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Intelligent Voltage Control in Distribution Network with Distributed Generation C I R E D 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Vienna, 21-24 May 2007 Paper 0727- INTELLIGENT VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION T.TRAN-QUOC E.MONNOT G. RAMI A. ALMEIDA Ch. KIENY N. HADJSAID GIE IDEA–France EDF R&D-France IDEA-France Schneider Electric IDEA-France IDEA-France [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT contractual obligations on MV networks consist to maintain This paper presents a new approach for Volt/Var control in voltage in the range 20 kV 5% and between 230V [+6%, - distribution networks with presence of Distributed 10%] on LV networks. Generators (DGs). Due to the lack of measurement and communication on these networks, the method proposes the DGs requirements use of a local, intelligent and auto-adaptive voltage Today in France, the voltage level for the grid connection of regulator for DGs. This regulator is able to coordinate in a generating plant depends on its size. Concerning DG real time the control of several DGs, connected to the same contribution to voltage control and reactive power, the HV/MV substation, without communication system. A patent requirements are defined in the French ministerial order [2] has been filed concerning this regulator in November 2005. and in paper [3]. At the present time a voltage control system is required only for DGs bigger than 10MW. INTRODUCTION Facilities of control The penetration of distributed generators (DGs) e.g, according to CIGRE definition, generation not centrally DNO equipments dispatched, equal or less than 100 MW and usually (but not Today, the DNO controls the network voltage with two only) connected to distribution networks is increasing. The main voltage setting devices. connection of DGs to the grids induces local voltage . The HV/MV transformer On-Load Tap-Changer constraints. (OLTC) which changes the transformation ratio according So this paper focuses on voltage control in distribution to a voltage set point networks with a local innovative regulator developed for . The MV/LV transformer off-load tap-changers are DGs. First, it presents the French Distribution Network equipped with three tapping steps of 2.5% around the Operator (DNO) requirements and the equipments used to nominal ratio. control voltage inside its contractual values. Then, the DGs Capacitor banks are also installed on HV/MV bus to impact on actual control is reminded. Finally, the paper compensate reactive power demand. 1 describes the voltage regulator developed by the GIE IDEA DG impact on voltage control in Grenoble [1] and it focuses on various simulation results. The connection of a DG unit modifies the voltage profile on CONTEXT the grid due to the change in the active and reactive power Today, voltage constraints in distribution networks are flows in the network impedances. Usually, the voltage solved during the connection studies. Before the connection increases at the connection point and on the feeder. DGs to the grid the DNO checks and verifies with a determinist connection effects are presented in paper [3]. The main one approach, that the voltage values can be maintained in the is reminded below: contractual limits everywhere on the network whatever the . DG connection creates overvoltage during minimum operating conditions. Thus the DNO defines the kind of load times. control for DG (constant reactive power (Q), Q control or V . Undervoltages could also occurred during peak load control). However in the future, with a continuously times when generation is not connected. increasing penetration of DGs in the network, DGs will . Usually, DGs un-optimise voltage settings at the have a more active contribution to voltage control. This HV/MV substation, particularly when the allocation of paper presents a local, intelligent and auto-adaptive voltage generation is not homogeneous between the different regulator. feeders. As we have seen, DGs disturbances on voltage profile are Grid requirements numerous. Next paragraphs present a new local voltage The voltage supplies to MV and LV customers must regulator for DGs. This regulator is able to control voltage conform contractual laws. DNO controls the root mean not only at the connection point but also everywhere on the square voltage and its contractual rule concerns the average grid. It coordinates the action of the various DGs without value on ten minutes points. In France for example, communication system. In November 2005, a patent has been filed concerning this auto-adaptive regulator. 1 Groupement d’Intérêt Economique Inventer la Distribution Electrique de l’Avenir CIRED2007 Session 4 Paper No 0727 Page 1 / 4 C I R E D 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Vienna, 21-24 May 2007 Paper 0727- PRINCIPE OF AUTO-ADAPTIVE REGULATOR to control voltage at the DG connection point. The voltage DGs connected in the network can participate to voltage set point is set at Vmin_desired or Vmax_desired according to control, however, a few questions arise: whether the network voltage profile is too low or too high. - who decides to change DGs voltage set points? If DG is in reactive power limitation (Q=Qmin or - how much? (set point value appropriate to bring back Q=Qmax), it cannot ensure any more the control in the the voltage within the acceptable limits) desired voltage. The voltage moves and reaches critical - when and how long? (Moment of change) state when voltage admissible limits are crossed. - Where? (Which DG?) - Critical state: where the voltage is out of the admissible The developed auto-adaptive regulator answer partly to limits (V> Vmax_admissible or V< Vmin_admissible) and, as these questions with technical but also economical previously explained, DG cannot act any more by advantages: local decisions based only on local measures. compensation of reactive power. In the critical state This avoids investments on communication systems for regulation of active power becomes necessary. So DG DNOs. commutates in active power regulation mode (Mode P). It The paragraph below describes the working principle of means that DG changes active power generation in order to auto-adaptive voltage regulator. bring back the voltage in the admissible values. V The change of regulator operating mode is automatic and auto-adaptive. Moreover, the regulator only uses voltage or Critical state LV=6%, HV=5% Vmax_admissible current measurements at the connection point and does not need any communication link with DNO or other DGs Perturbed state V max_desired Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). In addition automatic adjustment of desired limits allows Qmax several strategies of control. Normal state Q First, it is possible to use this regulator for maintaining Qmin voltage at DG connection point only. Indeed, by setting desired limits such as Vmax_desired = Vmax_admissible and V min_desired Perturbed state Vmin_desired = Vmin_admissible the regulator operates to maintain LV=-10%, HV=-5% in priority the voltage at the connection point in the Vmin_admissible Critical state admissible values. Nevertheless, with this strategy of control, the regulator acts slightly for keeping the voltage in the adjacent buses. Reactive absorption Reactive generation Secondly, it is possible to set constraining values for the Fig.1a: Principe of auto-adaptive regulator desired limits (Vmax_desired < Vmax_admissible and Vmin_desired > Vmin_admissible). With this strategy the regulator controls first Pfixed I a,b,c the voltage at DG connection point. Moreover, the Classical Distributed conservation of voltage in a narrower window at the + regulation generation connection point (V <V< V ), also regulates Q fixed + min_desired max_desired the voltage on the adjacent buses. But careful, for small DGs this choice is very sensitive to reactive power Adaptive module limitation. Indeed, if one sets a rather low value for (fuzzy logic) Vmax_desired, DG often reaches the limit of reactive power Q adapted P/Q control or P/V control ? V absorption. On the contrary, if the Vmin_desired value is high Vmax_desired or min_desired = ? mesured (V_desired varied adaptively) DG often reaches the limit of reactive power supply. Three strategies of control are possible for these values. Fig.1b: Functionality of auto-adaptive regulator Fixed desired window Three operating modes of the regulator are possible. They The user can set these values, ex: Vmax_desired = 1.04 pu and correspond to three possible states (Fig.1a): Vmin_desired = 0.98 pu. This choice is available for every - Normal state: where the voltage is located inside a networks. The Vmin_desired value specified at 0.98pu window of “desired” voltage (Vmin_desired ≤ V ≤ Vmax_desired). maintains a rather high voltage profile. This contributes to In this state, DG is in P/Q control (PF/VAR control). decrease the losses on the network. The Vmax_desired value - Disturbed state: where voltage leaves the desired limits specified at 1.04 pu enables to maintain the network voltage (V> Vmax_desired or V< Vmin_desired). The goal of the adaptive profile not too high. regulator is to maintain, within the limits of the system, the voltage between these fixed values. Thus under disturbed Controlled desired window conditions, DG commutates in voltage regulation mode After an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) calculation, grid (AVR for the synchronous machines and P/V mode for operator can impose these values for each DGs. OPF sources using an inverter). Here, only reactive power is used calculation is at least necessary for two extreme scenarios CIRED2007 Session 4 Paper No 0727 Page 2 / 4 C I R E D 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Vienna, 21-24 May 2007 Paper 0727- (low load scenario associated with the maximal generation plan; and full load scenario cumulated with the minimal TABLE I: DATA FOR STUDIED NETWORK generation plan) to determine these values. They can be Load Load Total Max. length (MW) (MVAR) length (km) (km) modified in real time by the grid operator when a change of Urban network 15 3 50 17 topology occurred on the grid for example.
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