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SSP Bulletin 1993 Vol. 3 No.1

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SSP Bulletin 1993 Vol. 3 No.1 uu )§f 88 (1 DD BULLETIN DD DD OF THE DD SCANDINA VIAN SOCIETY DD DD FOR DD PARASITOLOGY DO OD DD DO DD OD DD OD DD OD DD OD DD DD DD DD DD DO DD OD DD , • ·· · : oD � · ? v. D f � D . 'K : i D o Vol. 3 No. 1 1993 c..�� � J.�· �- DD DD BULLETIN OF THE SCANDINA VIAN SOCIETY FOR PARASITOLGY Editor-in-Chief: Jorun Tharaldsen, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box l:\156 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, NORWAY. Telephone: 22 964617 Fax: 22 468890 National editors: Denmark: Flemming Iceland: Sigurour Richter, Sweden: Lars-Ake Nilsson, Frandsen, Royal Vet. anLI University of Iceland, Insti­ University of GOteborg, Agric. Univ., Sect. for tute for Experimental Inst. of Med. Microbial. & Zool., Inst. for Ecol. and Pathology -Keldur, P.O. Immunol., Guldhedsgatan Molec. Biology, Bi.ilowsvej Box l:\540, IS-12!:1 Reykja­ 10, S-413 46 Goteborg 13, DK-Il:\70 Fredriksberg vik (Tel: (01) 674712, Fax: (Tel: (031) 604717, Fax C (Tel: 35 2H2660, Fax: 35 (01) 673979) (031) 6046!:\l:\) 2H2670) Editor of Baltic News Finland: E. Tellervo Norway: Tor A Bakke, section: Peter Nansen, Valtonen, University of Zoological Museum, Uni­ Royal Vet. and Agric. Jyvaskyla, Dept. of Bio­ versity of Oslo, Sarsgt. I, Univ., Inst. of Vet. logy, P.O. Box 35, SF- N-0562 Oslo (Tel: 22 Microbial., Bi.ilowsvej 13, 40351 Jyvaskyla (Tel: (41) l:\51678, Fax: 22 l:\51837) DK-1870 Fredriksberg C, 602321, Fax: (41) 602329) Denmark, (Tel: 35 2827HO, Fax: 35 282774) TI1e Bulletin is a membership journal of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitc1ogy. Besides membership information, it also presents articles on all aspects of parasitology, with priority given to contributors from the Nordic countries and other members of the Society. It will include review articles, short articles/communications. Comments on any topic within the field of parasitology may be presented as Letters to the Editor. TI1e Bulletin is also open for a short presentation of new projects. All contributions should be written in English. Review articles are commissioned by the editor, however, suggestions for reviews are welcomed. Subscriptions are available to non-members upon re4uest from the Publisher. TI1e subscrip­ tion rare is SEK 300 per year (two issues annually). Scandinavian Society for Parasitology (Nordisk Forening for Parasitologi). Society Hoard: ?resiLient: Hans-Peter Fagerhol m (Fi nlanLI) Vice-President: Ewert Linder (Sweden) General-Secretary: Arne Skorping (Norway) Treasurer: Birgitte Vennervald (Denmark) BoarLI �ember: Arvid Uggla (Sweden) Cover: In Norse mythology, the giant ash tree -Yggdrasill -spreads its limbs over the entire mankinLI. TI1e ash has three roots, each of them sucking water from its own spring. TI1e tirst spring-Hvergelmir - is found in the ice cold North; next to the spring, the serpent NfOhoggr is ceaselessly gnawing at the roots of the ash. TI1e second spring -Mfmishrunnr - is the source of wisdom anLI is guarLied by Mfrnir. TI1e third spring - Uroarbrunnr -is guarded by three women, the Norns, which mete out man's threaLi of life. Prin1eu in Norway by HS-Trykk NS ISSN OH03-4907 1 Bull Scand Sac Parasitol 1993; 1: 1-10 PARASITES AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS1 K MacKenzie SOAFD Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB9 8DB, Scotland Abstract Parasites can be used as indicators of various m population studies of aquatic organisms, aspects of the biology of their hosts. This with the emphasis on marine species; and (2) paper deals with two of these aspects: para­ parasites as indicators of environmental sites as biological tags in population studies change with particular reference to marine of aquatic organisms, and parasites as indica­ pollution. A new approach to the latter tors of pollution. Three types of population aspect is proposed, with the aim of providing study are considered: stock disClimination, an early warningsystem for marine pollution recruitment migrations, and seasonal migra­ by suggesting how to identify and monitor tions. A method of using parasite transmis­ the transmission stages in parasite life cycles sion processes to provide early warning of that are most vulnerable to changes in envi­ change in environmental conditions and to ronmental conditions. monitor the biological effects of marine pollution is proposed. Criteria are suggested Parasites as tagsin host population studies for the selection of appropriate indicator The basis of using parasites in host popula­ parasites for both aspects. Examples are tion studies is that the geographical range of given of successful biological tag studies and a host species overlaps the endemic areas of of specific parasite transmission processes certain of its parasites. If a host population which are likely to be particularly sensitive (or individual) sampled from outside the tu environmental change. endemic area of one of these parasites is found to be infected with that parasite, the Introduction conclusion can be drawn that the infected Parasites can be used as biological "tags", host population (or individual) had occupied "indicators': or "markers" to provide informa­ the area of overlap at some time previously. tion on various aspects of the biology of This is biological tagging in its simplest their hosts. This paper deals with two of terms; details of ito,; application to different these aspects: (l) parasites as biological tags 1Paper presented to the First Meeting on Parasitology in Aquatic Organisms at the lOth Congress of Latin-American Parasitologists, Montevideo, November 1991 2 types of population study are discussed proposed are unnecessarily restrictive and below. that we must be more t1exible in applying Biological tagging of aquatic organisms them as general guidelines rather than as using naturally occurring parasites has cer­ strict rules. The most imp01tant of these tain advantages over "mechanical" tagging guidelines are as follows: using artificial tags. Biological tagging is a I. The parasite should have significantly natural process which avoids the stress different levels of infection in the target associated with capture and handling with its host in different parts of the study area. attendant doubts concerning the possible 2. The parasite should have a long lifespan abnormal behaviour of tagged individuals. It in the target host. (The minimum accept­ is much cheaper to implement because able lifespan will depend on the type of samples of host specimens can usually be population study, as discussed below). obtained from commercial catches or from 3. The parasite should be easily detected and routine research vessel cruises without the identified, otherwise time can become a need to devote expensive sea time specifi­ limiting factor. cally to the process of tagging. It is also 4. Finding the parasite should involve the probably the most appropriate method of minimum of dissection. Site-specific para­ tagging for delicate host species, such as sites are time-savers. small clupeoid fish, for deep-water species which cannot survive the reduction in pres­ 5. The parasite should have no marked sure involved in their capture, and for crusta­ pathological effects which might change ceans that shed artificial tags when they the behaviour of the host. moult. However, biological and mechanical tagging should not be regarded as alterna­ Different types of population study tives, but rather as complementary methods that should be used together where practical, 1. Stock discrimination possibly in combination with other forms of This type of study aims to identify distinct identification such as meristic and biochemi­ intraspecific populations which are distin­ cal methods. guished by different patterns of behaviour, usually in relation to spawning and migra- Selection criteria tions, but sometimes to feeding. Sets of criteria for selecting appropriate tag a) Marine fish parasites have been proposed and discussed A good example of the use of parasites in by Sindermann (I ,2), Kabata (3), MacKenzie stock discrimination of marine fish is the (4,5), Lester (6) and Moser (7). As we work of Kabata (3,8) who used four species acquire more information about the biology of myxosporean protozoans parasitic in the of parasites of aquatic organisms, it is be- gall bladder as tags for gadoid fish in the coming clear that some of the early criteria Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Infections are long-lived and, because the parasites are so 3 site-specific, gall bladders could be pre­ protozoans and crustaceans. A search of the served at sea and returned for later examin­ literature has revealed three biological tag ation in the laboratory. Large numbers of studies on prawns (Mathews et al. ( l 0). fish could thus be examined in a short period Owens (I!), Thompson and Margolis (12)), of time. In the North Sea, Kabata was able two on lobsters (Brattey and Campbell (13), to distinguish separate northern and southern Uzmann (14)), two on squid (Bower am! stocks of whiting, Merlangius merlangus, by Margolis (15), Smith et al. (16)), and one on marked differences in the relative propor­ euphausiids (Dolshenkov et al. (17)). tions of fish infected with different myxo­ Owens (I!) used the bopyrid isopm.l sporean species. Similarly, around the Faroe Epipenaeon ingens to distinguish breeding Islands he was able to distinguish different stocks and to follow migrations of banana stocks of haddock, Melanogrammus aegle­ prawns, Penaeus merguiensis, in the Gulf of finus, on the main plateau and its outlying Carpentaria in northern Australia. Prawns banks. The basic reasoning was that, if these initially acquire infections as juveniles on populations of fish mixed indiscriminately, their estuarine nursery grounds and Owens such marked differences in the geographical calculated that the lifespan of the parasite distributions of the different parasite species covered the period of growth, offshore emi­ would not exist. gration and maturation of the prawns. The b)Marine mammals parasite was only found on prawns from The first study to indicate the potential of estuaries and offshore grounds in the south­ parasites as tags for matine mammals was ern part of the study area, showing their published in 1991.
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