sustainability Article Democracy and the Environment: How Political Freedom Is Linked with Environmental Sustainability Elias G. Carayannis 1,*, David F. J. Campbell 2,3,4 and Evangelos Grigoroudis 5 1 School of Business, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA 2 Department for Higher Education Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria;
[email protected] 3 Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Universitätsstrasse 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria 4 Department of Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria 5 School of Production Engineering and Management, University Campus, Technical University of Crete, Kounoupidiana, 73100 Chania, Greece;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: This paper aims to explore a possible relationship between democracy and the environment, more specifically between freedom and environmental sustainability (environmental performance). The conceptual lenses of the Quadruple and Quintuple Innovation Helix Frameworks were used as they emphasize the importance of democracy and ecology (environmental sustainability) for knowledge and innovation and vice versa. The empirical model focused on the following research question: What is the correlation between political freedom and environmental performance? In essence, all countries in the world with a population of one million or more were included (a total of 156 countries), and the reference year was 2016. The empirical outcome of the correlation analysis Citation: Carayannis, E.G.; was a positive Pearson correlation of about 0.56 (or 0.73 if we examine regional country groups), Campbell, D.F.J.; Grigoroudis, E. and, perhaps even more significantly, this correlation was significant at the 0.001 level (two-tailed).