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US5357419.Pdf ||||||||||||||| USOO5357419A United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,357,419 Limpaecher 45 Date of Patent: Oct. 18, 1994 (54) COMPACT AND EFFICIENT -Pressure Glow-Discharge Lasers', University of Na TRANSFORMERLESS POWER tal, Dec. 1980, Ph.D. Thesis, pp. 90-99, 176-178. CONVERSION SYSTEM Skeist et al., “Recent Advances in High Power, High 75 Inventor: Rudolf Limpaecher, Topsfield, Mass. Voltage Technology', The Power Sources Conference, Dec. 1984. 73) Assignee: D.C. Transformation Inc., Rowley, Malesani et al., “Active Power Filter with Hybrid En Mass. ergy Storage", IEEE, vol. 6, No. 3, Jul. 1991, pp. (21) Appl. No.: 121,693 392-397. 22 Filed: Sep. 15, 1993 Bellar et al., “Analysis of the Dynamic and Steady-S- tate Performance of Cockcroft-Walton Cascade Recti Related U.S. Application Data fiers", IEEE, vol. 7, No. 3, Jul. 1992, pp. 526-534. Joos et al., “Performance Analysis of a PWM Inverter 63 Continuation of Ser. No. 864,031, Apr. 6, 1992, Pat. VAR Compensator", IEEE, vol. 6, No. 3, Jul. 1991, pp. No. 5,270,913. 380-391. 51) Int. Cl. ........................ H02M 3/07; HO2M 7/04 Klaassens et al., "Three-Phase AC-to-AC 52 U.S. Cl. ...................................... 363/140; 363/60; Series-Resonant Power Converter with a Reduced 363/62; 307/109; 307/110 Number of Thyristors' IEEE, vol. 6, No. 3, Jul. 1991, 58 Field of Search .................... 307/109, 110; 320/1; pp. 346-355. 363/59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 140 Wernekinck et al., “A High Frequency AC/DC Con 56) References Cited verter with Unity Power Factor and Minimum Har monic Distortion”, IEEE, vol. 6, No. 3, Jul. 1991, pp. U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 364-370. 3,366,799 1/1968 Fitch ...... ... 363/59 Redi et al., “A Novel Soft-Switching Full-Bridge 3,663,940 5/1972 Schwarz ... 363/28 DC/DC Converter: Analysis, Design Considerations, 3,743,914 7/1973 Holz ....... - - - - - - 320/1 and Experimental Results at 1.5 kW, 100 kHz", IEEE, 3,808,512 4/1974 Sakka ..... ... 363/62 vol. 6, No. 3, Jul. 1991, pp. 408-418. 3,839,666 10/1974 Kitaev ........ ... 363/60 3,849,717 11/1974 Walz et al. ..... ... 363/61 Primary Examiner-Jeffrey L. Sterrett 4,274,134 6/1981 Johannessen .. sau as - 363/59 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Fish & Richardson 4,523,269 6/1985 Baker et al. ......................... 307/110 4,636,930 1/1987 Bingham et al. ... 363/60 57 ABSTRACT 4,642,476 2/1987 Honig ..... ... 363/138 A transformerless power conversion system including a 4,649,468 3/1987 Cubbison .............................. 363/62 plurality of capacitors connected in series; a charging 4,675,795 6/1987. Takamura et al. ... 363/61 circuit connected to the plurality of capacitors, the 4,797,899 1/1989 Fuller et al. ....... ... 307/110 charging circuit charging the plurality of capacitors 4,807,104 2/1989 Floyd et al. ... ... 363/59 from a voltage source to a predetermined voltage; a 4,812,613 3/1989 Essaffet al. ... ... 363/63 circuit for inverting the polarity of the charge stored in 5,270.913 12/1993 Limpaccher .363/146 selected capacitors of the plurality of capacitors, the OTHER PUBLICATIONS polarity inverting circuit including a plurality of induc Crouch et al., "A Compact High Speed Low Impe tor circuits, each of which can be switchably coupled to dance Blumlein Line for High Voltage Pulse Shaping', a corresponding different one of the selected capacitors The Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 43, No. 4, to form a resonant circuit which aids in inverting the Apr. 1972, pp. 632-637. polarity of a stored charge in that capacitor; and a dis Kuffel et al., "High-voltage Engineering”, Applied charging circuit for extracting power from the plurality Electricity and Electronics, Pergamon Press, Dec. of capacitors at a transformed voltage. 1984, pp. 12-23, 64-79. Von Bergmann, "Photo-Preionization Stabilized High 59 Claims, 12 Drawing Sheets G. 34 G2 33 G G3 Gs 60 CAPAIOR WOAGES g U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 1 of 12 5,357,419 al 11 \ 2 Y : 4. \ ? El-E,O N H.F. HSC G INVERSION 3 -14 2 19 1. SWITCH 1EXTERNAL TRIGGERING SYSTEM 1. CONTROLLER INPUT 18 5-1 -1 OUTPPUT H.F. 7 SECTION OUTPUT LOAD 11 FILTER 15 \16 \ U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 2 of 12 5,357,419 CHARGING CURRENT CAPACTOR BANK WO TAGE T T2 SWITCH CURRENT CAPACTOR VOLTAGES U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 3 of 12 5,357,419 CHARGENG in CAPAC. CURRENT BANK VOLTAGE OUTPUT SWITCH CURRENT To T CAPACTOR VOLTAGES OUTPUT Ext. NDUCTOR SWITCH CURRENT TRGGERING Win CONTROLLER WOt 7 3. 74 75 GO G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 SCR5/ SCR 6 G E/K K 6 y N 78 LOut SCRO M in -- Cout WOUt Win 77 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 4 of 12 5,357,419 X=STEP-UP Y=STEP-DOWN FIG. 4 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 5 of 12 5,357,419 POWER W. FLOW LOW. VOLTAGE HIGH VOTAGE U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 6 of 12 5,357,419 M. "" DC Output O - L1 S. DC O POWER Cin Cout AC POWER O O SWITCH TRIG6 ERING TABLE FUNCTION POSITIVE NEGATIVE CYCLE CYCLE 1,2,3,4,5,6 CHARGING 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 NVERSION 7,8,9 16, 17, 18 DISCHARGING 19 19 INPUT INVERSION 20, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 21,2,3,4,5,6 FIG. 6 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 7 of 12 5,357,419 ENERGY TRANSFER N | | | | YN NN S-UNNS 15 TRANSFORMATION MODULE FIG. 7 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 8 of 12 5,357,419 DC Current input W III AC Current Output -- C Lout DC INPUT O SCR21 Cin O Cout X X SCR2O K K ZN NZ AC OUTPUT SCR1 SCR 12 SCR 13 - O C FIG. 8 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 9 of 12 5,357,419 SCR TR66 ERS SCR TRISSERS FILTERS AND LOW HIGH CONTROLLER vote VOLTAGE SCRS SCR 4 FIG. 9 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 10 of 12 5,357,419 V = Voltage O r = Reactive Current 5 Pr= Reactive Power s > T A S PHASE 1 1N - Pr1 - O 30 60 90 120 SO 18O V2 Pr2 r2 V3 r3 Pr3 U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 11 of 12 5,357,419 ENERGY STORAGE NDUCTOR control TRGGERING signals CONTROLLER U.S. Patent Oct. 18, 1994 Sheet 12 of 12 5,357,419 FIG. 12 WAR SEQUENCE OPERATION SWITCH Vph/Vn Vf/Vn AO/CVn Phase 2 charging Phase 3 discharging . Phase 2 charging Phase 3 discharging . Phase 1 discharging . Phase 2 charging capacitor inverting . Phase 1 discharging . Phase 2 charging FIG. 13 waR RESULT OPERATION AOt/CVn PTAt/EO TOTAL RESOUAL 5,357,419 1. 2 Transformers with its demanding volt-second scaling, COMPACT AND EFFICENT magnetic core losses, cost, weight, and large volume TRANSFORMERLESS POWER CONVERSION requirement are completely eliminated. SYSTEM AC-AC Transformation The standard AC power distribution system is based CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT on the voltage transformation capability of iron core APPLICATIONS transformers operating typically at a low frequency of This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. 50 or 60 Hz. These devices are large, costly, and have a No. 07/864,031, filed Apr. 6, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. constant voltage transfer ratio given by the turns ratio. 5,270,913. 10 My invention eliminates the transformer and all its con straints on the AC power distribution system by trans BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION porting the input power electrostatically to the output Disclosed is a new Transformerless Power Conver with simultaneous regulation capability. sion System (TPCS) that allows a direct voltage step-up AC System Interconnection or step-down of DC or AC power without the use of 15 To interconnect two independent and unsynchro magnetic core transformers. The operation is accom nized power systems it is presently necessary to convert plished with solid state switching devices, capacitors, the AC to DC and back to AC with the correct phase preferentially air core inductors and a switch control and frequency. My invention allows the direct transfer system. of power from one polyphase system to a second poly The conversion and step-up from AC to DC and the inverse process can be implemented with high effi phase system without the use of a DC link. I must em ciency and without the generation of harmonics. The phasize that the DC to DC link interconnection benefits transformer elimination in conjunction with high inver of power grid for stabilization is retained with my sion frequency operation results in a low weight system TPCSAC to AC transformation interconnection. without transformer core losses and third harmonic 25 The prior art of high power polyphase AC rectifica generation. For high ratio DC to DC transformation tion results in substantial production of harmonics on to the TPCS transports the input charge directly to the the AC input. The required harmonic filtering contrib output without requiring an AC link. The three distinct utes appreciably to the power distribution cost. With operations of charging, transformation, and energy my invention the AC to DC transformation and step-up discharge are typically in sequential order and allows a 30 eliminates the transformer and the harmonics filtering. complete isolation between the input and output power By operating at a high TPCS frequency only small grids. The TPCS allows complete power flow control filters are required at the AC input and DC output.
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