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Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Sudan

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Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Sudan OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN AZERBAIJAN QUERY SUMMARY Can you provide an overview of corruption and anti- With a context characterised by limited independent corruption in Azerbaijan? media, a marginalised political opposition and a poor human rights records, Azerbaijan faces major CONTENT challenges of endemic corruption. Deeply 1. Overview of corruption in Azerbaijan entrenched patronage networks permeate all 2. Anti-corruption efforts in Azerbaijan spheres of public life and hamper the long term economic and social development prospects of the 3. References country. Economic and political powers are largely concentrated in the ruling elite, creating a blurred line between political and business interests. While the country’s natural resource wealth has largely contributed to economic growth and political stability in the last decade, it is also considered a major source of corruption and driver for political patronage networks. Public financial management, political processes, the judiciary and the police count among the sectors considered to be most \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ vulnerable to corruption. Author(s) In recent years, the government has been credited Marie Chêne, Transparency International, internationally for taking important steps against [email protected], with contribution from corruption. In 2009, Azerbaijan became the first Transparency International Azerbaijan compliant country in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. Other important legal and institutional developments have taken place in the Reviewer(s) areas of public sector reform and money laundering, Dieter Zinnbauer, Ph.D., Transparency International among others. These efforts have started to pay off, Date translating in a significant decrease in citizens’ Responded: July 2013 perceptions of corruption in many sectors, as reflected by the recently launched Global Corruption © 2013 Transparency International. All rights reserved. This document should not be considered as representative of the Commission or Transparency International ’s official position. Neither the European Commission, Transparency International nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. This anti-corruption Helpdesk is operated by Transparency International and funded by the European Union OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION IN AZERBAIJAN Barometer 2013. However, the government’s interest groups, these informal networks are human rights track record continues to fuel a culture increasingly evolving towards becoming more of impunity – undermining the effectiveness of business-focussed entities, which are closely linked recent anti-corruption reforms. to the political power (Bertelsmann Foundation 2012). 1 OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION IN AZERBAIJAN In addition to stifling political dissent, the regime sustains itself through a deeply entrenched system Background of political patronage fed by the significant inflows of oil revenues (Freedom House 2013a). Economic Azerbaijan gained independence from the Soviet and political powers are largely concentrated among Union in 1992 in the context of a war with the president, his family and a small group of neighbouring Armenia. When the first government oligarchs, creating a blurred line between economic collapsed in 1993, the country was left in a state of and political interests (Freedom House 2013a). political instability, failed institutions and economic devastation. This resulted in the emergence of a Azerbaijan’s natural resource wealth has fuelled parallel system of economic distribution based on economic growth in the last decade, which greatly informal networks, patronage and vested interests contributed to the stability of the regime, as well as that persist in various forms until today to gains in poverty reduction. However, the country (Bertelsmann Foundation 2012). President Heydar has largely failed to diversify its economy and invest Aliyev came to power in 1993 and managed to adequately in non-oil sectors (Freedom House secure a ceasefire with Armenia, kick-start the 2013a). This heavily oil-reliant regime is currently economy and restore domestic stability and a challenged by falling prices and a downturn in oil functioning state, while creating an authoritarian production, which led to a dramatic drop in GDP regime in a tightly controlled political environment. growth rates (from 34.5 per cent in 2006 to 2.2 per cent in 2012). However, this drop will be offset to a His son Ilham Aliyev took over in 2003, maintaining significant extent in a couple of years due to a vertical power system characterised by patronage expected revenues from gas production (Centre for networks, disregard for civil and political rights, and Economic and Social Studies 2011). repression of political dissent (Freedom House 2013). The opposition boycotted the 2008 A dispute over the Nagorno-Karabakh region presidential elections and president Aliyev was re- continues to fuel tensions between Armenia and elected with 87 per cent of the votes. Presidential Azerbaijan. The region is internationally recognised powers have since been strengthened further, while as part of Azerbaijan, but the country has not the repressive nature of the regime has intensified exercised power over most of the region since the (Bertelsmann Foundation 2012; Freedom House beginning of the 1990s and representatives of both 2013a). The National Assembly is dominated by the governments have been holding peace talks on the president’s New Azerbaijan Party (YAP) and has region's disputed status. Despite numerous very limited oversight or public debate function, international mediation efforts, negotiations have power vis-à-vis and independence from the come to a stall. executive branch (Freedom House 2013b). Presidential elections are due to take place in Extent of corruption October 2013. As term limits for the presidency were lifted in 2009, president Aliyev can potentially Against this backdrop, external observers, citizens be re-elected indefinitely. and companies perceive corruption to be endemic and deeply institutionalised – permeating all Azerbaijan is characterised by the co-existence of spheres of public life. Transparency International’s formal institutions with an informal system, whereby Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 ranks entrenched interests within the elite limit the powers Azerbaijan 139 out of the 176 countries assessed, of the president and often constitute an impediment with a score of 27 on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to reforms. Originally mainly regionally-based 2 OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION IN AZERBAIJAN to 100 (veryclean). incentives for bribe extortion (US Department of State 2012). According to the US Department of The World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators State’s Investment Climate Statement 2012, 2011 confirm this assessment, with the country although some reforms are being undertaken, the performing extremely poor in terms of control of regulatory system is plagued by a persistent lack of corruption (10 on a 0 to 100 scale) and voice and transparency, informal bureaucratic controls and accountability (11.7). Although they score below allegations of corruption, which makes it opaque average (37.9 and 27.8, respectively), regulatory and unpredictable and creates opportunities for quality and political stability are the only areas of bribery. governance assessed by this World Bank exercise for which the country has managed to significantly This is confirmed by the findings of the World Bank improve its scores in the last decade. 2009 enterprise survey which indicates high levels of “petty” bribery across most sectors and public Until recently, citizens’ experiences with corruption services. More than 52 per cent of the firms were consistent with these findings. Forty-seven per surveyed reported being expected to make gifts or cent of respondents to the Transparency informal payments to public officials “to get things International Global Corruption Barometer Report done,” 71.4 per cent to get a construction permit, 54 2010-2011 had paid a bribe in the twelve months per cent to get an electrical connection, and 43 per preceding the survey. While no data is available on cent when meeting a tax official. These findings are citizens’ experience of corruption for 2013, the consistent with the Global Corruption Barometer’s situation seems to have significantly improved in the 2010-2011 data, where an average of 47 per cent of past two years, as 41 per cent of Global Corruption the respondents reported having paid a bribe to Barometer 2013 respondents felt that corruption access the 9 services assessed, which includes had decreased over the last two years and “only” 27 licensing (40 per cent), health (46 per cent), per cent felt that it had increased (compared to 52 customs (44 per cent), judicial (44 per cent) and per cent in 2010-2011). police (56 per cent) services. Companies interviewed for the World Bank’s However, the recently launched Global Corruption Enterprise Survey 2009 largely share this Barometer 2013’s data indicates that the situation experience of bribery. Fifty-two per cent of the firms may have considerably improved across many report having faced at least one bribe payment institutions, especially the police. For example, request, and more than 25 per cent consider while no data on experience of corruption is corruption to be a major constraint. Similarly, available, 41 per
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