commercial production of Jong-il quipped, “A real munbaeju should be alcoholic beverages was simplified into the made with water from Mt. Chuam in Pyong- three categories: thick rice wine (takju), clear yang, don’t you think so?” So the ice was rice wine (yakju) and distilled spirit (soju). broken and the dinner proceeded in an ami- Home brewing by private families gradually 1 cable atmosphere. disappeared. Intangible Heritage 16 | 17

3. The fermentation starter Roh Tae-woo in New York the same year to 5.Cooked millet is mixed nuruk, made by cultivating with fermentation starter fungi on grain commemorate South Korea’s entry into the and clear water to make United Nations. Thus, the native liquor be- the basic mash for munbaeju. gan to be widely known as Korea’s symbolic 6. Steamed sorghum is alcoholic drink as the nation became increas- added to the fermented ingly active in the global arena. basic mash twice with a one-day interval.

Important Intangible Cultural Heritage 7. The mash mixed with additional grain further The nation’s liberation from Japanese rule in ferments. 3 1945 didn’t ignite an immediate recovery of 5 6 8. Munbaeju master Lee traditional alcoholic beverages because there Ki-chun takes cooled liquor from his pottery Munbaeju for Peace and Reconciliation were shortages of grain. However, many in- distiller, which is fired A traditional distilled spirit known for its dividuals worked hard to revive their native with pinewood. fruity scent of wild pear, munbaeju earned its alcoholic drinks. In 1986, the government reputation in the course of the nation’s histo- designated three outstanding traditional alco- ry of turmoil and economic hardship. A deci- holic drinks as Important Intangible Cultural sive turning point came in 1990, when South Heritage. They were the azalea wine from and North Korea held a prime ministers’ con- Myeoncheon, South Chungcheong Province; ference in Seoul. During a dinner amid the the clear rice wine from a noble household in fragile meeting, South Korean Prime Minis- Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province; and

ter Kang Young-hoon topped up the glass of munbaeju, originally from Pyongyang but 7 8 his counterpart, Yon Hyong-muk, with whis- produced in Seoul by a North Korean refu- ky, hoping it would make him relax, but the gee family that had inherited the formula. mixed with cooked millet and left to ferment has been known that the groundwater from North Korean prime minister showed little for about five days. The basic mash is mixed the limestone formation of Mt. Chuam in interest in the whisky in front of him. Instead Now a popular brand name, munbaeju origi- with steamed sorghum twice with a one-day Pyongyang had a lot to do with the prized he seemed very pleased when he tasted mun- nally referred to a distilled beverage that interval and then put into a clean pottery jar flavor and aroma of munbaeju. With the two baeju, a local brand liquor, which was placed derived its name from the pleasant aroma to ferment for 10 days. Koreas divided by a heavily fortified bor- near the end of the table. resembling munbae, or wild pear. The liquor der, an extensive search for water sources in made with pure groundwater from Mt. Ch- The fermented mash is distilled over a pin- the South led to the discovery of limestone The news spread quickly and munbaeju be- uam along the Taedong River had a 40 per- ewood fire to yield a clean, light yellowish groundwater of similar quality at Seoam-ri, gan to fly off shelves. It was served at the cent alcohol content and a clean flavor, and liquid. The distilled liquid is completely Gimpo County, Gyeonggi Province. Mun- state dinner for the South Korea-Soviet seldom caused a hangover. Its brewing and cooled inside the distiller to maintain a con- baeju is currently produced there. Union summit talks held on Jeju Island in distilling method has passed through four sistent level of 48 percent alcohol content, 1991, and a reception hosted by President generations to the present master, Lee Ki- which enables long-term preservation. The All globally popular liquors are made with chun. distilled liquor is aged for more than six fresh groundwater from limestone strata, 4. Munbaeju is a clean, light yellowish liquor with months to a year. Unexplained, however, is such as Chinese maotai, French cognac, a scent that resembles Zero Pear Substance exactly how this process turns grain into a British whisky and Russian vodka. Amid the wild pear. It may be assumed that munbaeju is made drink with fruity aroma reminiscent of the recently reignited fervor for makgeolli, the from wild pear, but it is not. Instead the li- strong fragrance of wild pears. That remains cloudy rice wine, the interest in other native quor is made of millet, sorghum, and a fer- a mystery. Korean alcoholic beverages is also surging. mentation starter named nuruk, which is Munbaeju obviously has great potential for made of wheat. The solid nuruk cake is bro- Water is one of the most important elements broader appreciation among drinkers around 4 ken and steeped in water. The thick liquid is determining the flavor of alcoholic drinks. It the world. Natural Heritage 18 | 19

Natural Monuments Driven to Crisis Rare Insects in Danger of Extinction

Text by Nam Sang-ho | Consultant on Cultural Heritage; Vice President of Daejeon University Photos by Simong photo agency & Graphickorea

Four varieties of insects have been named 1. The Korea National Ar- boretum at Gwangneung in “Natural Monuments” to be protected under Pocheon, Gyeonggi Province, government policy in Korea. For three of is home to numerous insects and plants. them the title has been given to the insects themselves; they are long-horned beetles, a 2. Korean relict longhorned beetle (Callipogon relictus kind of butterfly called sangulttuk nabi in Semenov), designated Natu- Korean (scientific name Eumenis autonoe ral Monument No. 218. Esper), and jewel beetles. But for the other variety, fireflies, the protective measures concern the insects as well as their habitats. All of these insects are endangered. Environ-

mental changes and inadequate management 2 are taking a steady toll. 1960s, although these beetles were designat- Long-horned Beetles in the Woods of ed Natural Monument No. 218 in 1968. Gwangneung The woods around Gwangneung, a Joseon Being the largest of insects, the long-horned Dynasty royal graveyard in Gyeonggi Prov- beetles can be easily detected by man and ince, is the lone habitat left for the Korean are also prone to attack by predators. Also, relict long-horned beetles (Callipogon relic- the strong nightly illuminations of dining tus Semenov), or jangsu haneulso. Records and lodging facilities that have mushroomed say that in the past these large herbivorous around the woods imperil these insects. insects were also found in various places around Gangwon Province, such as Chun- Habitat preservation is among the most criti- cheon, Hwacheon, Yanggu and So Geum- cal factors to the conservation of long-horned gang, as well as Mt. Bukhan in Seoul. beetles. The larvae of these insects live on fi- Unfortunately, even their population at bers in loose flower hornbeam trees. The in- 1 Gwangneung has rapidly declined since the fested trees gradually weaken to die and they Natural Heritage 20 | 21

are usually felled before they are completely bul in Korean (scientific name Lampyridae) were named Natural Monument No. 496 in dead. Leaving the host trees unlogged would are extremely sensitive to changes in natural 2008. Jewel beetles grow to 35-40 millime- help ensure the survival of these insects. environment, so they are regarded as bioen- ters and adults have gorgeous wings that vironmental indicators. They emit light to glow with different colors depending on the Fireflies and Muju Habitats attract mates or prey. With the human popu- light angle. They live in broad-leaf forests The fireflies and their habitats in Muju Coun- lation sprawl lighting the countryside, these and are active mostly in July to August. In ty, North Jeolla Province, provide the only insects are disappearing into deeper moun- Japan, jewel beetles are called damamushi, case in Korea where insects and their breed- tain valleys. meaning “jade bug,” and their wings have ing colonies have together been designated been used for decorating craft objects since 5. The jewel beetle highly prized for its iridescent ancient times. wings, Natural Monument as a natural monument. The initial desig- The Sangulttuk Butterflies on Mt. Halla 5 nation came in 1982 for fireflies inhabiting The particular species of butterflies known No. 496. the streamside areas along Namdaecheon by the scientific name Eumenis autonoe Es- Jewel beetles lay eggs in dead trees like zelk- tion as collectors can easily find them. Fell- in Cheongnyang-ri, Solcheon-myeon, Muju per, or sangulttuk nabi in Korean, designated ova, nettle and persimmon, and larvae tunnel ing dead trees that host larvae and spreading County. But the designation became point- Natural Monument No. 458 in 2005, are clas- into host trees and feed on their fibers. Some insecticides on nearby trees also add to the less soon afterwards due to severe environ- sified as Grade 1 wildlife in danger of extinc- 90 kinds of jewel beetles are found in Korea, beetles’ demise. mental destruction, surging traffic and night- tion by the Ministry of Environment. In Ko- but their colonies are concentrated in some time illumination, following the construction rea this type of butterflies are only found on southern regions and Jeju Island with low Indiscriminate development and environ- of many tourist and leisure facilities along Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. It is believed these population density. Koreans have also used mental change are shrinking the population the upper reaches of Namdaecheon stream. butterflies originally lived in all areas around jewel beetle wings as ornaments. The Gold of insects that are designated as natural mon- Korea before Jeju Island was separated from Crown Tomb of the Silla period in Gyeongju uments for their outstanding biological and Therefore, the original habitat of fireflies was the peninsula at the end of the Pleistocene yielded artifacts decorated with jewel beetle cultural value. What should be remembered disqualified as Natural Monument No. 322 era. While the climate on the peninsula be- wings, and horse trappings discovered in the at this juncture is that humans are the great- and was replaced by three new areas. They came warmer, these butterflies survived in Great Tomb of Hwangnam are also adorned est enemies to these insects, whose survival are Suhan Village in Jangdeok-ri, Seolcheon- Jeju Island but gradually inhabited cool areas with beautiful outside wings of these bee- greatly depends on public determination and 3. A firefly designated Nat- ural Monument No. 322, myeon; Garim Village in Gaok-ri, Muju-eup; more than 1,300 meters above sea level. Un- tles. effort. In this regard, substantial and concrete along with three breeding and the Olympic Forest in Geumpyeong-ri, fortunately, they continue to face extinction measures, including constant research and colonies in Muju County, North Jeolla Province. Mupung-myeon. They contain different due to their inhospitable environment. Jewel beetles are victimized by their own evaluation of the insects’ breeding habitats, kinds of fireflies: ae banditbul at Suhan Vil- beauty. Their colorful wings are a primary is urgently needed to protect these valuable 4. A butterfly species with the scientific name lage, unmunsan banditbut at Garim Village, Jewel Beetles with Gorgeous Wings reason for their rapidly declining popula- natural assets. Eumenis autonoe Esper, and neut banditbul at the Olympic Forest. Highly prized for their iridescent wings, jew- 6. A gilt-bronze horse or sangulttuk nabi in Ko- saddle decorated with rean, Natural Monument el beetles (Chrysochroa fulgidissima), called jewel beetle wings from No. 458. The luminous insects that are called bandit- bidan beolle, meaning “silk bug,” in Korean, the Silla period, discovered in the Great Tomb of Hwangnam in Gyeongju.

3 4 6 Special Report 22 | 23

ing birth to him. hears.” Considering that Avalokitesvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, is attributed In the ensuing power struggle in the royal with the ability to see and hear the plight of court, the boy king was ousted and the throne humans and that Koreans call this Buddhist was usurped by his uncle, Prince Suyang, deity Gwaneum, the name of the pine tree who would later be known as Sejo. The de- obviously indicates the sympathy and affec- throned king was demoted to Prince Nosan tion held by the local people toward the king, and on the 21st of the sixth month in 1457, who was sacrificed in a power struggle. when the summer was at its height, he was sent into exile to a remote mountainous place Its historical connotation aside, the pine tree in Yeongwol. shares the reputation as the biggest old tree in the country with a famous ginkgo tree at The Pine Tree Sees and Hears His Sor- Yongmun Temple in Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi 2. The pine tree that “heard and saw” the row Province. It is 30 meters tall and 15 meters in solitary last days of King Cheongnyeongpo, where the boy king was circumference. Danjong in exile. banished, is a virtual island with steep cliffs rising at the back and the South Han River flowing in front. It was a natural prison surrounded by thick pine woods, which could be approached only by a boat dragged with a 1 rope across the river. The secluded riverside locale keeps the legacy of his sorrowful last days spent under close surveillance by scores of soldiers. Tragic Legacies of Deposed Boy King With his days being counted, Danjong spent Yeongwol Cherishes its Royal Exile much of his time sitting on the edge of a rock boulder, shedding tears while looking in the direction of Hanyang, the capital city, Text by Yeongwol County Cultural Heritage Commentator which is Seoul today. Beneath the rock, later Photos by Cultural Heritage Administration & Goodimage named Nosan Boulder, is a heap of stones half-destroyed but resembling a Buddhist pagoda. It is said that Danjong piled up the stones, thinking of his wife he had left be- 1. Cheongnyeongpo, the A solitary royal grave in Yeongwol, Gang- burial sites would be located within 100 li of hind in Hanyang. Everyday he climbed up sandy promontory where King Danjong spent his last won Province, conveys the tragic story of the capital city. a pine tree nearby and immersed himself in days, is secluded with a King Danjong, who spent his last days deep thoughts while perched on a branch. Bearing craggy mountain rising at the back and a river flowing in in the mountainous countryside before he Danjong was only 12 years old when he suc- witness to his loneliness and sorrow, the pine the front. was poisoned. A victim of brutal bloodbaths ceeded to the throne in 1452 as the sixth tree still stands there after six centuries. surrounding the throne in the early years of king of the Joseon Dynasty. His frail father, the Joseon Dynasty, the ill-fated boy king is Munjong, had died just two years after he as- The local people who cherish legacies of the buried alone in the faraway place whereas cended the throne. His mother, Queen Hyeo- royal exile have named the tree Gwaneum- the Joseon ritual code provided that all king’s ndeok, had passed away three days after giv- song, meaning “the pine tree that sees and 2 Special Report 24 | 25

3 4

3. Jangneung, the tomb of The Last Moment of Danjong and His slave Yi Mal-san, and a mound was made. In a lantern, two civil officials’ images and two cherished by people of the rural locale where 4. The graveyard of King Danjong in Yeongwol, as King Danjong (1441–1457; horse images. There are no military officers’ he spent the last four months of his life. They r. 1452–1455), the sixth Grave 1580, during the reign of Seonjo, the grave- viewed from the burial monarch of the Joseon A few months after Danjong arrived at yard was repaired and a stone ritual table images. have looked after every trace of him with so mound. Dynasty. Yeongwol, another round of political chaos and a marker were set up. In 1681, during much care and love, turning them into pre- swept the capital city amid repeated attempts the reign of Sukjong, he was posthumously Jangneung Contains the Sorrow of its cious landmarks warming the hearts of nu-

to bring him back to the throne. Prince Ge- promoted to Great Prince Nosan and in 1698, Occupant merous people. 5. A stele pavilion honors umseong, another uncle of Danjong, was also under orders of Sukjong, he was given An innocent boy king sacrificed by his ambi- Eom Hong-do, a local official who secretly buried caught conspiring for his reinstatement from his reign title Danjong, his spirit tablet was tious uncle, Danjong is embedded as a tragic the body of King Danjong his place of exile in Sunheung, Gyeongsang ensconced at the royal ancestral shrine Jong- hero in the minds of many Koreans. The sad after it was thrown into a river. Province. Some in the government demand- myo, and his tomb was named Jangneung in stories of his deposition and banishment, his ed the death penalty for Prince Geumseong recognition of its royal status. lonely life as an exile in a remote mountain- as well as Danjong. ous place and his premature death have all Jangneung is in Yeongwol, hundreds of miles stirred pathetic feelings in the hearts of Kore- Danjong died in the tenth month of 1457. away from Seoul, against the burial regula- ans over the centuries. His humble graveyard His body is said to have been thrown into the tion of the Joseon royal household that all in the faraway place of his exile has further Dong River as nobody wanted to take care of royal graves would be located within 100 li added to sympathy and sadness. it for fear of possible trouble. There was one (approximately 40 kilometers) of the capital brave man, however. A local official, Eom city. Also, Jangneung is located on high ter- On the other side, Danjong’s graveyard con- Hong-do, retrieved Danjong’s body and se- rain while other royal graves of Joseon typi- veys a distinctively different message than cretly buried it at the foot of a mountain. cally lie comfortably on gentle slopes. With the majestic burial sites of powerful rulers neither the retaining stones nor guardrails like the incredibly luxurious grave of Qin Fifty-nine years later, in 1516, King Jung- surrounding the burial mound, it has a sim- Shi Huangdi in China or Egyptian pyramids. jong ordered a search for the burial site. It pler set of stone ornaments. They include a Ousted and abandoned by his royal kinsfolk, 5 was found owing to the testimony by public ritual table flanked by a pillar on either side, this short-lived Korean king has been dearly Photo Gallery 26 | 27

Buyeo Home of Brilliant Baekje Culture

Text & Photos by Graphickorea & Goodimage

Baekje achieved remarkable cultural strides during the last 122 years of its seven- century rule, after moving the capital to Sabi in 538. Sabi, which is present-day Buyeo, was the third royal capital of Baekje. The place still remains vibrant with fragrance of cultural splendor achieved by the ancient kingdom.

The Baengma River, also known as the Geum River, is a defining feature of the topography of Buyeo. Photo Gallery 28 | 29

A big old pine tree in Seongheung Mountain Fortress.

The Baengma River viewed from the top of Nakhwa-am, meaning the “flower-falling rock.” Photo Gallery 30 | 31

Gungnamji, an ancient royal resort pond in Buyeo. Nakhwa-am, the “flower-falling rock,” rises by the Baengma River. Photo Gallery 32 | 33

A five-story stone pagoda on the ruins of Jeongnim Temple.

A sailboat on the Baengma River. Foreigner’s View 34 | 35

Historically, Korea has been the last East hibition will be presented in Leipzig, Frank- Asian country, after China and Japan, to gain furt, and Stuttgart, through 2013. Of particu- the attention of Western political and academ- lar note, the exhibition is intended to feature ic sectors. In 1876, after several centuries of the highlights of each host museum’s Korean self-imposed seclusion, Korea opened itself artworks. up to the world again. Thereafter, diplomats, collectors, scholars, and travellers from Ger- 2. Blue-and-white jar with many, along with merchants and missionar- dragon design: Joseon Dy- ies, visited Korea and laid the foundation nasty, 18th century, height 45cm, diameter 32.5cm, for German-Korean relations. During this GRASSI Museum of Ethnog- process, German collectors acquired a wide raphy in Leipzig, collection of H. Sanger, purchased in variety of Korean art and cultural works. 1902.

Among the exhibition’s ten participant museums, only the Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne and the Asian Museum in Ber- lin specialize in East Asian art, and conse- 2 quently maintain collections with high-qual-

1 ity, aesthetically appealing artworks, which 3. Black lacquered wooden well represent the stylistic and iconographic writing table with mother- development of Korean culture. Other col- of-pearl inlays: Joseon Dynasty, late 16th–early lections, like the Grassi Museum in Leipzig 17th century, height 23.3cm, and the Linden Museum in Stuttgart, focus length 58.7cm, width “Korea Rediscovered! Treasures from German 28.9cm, Museum of East on ethnological materials, while the Museum Asian Art in Cologne, Museums” Touring Exhibition für Kunst und Gewerbe in Hamburg and the purchased by Adolf Fischer in 1911. First tour venue: Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne (March 26-July 17, 2011) Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt collected objects for the purpose of introduc- ing foreign craftsmanship and design to the Text & Photos by Dr. Petra H. Rösch Curator of Buddhist Art, Korean Art & Vice Director at the | German people. The different emphases of Museum of East Asian Art Cologne, Germany. She curated the “Korea Rediscovered!” exhibition. the museums also reflect the passions and interests of their founders, donors, and collectors, while at the same time providing the 3 exhibition with a broad spectrum of Korea’s 1. Guests at the opening Organization of “Korea Rediscovered” ered!” introduces the splendor and variety material culture. event of the touring Exhibition of Korean artworks housed at Germany’s 4. Cosmetic box with moth- exhibition “Korea Redis- er-of-pearl and tortoise-shell covered! Treasures from The “Korea Rediscovered! Treasures from leading museums. The objects on display, The exhibition presents 116 objects, which inlays: Joseon Dynasty, 18th German Museums” view German Museums” exhibition introduces which have been selected from the Korean are described in detail and placed into con- century, height 20.5cm, the Korean artworks on length 19cm, width 32cm, display at the Museum of the most noteworthy works of Korean art collections of ten German museums, in- text in a substantial catalogue, which in- Asian Art Museum, National East Asian Art in Cologne, and culture in Germany to viewers. This clude representative Buddhist and shaman cludes introductory essays about the history Museums in Berlin, donated Germany, on March 25. by Barbara and Wolfgang unique exhibition has been organized and hanging scrolls, folk/religious sculpture, of Korean art collection as well as German- Rabi in 2008. supported by the Korea Foundation, which and literati paintings of the Joseon Dynasty, Korean relations. After its initial showing at also conceived the event’s basic concept as well as lacquerware and ceramics ob- the Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne, 4 and theme. Of note, “Korea Rediscov- jects. which concludes on July 17, 2011, the ex- Foreigner’s View 36 | 37

During the process of organizing the exhibi- maintains the most extensive and representa- Korean school Johannes Bolljahn, and collection of the Museum of East Asian Art tion, the curators of the participant museums tive collection of Korean art in Germany, en- Western missionaries, who helped them to Cologne with Korean specialists. had an opportunity to spend time with their compassing some 400 items. Its most mean- explore the country and meet with Korean colleagues and become acquainted with the ingful holdings include Buddhist paintings of collectors and connoisseurs. They also be- Since my research focus is Buddhist art, I diverse Korean collections maintained at the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, as well as came acquainted with Korean art specialists, was especially interested in the Buddhist each other’s museum. A further incentive Goryeo-period celadon ceramic wares. Ko- such as the director of the state ginseng bu- collections of the Tongdosa Museum and was the ability to view one’s own collection rea’s excellence in these genres are reflected reau, Yi Kunhyeok, in present-day Gaesong, of course the Dongguk University Museum. from new perspectives, related to the back- in the sublime finesse of the gold pigment who collected antiquities and showed them Because the Museum of East Asian Art Co- 6. Celadon pitcher: Goryeo ground of Korean art collection as well as the applied to Buddhist silk-paintings as well as his collection. logne houses a wood “dongja” sculpture, a Dynasty, 12th century, early history of German-Korean relations. As the distinctive glaze color and natural style of Buddhist boy attendant of the Kings of Hell, height 26cm, Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne, such, it is hoped that this project will spawn its celadon ceramics, which are both highly However, on this first journey, the Fischers I concentrated my research on this topic and purchased by Adolf Fischer continued cooperation among the German prized by Japanese and Western collectors. were not able to acquire much apart from a was able to identify a number of compa- in 1905. museums, with a focus on further research few lacquer and wooden boxes. Neverthe- rable examples as well as gain insight into of their Korean art collections and making Much of the Korean collection of the Co- less, they had been highly impressed by the the specific developments of Joseon-period Korean art and culture better known to the logne museum is rooted in its founders Adolf richness of Korea’s art and culture. In 1910, Buddhism, such as the heavy influence German public. Fischer (1856-1914) and wife Frieda Fischer on another visit following their founding of of shamanistic beliefs and its syncretistic (1874-1945), who travelled to and stayed in the Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne, worldviews. An article about the boy-atten- Korean Collection of the Museum of Korea on several occasions between 1905 the Fischers were able to acquire a large dant at the Cologne Museum and its Korean East Asian Art Cologne and 1911. They sought to have Korean art el- number of the ceramics and bronze works religious context was published this year The Museum of East Asian Art in Cologne evated to an equivalent level as that of China that are now part of the museum’s collection. in the Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, making the and Japan. Similar to Chinese art, Fischer As can be seen from their notes and journals, Cologne collection of Korean art known to 5. “Water-Moon Avalokites- vara”: Goryeo Dynasty, 14th approached Korean art through Japan, which the artworks were mainly acquired from a broader scholarly audience. This intensive century, hanging scroll, had shaped his tastes. By studying the early Japanese dealers, including the two Goryeo learning and hands-on experiences in Korea height 98cm, width 55cm, Museum of East Asian Art Buddhist art of Japan, as well as Japanese masterpieces of Buddhist painting, which not only fostered a better understanding of in Cologne, purchased by ceramics, he realized how strongly Japanese Fischer had initially believed were Japanese Korean art overall, but also helped with the Adolf Fischer in 1909. art had been influenced by Korean culture: paintings, before later clarifying their Ko- preparation of the “Korea Rediscovered!” rean origins. exhibition back in Germany. “The classic beauty of the…statues we find in Japan, as well as her ceramics…awaken Personal Experiences Related to the Ex- in the soul of the beholder the vivid desire hibition to go to the country which was the cradle of In autumn 2010, I had an opportunity to visit the great art of Japan, where in brilliant cre- Korea for the first time under a six-week se- ative hands ceramic works took shape which nior fellow-scholarship of the National Mu- formed the ideal of the Japanese aesthetes.” seum of Korea. I was able to participate in (A. Fischer: “Über koreanische Kunst.” Ori- the Korea Foundation’s workshop program entalisches Archiv. Illustrierte Zeitschrift für for “Korean art curators at overseas muse- Kunst, Kulturgeschichte und Völkerkunde ums” and also view the special “Masterpiec- der Länder des Ostens Bd 1,1910/1911, S. es of Goryeo Buddhist Painting” exhibition 149). and attend a related symposium. In addition, 7. Wooden sculpture of a I managed to conduct research on the collec- boy attendant with a phoe- nix: Joseon Dynasty, 17th- While travelling about Korea, the Fischers tions of Korean museums and temples, visit 18th century, height 92cm, came into contact with German residents in several of the most important Korean Bud- Museum of East Asian Art 5 in Cologne, purchased by Korea, such as the teacher of the German- dhist sites, and discuss Korean art and the 7 Adolf Fischer in 1910. Foreigner’sOverseas Korean View Cultural Assets 38 | 39

written Buddhist scriptures, documents and paintings from Qianfodong, or the Caves of Thousand Buddhas, at Dunhuang, Gansu Province in China. He brought them back to France and began cataloguing and classifying them. Among the ancient texts he discovered a scroll which had lost its beginning and end; it contained some 6,000 Chinese characters written in 230 lines, some 30 characters in each line, with neither a title nor the author’s name.

As he skimmed through the text, Pelliot no- ticed that it contained many words he had seen in Hyecho’s Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Indian Kingdoms, which was contained in the Pronunciation and Mean- ing of All Scriptures (Yiqiejing yinyi), written by Huilin in the eighth century. Pelliot announced in a treatise that he obtained the original copy of Hyecho’s travel account that had long been regarded as non-existent. In 1915, Japanese scholar Junjiro Takagusu 1 identified the author of this text as the eighth- century Silla monk Hyecho, not a Chinese as had hitherto been known.

2. Entrance to the Magao further to India in pursuit of a deeper under- Caves at Dunhuang, where Hyecho’s travel diary was Hyecho’s Memoir of Journey to India standing of the Buddha’s teachings. Among discovered. them was Hyecho, who wrote the Memoir Silla Monk Leaves Precious Travel Account of the Pilgrimage to the Five Indian King- doms (Wang ocheonchukkuk jeon). Hyecho Text by Cultural Heritage Administration met his teacher Vajrabodhi (Geumgangji) in Photos by Cultural Heritage Administration & Goodimage Guangzhou, a major port in southern China, and came in contact with Esoteric Bud- dhism. At his teacher’s suggestion Hyecho left Guangzhou to sail to India, embarking 1. The original handwritten A considerable number of Buddhist monks knowledge and performed virtuous deeds to on a four-year journey, in 723. scroll of the Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five and students of Silla went to study in Tang spread Buddhism. They thus became revered Indian Kingdoms (Wang China, with which Silla sought to increase as high priests. Discovery of the Memoir ocheonchukkuk jeon), writ- diplomatic relations. After completing their ten by Hyecho (704–787), In March 1908, French orientalist and ex- a Buddhist monk from the studies, most of the monks returned to Ko- But some monks and students stayed in plorer Paul Pelliot gathered up 29 boxes Silla Kingdom. 2 rea, where they contributed their profound China to encourage Buddhism or travelled of valuable cultural assets, including hand- Overseas Korean Cultural Assets 40 | 41

Routes confirmed to have been traveled 3. A map of Hyecho’s Overland routes assumed to have been traveled routes to India, Central Sea routes assumed to have been traveled 3 5 Asia and Persia.

Hyecho: The First Korean Who Went via Kucha in present-day Xinjiang, where four years. He was the first Asian to travel Historical Value of the Memoir 5. Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, one of some 40 Global Tang’s western outpost, Protectorate General across the Asian continent, from China to Hyecho’s diary, which is housed at the Na- states and regions Hyecho Hyecho is said to have arrived in China at a to Pacify the West, was stationed. Thereafter Arabia, by sea and land and to record his tional Library of France, is the world’s only visited during his four-year journey. young age and made a great contribution to he devoted himself to scriptural study and journey. His record is regarded as one of the extant travel record about medieval India translating Buddhist texts into Chinese under translation along with his teacher. In the fifth most valuable works of travel literature in and Central Asia. It contains credible ac- his Indian teacher Vajrabodhi, who founded month of 780 he entered nirvana at Qinyuan the world, along with Great Tang Records on counts on politics, culture, arts, religion and Chinese Esoteric Buddhism. When he em- Puti Temple on Mount Wutai in China. the Western Regions written by the seventh- folk customs of various regions of Central barked on his pilgrimage to India in 723 at century Chinese dharma master Xuanzang, Asia and India, as well as the routes along his teacher’s suggestion, he traveled by the Journey to Some 40 Countries over Four The Travels of Marco Polo of the 13th cen- which Buddhism spread into the rest of Asia sea route from Guangzhou that his teacher Years tury, and The Journey by the 14th-century from India. It is also the first travel record on had taken to travel to China from India. In his Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Muslim traveler Ibn Batutta. Arab in East Asia as well as the oldest known Indian Kingdoms, Hyecho described his per- piece of overseas travel literature written by After completing his journey across India, sonal observations and experiences as well Hyecho began his Indian journey from the a Korean. Central Asia and China, Hyecho returned to as local tales and legends that he heard while Maghada Kingdom and moved on to Lum- Changan early in the eleventh month of 727, traveling some 40 countries and regions over bini, where the Historic Buddha was born; Hyecho provided historically accurate de- Sarnath, where the Buddha gave his first ser- scriptions of social and political institutions 4. Pamir Plateau that mon; and Kusinagar, where the Buddha at- and customs of the regions he visited. For Hyecho passed through on his journey from India tained nirvana. After paying homage to the example, he wrote that in certain regions to China. four great stupas in this kingdom, Hyecho of central India, men married their mother walked further south for months to visit or sister and male siblings shared a wife. the kingdoms of Kanyakubja, Ayodhya and He also noted that India did not have capi- Jalandhara. Then he moved west to reach tal punishment and prison and that he could Tokharistan, also known as Bactria, and fur- not find female slaves or human trafficking ther to Persia under Arab rule. At the time a in Kashmir. Hyecho’s travel account carries trip to India itself was asceticism that most remarkable linguistic value as well in that often meant death. Few returned from the it contains phonetic transliterations of geo- 4 perilous journey. graphical names rather than translations. Documentary Heritage 42 | 43

Kitchen Secrets from 330 Years Ago The Oldest Known Cookbook in Hangeul

Text & Photos by KTX magazine

The oldest known cookbook written in Ko- rean, Gourmet Recipes (Eumsik dimibang) provides recipes for 146 kinds of dishes, al- 1 coholic drinks and other beverages as well as fermented foods that were handed down in an upper-class family in the Gyeongsang region. The author, Jang Gye-hyang (1598– 1680), obviously intended to leave a legacy of teaching traditional Korean cuisine by writing it in vernacular script.

Ways to Discern Tastes of Food Jang Gye-hyang was born to a noble family of reputed scholarly tradition in Andong, Gyeongsang Province. She was married to Yi Si-myeong from the head family of the Jaeryeong Yi clan at Dudeul Village, Yeo- ngyang County, in the same province. She 2 wrote Gourmet Recipes when she was 70 years old in order to pass down the kitchen secrets of her family to women of later generations. Her recipes provide a vivid glimpse Korean woman. It has two titles ― Eumsik 1. Diverse varieties of Ko- rean traditional rice cakes. into the dietary life of a local noble family in dimibang in Korean and Gyugon Siuibang in the 17th century. Chinese. The Chinese title, meaning a “lady’s 2. The original handwritten proper guidebook,” was probably added by copy of Gourmet Recipes Gourmet Recipes is a 30-leaf handwritten her husband or some descendants who might (Eumsik dimibang). book. It is not only the oldest known cook- have thought that the book needed a Chinese book written in Korean script, Hangeul, but title to have adequate authority or formality. 1 also the first authentic cookbook written by a Emsik dimibang is archaic pronunciation of Documentary Heritage 44 | 45

ing capacity, and dipping abalones in sesame oil to extend their freshness by shutting off the air.

Recipes for Rare Dishes Gourmet Recipes starts with cooking methods for noodles and dumplings as main dishes. Among rare types are pomegranate-shaped

dumplings (seongnyu tang), steamed buns 4 5 6 with red bean paste filling (sanghwa) and dumplings wrapped with mullet flesh (sung- honey. The book says that bonnet bellflower gers long in the mouth before going down 4. Cake made with glutinous rice powder and eo mandu). A small mung bean pancake (bin- roots prepared like this is good both as a side smoothly, the book says. julienned manna lichen ja beop) is made by pan-frying a spoonful dish and a snack. mushroom (seogi pyeon). of mung bean paste, putting a stuffing made Endeavor to Pass Down Family Recipes 5. Small mung bean with red beans and honey at the center, and Lady Jang wrote the book when she was 70 pancakes with red bean Also highly valued as a healthy food ingre- paste and honey filling then covering with another spoonful of mung dient, lotus roots are recommended to be years old. In remarks on the last page, she (binja beop) and buckwheat 3 bean paste. A mixture of assorted vegetables eaten with pork to enhance their nutritional said, “As I have barely managed to write this dumplings (mandu beop). parboiled and seasoned is introduced as jap- value and natural flavor (ga jeyuk yeongeun book in spite of my dim eyesight, I hope you 6. Slices of vinegar-laden and grilled lotus root with 3. The old house of Jang would understand my intentions and put into Emsik jimibang, which literally means the chae in this book, not the chapsui made with chae). The recipe says: pork is julienned; a port topping (ga jeyuk Gye-hyang at Dudeul practice as I have written.” She evidently yeongeun chae). Village in Yeongyang “ways to discern the tastes of food.” vermicelli as known today. lotus root is sliced and mixed with sesame County, North Gyeong- oil and vinegar; and both are grilled together wanted the recipes handed down in her fam- sang Province, which is ily to be passed on to succeeding genera- known as “Old House Versatile Methods to Prepare and Store Desserts include a gelatin made by boiling in sesame oil. of Seokgye.” Seokgye Food cherries and sugar and chilling the mixture to tions. Or, she might have wanted to leave a is the style name of her harden in a desired form (aengdu pyeon), and trace of her fierce life through an ingenious husband, Yi Si-myeong. The book contains incredibly detailed de- It is also worthy of note that alcoholic bever- cookbook. scriptions of recipes handed down in a lo- a glutinous rice cake steamed with julienned ages account for 51 out of the total 146 reci- cal noble family for generations or devised manna lichen mushroom (seogi pyeon). pes introduced in the book. This means that Jang was not only a food expert but was by the author. The precise and accurate de- upper-class families needed to make a wide known for her outstanding academic knowl- scriptions of individual recipes aside, the The book shows the author carefully selected variety of alcoholic drinks around the year edge and literary talent. Although she was book systematically classifies the cooking cooking ingredients according to their me- to entertain guests. The strong distilled spirit well versed in Chinese literature, she chose methods for a total of 146 food items into 15 dicinal and health-boosting effects. For ex- (soju) was favored as a drink for summer- to write her cookbook in Korean script as she kinds of main dishes including noodles and ample, it introduces cooking methods for the time in noble households as it not only had a wanted it to be read daily from generation dumplings; 46 types of meat and fish dishes; white gourd melon (dong-a), which is good good flavor but lasted much longer than most to generation. She probably regarded writ- 31 varieties of vegetables and fruits; and 53 for skin and detoxification; herring (cheong- other home-brewed alcoholic beverages such ing the book to be her last contribution to her kinds of alcoholic beverages and vinegars. eo), which helps to strengthen the legs; and as clear rice wine (cheongju). crabs (ge), that are known to be effective for family and society. What is noteworthy is that the book is not relieving fever clotted in the chest. In addition to spirit, many noble families only a cooking manual but an encyclopedic made wine from various grains and fruits guide to a broader scope of time-old dietary The book also features a healthy recipe for from season to season, so they could serve wisdom. It offers a variety of storage meth- preparing bonnet bellflower roots (deodeok their guests with various alcoholic drinks ods for cooking ingredients, such as storing beop), known as a restorative and cure for at different stages of aging. The book intro- peaches inside wheat flour paste to keep coughing, which goes: peel the roots, beat duces a yoghurt-type alcoholic beverage, them fresh until winter, burying egg plants in with a wooden paddle, lightly coat with glu- named gamhyang jinsaju, which was eaten mulberry ash to take advantage of its steriliz- tinous rice powder, deep-fry and spray with with a spoon. It has a bitter flavor which lin- Quarterly Magazine of the Cultural Heritage Administration

Cultural Heritage Administration, 189 Cheongsa-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Tel | 82-42-481-4739 Fax | 82-42-481-4759 http://english.cha.go.kr

Published | June 1, 2011

Published by | Cultural Heritage Administration Republic of Korea

Publication | Yi Kyung-hoon management Director of International Affairs Division Content | Yeo Sung-hee, Park Jung-eun, Kim Min-ok coordination Translation | Lee Kyong-hee

Proofreading | Ted Chan

Design ∙ Editing | Graphic Korea Co., Ltd Printed by | Graphic Korea Co., Ltd

Cultural Heritage Administration, 2011

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