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Local Voltage Support by Distributed Generation

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Local Voltage Support by Distributed Generation Do It Locally: Local Voltage Support by Distributed Generation – A Management Summary Management Summary of IEA Task 14 Subtask 2 – Recommendations Based on Research and Field Experience Report IEA-PVPS T14-08:2017 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME Do It Locally: Local Voltage Support by Distributed Generation – A Management Summary Management Summary of IEA Task 14 Subtask 2 – Recommendations Based on Research and Field Experience IEA PVPS Task 14, Subtask 2, Activity 2.8 IEA-PVPS T14-08:2017 January 2017 Authors: M. Kraiczy1, [email protected] L. Al Fakhri1, [email protected] T. Stetz2, [email protected] M. Braun1,3, [email protected] 1 Fraunhofer IWES, Germany 2 TH Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences, Germany 3 University of Kassel, Germany Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................................ ii Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... iii Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................ vi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Technical Background ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. DG Voltage Support .......................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Control Structures ............................................................................................................................ 4 3. Regulatory Framework .............................................................................................................................. 5 4. Impact on Grid Operation and Planning .................................................................................................... 7 4.1. Impact on the Grid Hosting Capacity ................................................................................................ 7 4.1.1. Technical Potential ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.1.2. Cost-Benefit-Analysis .................................................................................................................. 9 4.2. Impact on the Reactive Power Demand of Distribution Grids ....................................................... 11 4.3. Impact on existing Voltage Regulation Schemes ............................................................................ 13 4.4. Impact on the Voltage Stability of Distribution Grids ..................................................................... 15 5. Combined Active and Reactive Power Control ........................................................................................ 16 6. New Trends.............................................................................................................................................. 17 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 18 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 ii Abbreviations and Acronyms DG Distributed Generator DMS Distribution Management System DSO Distribution System Operator ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity HV High Voltage LV Low Voltage MV Medium Voltage OLTC On-Load Tap Changer PCC Point of Common Coupling PHIL Power Hardware in-the-loop PV Photovoltaic RES Renewable Energy Source TSO Transmission System Operator VR Voltage Regulator iii Foreword The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in November 1974, is an autonomous body within the framework of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its 23 member countries. The European Commission also participates in the work of the Agency. The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS) is one of the collaborative R & D agreements established within the IEA and, since 1993, its participants have been conducting a variety of joint projects in the applications of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy into electricity. The overall programme is headed by an Executive Committee composed of one representative from each participating country or organization, while the management of individual Tasks (research projects / activity areas) is the responsibility of Operating Agents. Information about the active and completed tasks can be found on the IEA-PVPS website www.iea-pvps.org The main goal of Task 14 is to promote the use of grid-connected PV as an important source of energy in electric power systems. The active national experts from 15 institutions from around the world are collaborating with each other within Subtask 2 – High Penetration PV in Local Distribution Grids – in order to share the technical and economical experience, to increase the amount of distribution grid integrated PV. These efforts aim to reduce barriers for achieving high penetration levels of distributed renewable systems. iv Acknowledgements The Management Summary has been prepared by the Subtask 2 leader Fraunhofer IWES (Germany) with valuable contributions from several IEA-PVPS Task 14 members and other international experts: Barry Mather (NREL, USA), Benoît Bletterie (AIT, Austria), Pieter Vingerhoets (KU Leuven, Belgium), Kenn Frederiksen (Kenergy, Denmark), Kazuhiko Ogimoto (Univ. of Tokyo, Japan), Koichi Asano (NEDO, Japan), Stathis Tselepis (CRES, Greece), Christof Bucher (Basler & Hofmann, Switzerland) and Antonis Marinopoulos (ABB, Sweden). The German contribution is supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy and the “Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (PTJ)” within the frame-work of the project “HiPePV2” (FKZ: 0325785). The work of AIT within IEA-PVPS Task 14 is funded in the frame of the IEA Research Cooperation program by the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology under contract no. FFG 848120 (Project HD-PV). The US contribution is supported by the US Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, with funding provided by the DOE Solar Program. v Abstract This report presents an overview of research results and field experiences on the subject of local voltage support by distributed generators (DGs). The focus of this report is the German power supply system, which has experienced a significant photovoltaic (PV) expansion of approximately 36 GW within the last decade. Case study results from different countries like Belgium, Austria and the United States complement the findings on local voltage support by PV systems. A major PV integration challenge is the voltage regulation in distribution grids with a high PV penetration. Advanced PV inverter functions, like reactive power control or active power curtailment, can help to reduce the impact of PV feed-in on the local voltage magnitude. Nowadays, several countries demand reactive power and partly active power control capabilities from DGs in their grid codes and DG interconnection guidelines. Central control (coordinated control) approaches by DGs are not in the scope of this report. The addressed local control (autonomous control) strategies4 are for example: • Fixed cosϕ control (Fixed power factor function) • Cosϕ(P) control (Watt-Power factor function) • Q(U) control (Volt-Var function) • P(U) control (Volt-Watt function) • 70% active power limitation (maximum generation limit function) The term PV hosting capacity defines the maximum PV generation capacity that can be connected to a respective grid section while complying with the technical requirements of grid codes and guidelines. For example, in a German case study the maximum PV hosting capacity is analyzed for 17 real low-voltage grids. In these grids reactive power control can increase the PV hosting capacity in median by 70 % to 90 % compared to the case without PV reactive power control. The cost-benefit analysis identified significant cost saving potential for PV reactive power control compared to traditional grid reinforcement. Nevertheless, widespread use of local reactive power control by PV systems can have a significant impact on the reactive power demand of distributions grids, which might lead to additional grid losses or an additional need for reactive power compensators. Furthermore, the impact of PV reactive power control on existing voltage regulation schemes by the Distribution System Operator (DSO) or on the voltage stability in the distribution grid is analyzed and discussed in this report. Especially in this matter, the impact of reactive power control is highly sensitive to the applied reactive power control strategy. Combined reactive power control and active power curtailment can further increase
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