Freedom in the World Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1982 A FREEDOM HOUSE BOOK Greenwood Press issues the Freedom House series "Studies in Freedom" in addition to the Freedom House yearbook Freedom in the World. Strategies for the 1980s: Lessons of Cuba, Vietnam, and Afghanistan by Philip van Slyck. Studies in Freedom, Number 1 Freedom in the World Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1982 Raymond D. Gastil With Essays by Charles R. Beitz Jeffrey M. Riedinger Grace Goodell Leonard R. Sussman Stephen J. Morris George Weigel John P. Powelson Lindsay M. Wright Roy L. Prosterman GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London, England Copyright © 1982 by Freedom House, Inc. Freedom House, 20 West 40th Street, New York, New York 10018 All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. ISBN: 0-313-23178-8 First published in 1982 Greenwood Press A division of Congressional Information Service, Inc. 88 Post Road West Westport, Connecticut 06881 Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents MAP AND TABLES vii PREFACE ix PART I. THE SURVEY IN 1982 Freedom in the Comparative Survey 3 Survey Ratings and Tables for 1982 9 PART II. ANALYZING SPECIFIC CIVIL LIBERTIES A Comparative Survey of Economic Freedoms Lindsay M. Wright 51 Worker Freedoms in Latin America 91 The Continuing Struggle for Freedom of Information Leonard R. Sussman 101 A Preliminary Examination of Religious Freedom George Weigel 121 PART III. DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT Democracy in Developing Societies Charles R. Beitz 145 The Democratic Prerequisites of Development Grace Goodell and John P. Powelson 167 V vi CONTENTS Toward an Index of Democratic Development Roy L. Prosterman and Jeffrey M. Riedinger 177 PART IV. THE HUMAN COSTS OF THE TOTALITARIAN ALTERNATIVE Human Rights in Vietnam Under Two Regimes Stephen J. Morris 219 PART V. COUNTRY SUMMARIES Introduction 257 Summaries 261 INDEX 369 Map The Map of Freedom 22 Tables 1. Independent Nations: Comparative Measures of Freedom 10 2. Related Territories: Comparative Measures of Freedom 14 3. Ranking of Nations by Political Rights 18 4. Ranking of Nations by Civil Liberties 19 5. National Elections and Referenda 25 6. National Leaders: Paths to Power 30 7. Political-Economic Systems 34 8. Ratings of Nations since 1973 39 9. Comparative Economic Measures 78 10. The Right to Organize 95 11. The Right to Collective Bargaining 95 12. The Right to Strike 96 13. The Right to Political Action 96 14. Averaged Scores for Trade Union Freedom 97 15. News Media Control by Countries 108 16. A Framework for Evaluating Religious Freedom 138 17. Owner-Operators as a Percentage of All Agricultural Families 181 18. Productivity of Grains as a Percentage of Best Achieved by Any Country 182 19. The Birth-and-Death-Based Measurement of Modernization 190 20. Civil and Political Liberties Index 198 21. The Index of Democratic Development 201 Preface n the past decade the role of ideas and idealism in U.S. foreign policy has Iemerged again as a primary focus of our relations with allies, non-aligned countries, and foes. In public and private international forums, demands for respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights have become rallying points for peoples of all cultures. Freedom House strives to create through the Comparative Survey of Freedom an evaluative tool that will both express and refine our understanding of these demands. By assessing and publicizing the state of political and civil rights, it serves as a standard of hope for the oppressed and as a reminder of what could be for the free. This yearbook marks the tenth year of the Comparative Survey and is the fifth edition in the Freedom House series of annual publications.* Previous yearbooks, in addition to focusing on the Comparative Survey, have empha- sized different aspects of freedom and human rights. The first yearbook, the 1978 edition, examined basic theoretical issues of freedom and democracy and assessed the record of the Year of Human Rights. The second yearbook reported a conference on the potential internal and external factors promoting liberalization in the Soviet Union. The 1980 yearbook had special sections on press and trade union freedoms, the struggle for democracy in Iran, elections in Zimbabwe, and the relationship between human rights policy and morality. The 1981 yearbook contained essays and discussions from a Freedom House conference on the prospects for freedom in Muslim Central Asia. The 1982 yearbook examines issues of freedom and human rights from several perspectives. In addition to the presentation of current Survey findings and country descriptions (Parts I and IV), new tables have been added in Part I •The 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1981 yearbooks are available from Freedom House. ix X PREFACE on national leaders and the means by which they have attained and maintained power, and on country ratings since the Survey's inception in 1973. Part II has four essays on specific civil liberties. They include an examination of economic freedoms and their relationship to politico-economic systems; a further exploration of trade union rights in Latin America, which were dis- cussed theoretically in the 1981 edition; an analysis of media freedoms and the potential impact of proposals in UNESCO on the free flow of information; and a preliminary analysis of religious freedom and the relation of religion to freedom. The main emphasis in this yearbook is on economic freedom, including the relation of economic to political freedoms and of these freedoms to eco- nomic growth and development. The basic argument is made in the essay on economic freedoms in Part II, which presents a new table effectively relating these factors. Part III supplements this argument by consideration of the desirability of promoting democracy in the developing world. In many third world countries, political rights have been repressed in the name of fulfilling the basic needs of nutrition, education and health. Yet, the consequences of repression—violence, increased factionalism, political instability—have erected additional barriers to their fulfillment. Three articles examine the many faces of democracy in developing societies, the prerequisites for promoting suc- cessfully sustained democratic development, and the problems of measuring democratic growth and modernization. The common argument throughout these essays is that there is an inherent link between economic and political pluralism and the ability of nations to increase their wealth and improve equitably their standards of living. Part IV examines the human cost of totalitarianism by assessing the status of human rights in Vietnam before and after the reunification of North and South Vietnam. This comparison is often made conversationally and anecdot- ally, but seldom in detail. We acknowledge, once again, the contribution made by the advisory panel for the Comparative Survey. The panel consists of: Robert J. Alexander, Professor of Economics, Rutgers University; Richard W. Cottam, Professor of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh; Herbert J. Ellison, Professor of History, University of Washington; Seymour Martin Lipset, Senior Fellow, the Hoover Institution; Lucian Pye, Professor of Polit- ical Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Leslie Rubin, lawyer, professor, and African specialist; Giovanni Sartori, the Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University; and Robert Scalapino and Paul Seabury, Professors of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley. We express also our appreciation to those foundations whose grants have made possible the year-round functioning of the Comparative Survey of Free- dom, and the publication of this yearbook. We are especially grateful for the continuing assistance provided by the J. Howard Pew Freedom Trust. We also PREFACE xi thank the Earhart Foundation and the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation for their grants. The Survey and all Freedom House activities are also assisted by the generous support of individual members of the organization as well as trade unions, corporations, and public foundations which contribute to our general budget. No financial support from any government—now or in the past—has been either solicited or accepted. We also acknowledge the research and editorial assistance of Jeannette C. Gastil in producing this yearbook. PART I The Survey in 1982 Freedom in the Comparative Survey Published at least annually since January 19731 the Comparative Survey of Freedom has become a standard reference for those concerned with the state of freedom in the world. Freedom is a basic value of our culture and to a degree of all cultures. Like all values, its expression must be limited in real societies by countervailing values, particularly those of order and responsibility. Too often this simple fact is forgotten by Americans. To the average person freedom may mean lack of restraint, an ability to do as one likes, to escape the interference of those around him. At the extreme, freedom means license and in political-economic terms may be identified as libertarianism. Freedom is also used to mean freedom from the operation of cause and effect. It implies belief that human beings can individually and in groups decide on their interests and pursue them. "Freedom of the will" is thus juxtaposed to the idea of a deterministic universe in which only statistical variation produces change. Belief in this freedom lies at the root of all human action; without it we could not function. Paradoxically it is impossible to prove the existence of such a freedom. Freedom also applies to the right of groups to determine their own lives. The Thirteen Colonies wanted to be free from Great Britain in this sense, just as each colony wished to retain as much freedom of this kind from the resulting federal union as it could. To distinguish this freedom of people in groups from more individualistic freedoms the Survey refers to this freedom as "independence"; an independent state is unfortunately not necessarily free in other senses.