Global Peace Index 2018: Measuring Peace in a Complex World, Sydney, June 2018
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Measurement Issues and the Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption
Measurement Issues and the Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption By Lee B. Becker University of Georgia, USA ([email protected]) Teresa K. Naab Hochschule für Musik, Theater und Medien, Hannover, Germany ([email protected]) Cynthia English Gallup, USA ([email protected]) Tudor Vlad University of Georgia, USA ([email protected]) Direct correspondence to: Dr. Lee B. Becker, Grady College of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Georgia, 120 Hooper St., Athens, GA 30602 USA Abstract Advocates for media freedom have consistently argued that corruption goes down when journalists operating in a free media environment are able to expose the excesses of governmental leaders. An evolving body of research finds evidence to support this assertion. Measurement of corruption is a complicated undertaking, and it has received little attention in this literature. This paper focuses on perceptual measures of corruption based on public opinion surveys. It attempts to replicate the finding of a negative relationship between media freedom and corruption using multiple measures of media freedom. The findings challenge the general argument that media freedom unambiguously is associated with lower levels of corruption. Presented to the Journalism Research and Education Section, International Association for Media and Communication Research, Dublin, Ireland, June 25-29, 2013. -1- Measurement Issues and the Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption Advocates for media freedom have consistently argued that corruption goes down when journalists operating in a free media environment are able to expose the excesses of governmental leaders. Indeed an evolving body of research finds evidence of a negative relationship between media freedom and level of corruption of a country even when controlling for several other political, social and economic characteristics of the country. -
Global Peace Index
security Quantifying the state of peace Global Peace Index With a new Global Peace Index countries can be ranked according to their ‘state of peace’. By Joris Voorhoeve Indicators of peace hat can be counted does not count, and what counts W cannot be counted’. Does this bon mot, attributed to Violent conflict Albert Einstein, also apply to what counts above all – peace? 1 Number of external and internal violent conflicts in 000–0 In May 2007 a group of committed individuals launched a Number of deaths from organized external conflict new website, Vision of Humanity, as the reference point for the Number of deaths from organized internal conflict Global Peace Index (GPi), which is intended to highlight the Level of organized internal conflict relationship between global peace and sustainability.1 The GPi Relations with neighbouring countries. was developed by an international team of experts brought together at the initiative of Australian entrepreneur and Societal security philanthropist Steve Killelea, and drawn up by analysts from the Level of distrust in other citizens Economist Intelligence Unit. 7 Displaced persons as percentage of the population The GPi attempts to measure the ‘state of peace’ within and Political instability among 121 nations, based on 24 indicators in three areas: aspects Level of respect for human rights (political terror scale) of violent conflict, elements of societal security, and measures of 10 Potential for terrorist acts militarization (see box). From these, two weighted indices are 11 Homicides per 100,000 people calculated to provide measures of the extent to which each 1 Other violent crime statistics country is at peace internally and with other countries. -
The Impact of the Terrorism on North African Tourism
The impact of the terrorism on North African tourism Florentina-Stefania NEAGU The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania [email protected] Abstract. Tourism is one of the most important sector of the national economy and in the same time is the main reason for which the tourists visit the North African states. In 2015, the total contribution of North African tourism represent 10.8% from GDP registering an increase of 1.4% compared to 2014, also the contribution of tourism to employment was 10.4 % in 2015. But this increase was affected by the terrorist attacks in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. According to Global Terrorism Index for 2016, these countries are in the ranking of states with the highest impact of terrorism. Security situation in 2015 is the following: 947 incidents, 1198 deaths, 1603 injured, 264 property damages. This situation greatly influences the decision of tourists to travel in these countries. For demonstrate what is the impact on terrorism in this region have been analized the data bases of World Travel and Tourism Council, Council and Foreign Relations and Global Terrorism Database for the period 2010-2015. If the terrorist attacks continue in the next years not only the tourism will be affected but also the activities of its associates. Keywords: tourism, tourists, terrorism, security. Introduction The tourism industry annually attracts millions of tourists who want to discover new places, have fun and practice sports. The purpose of tourism is to satisfy the needs of tourists by providing them comfortable accommodation, food of the highest quality and providing entertainment. -
Arab and American Think Tanks: New Possibilities for Cooperation? New Engines for Reform?
THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. POLICY TOWARDS THE ISLAMIC WORLD WORKING PAPER October 2004 ARAB AND AMERICAN THINK TANKS: NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR COOPERATION? NEW ENGINES FOR REFORM? EZZAT IBRAHIM T HE S ABAN C ENTER FOR M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT T HE B ROOKINGS I NSTITUTION THE BROOKINGS PROJECT ON U.S. POLICY TOWARDS THE ISLAMIC WORLD WORKING PAPER October 2004 ARAB AND AMERICAN THINK TANKS: NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR COOPERATION? NEW ENGINES FOR REFORM? EZZAT IBRAHIM T HE S ABAN C ENTER FOR M IDDLE E AST P OLICY AT T HE B ROOKINGS I NSTITUTION THE AUTHOR EZZAT IBRAHIM is a foreign affairs journalist for the Towards the Islamic World at the Saban Center for Egyptian daily Al-Ahram,a leading Arabic language Middle East Policy, during the fall and winter of 2003. newspaper in the Middle East. Ibrahim is the first For the spring and summer of 2004, he served as a Egyptian and Middle Eastern journalist to receive the Congressional Fellow in the office of Representative prestigious Fulbright Congressional Fellowship award, Jim McDermott (D-Washington). Ibrahim has a a one-year program organized by the Fulbright Masters degree from the Graduate School of Social Commission and the American Political Science Science, Sussex University (United Kingdom) and Association in the U.S. Congress. He served as a a B.A. from the faculty of mass communication, Cairo Visiting Fellow for The Brookings Project on U.S. Policy University. III INTRODUCTION n the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the a catalyst for reform. Civil society refers to the zone I relationship between the United States and the of voluntary associative life beyond family and clan Arab world has reached a low point. -
Senegal Summary 2020
Senegal - Threat Assessment - 2020 Page 1 of 10 Modern Slavery: The 2018 GSI Index: 46/51 1. Senegal African countries, with 43,000 modern day slaves, and an incidence of 2.9/1000 people, Section 1 - Executive Summary and a “B” response. US Trafficking in Persons gave Senegal a Tier 2 rating. Grey Lists: Senegal is not listed by FATF, or by the EU on their “Grey” lists. Senegal is, Sanctions & Terrorism: There are no sanctions however, listed by the US as a “Country of against the country. Senegal is a Tier 3 (lowest Primary Concern” in respect of ML & FC. threat) PPI 2019 (Proliferation) Index country with a “moderate ” control score of 370/1,300. National Risk Assessment: Senegal Senegal has a “very low” impact (score completed a National Risk Assessment, though 1.186/10) in the 2019 Global Terrorism Index. it appears not to be publicly available. Senegal is in US Country Reports on Terrorism. According to the GIABA report in 2018, the “NRA identified the most prevalent predicate Response & Resilience: FATF MER 4th round offences of money laundering which are: fraud, results by GIABA in 2018, were 43/100 for drug trafficking, migrants smuggling, “Technical Compliance” 40 Recommendations corruption, customs and tax offences,” and & 3/100 for “Effectiveness” 11 Outcomes. “high risk sectors are: money transfer; Senegal scored 6.04/10 for resilience (high), authorised foreign exchange; electronic ranked 5/54 for Africa in the OC Index. money; the hotel sector; the real estate sector; the legal and accounting professions.” Indices: Senegal scored 71/100, and rated “partly free” in the 2019 Freedom in the World Organised Crime: According to the OC Index, Index, and 58/100 for economic freedom Low Criminality - High Resilience. -
Predators 2021 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREDATORS 2021 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Azerbaijan 167/180* Eritrea 180/180* Isaias AFWERKI Ilham Aliyev Born 2 February 1946 Born 24 December 1961 > President of the Republic of Eritrea > President of the Republic of Azerbaijan since 19 May 1993 since 2003 > Predator since 18 September 2001, the day he suddenly eliminated > Predator since taking office, but especially since 2014 his political rivals, closed all privately-owned media and jailed outspoken PREDATORY METHOD: Subservient judicial system journalists Azerbaijan’s subservient judicial system convicts journalists on absurd, spurious PREDATORY METHOD: Paranoid totalitarianism charges that are sometimes very serious, while the security services never The least attempt to question or challenge the regime is regarded as a threat to rush to investigate physical attacks on journalists and sometimes protect their “national security.” There are no more privately-owned media, only state media assailants, even when they have committed appalling crimes. Under President with Stalinist editorial policies. Journalists are regarded as enemies. Some have Aliyev, news sites can be legally blocked if they pose a “danger to the state died in prison, others have been imprisoned for the past 20 years in the most or society.” Censorship was stepped up during the war with neighbouring appalling conditions, without access to their family or a lawyer. According to Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh and the government routinely refuses to give the information RSF has been getting for the past two decades, journalists accreditation to foreign journalists. -
Further Deterioration of Media Freedoms and Freedom of Expression
Monitoring of Media in Republic of Macedonia REPORT No. 1 - 2013 MEDIA MIRROR FURTHER DETERIORATION OF MEDIA FREEDOMS AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION FEBRUARY 2013 “Media Mirror” Program is implemented with financial support from Foundation Open Sociey-Macedonia. 1. Introduction and Methodology The NGO Info-centre, with financial support from the Foundation Open Society Macedonia (FOSM), under the auspices of its "Media Mirror" programme, implements monitoring of media reporting on issues and topics related to media freedoms and freedom of expression. This report covers the period from January 1 to February 6, 2013. The monitoring included the following media: seven daily newspapers ("Utrinski vesnik”, “Dnevnik”, “Vest”, “Večer“, "Nova Makedonija”, “Fokus” and “Den”), the central news programmes aired by seven television stations that broadcast nationally or over the satellite (24 Vesti TV, Kanal 5 TV, Sitel TV, Telma TV, MTV1, Alfa TV and AlsatM TV), and six internet news portals (Sky.mk, MKD.mk, Libertas.mk, Plusinfo.mk, Kurir.mk and A1on.mk). The monitoring was conducted daily, depending on the actual coverage of events and topics related to media freedoms and freedom of expression in the media. The monitoring applied contents analysis of published journalistic articles and broadcast stories and reports. 2. Key Findings The events that transpired in January and the first week of February of this year, related to the media scene in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the analysis of the contents of media coverage of those events and developments, indicate a continued deterioration of media freedoms and freedom of expression in the country. Pressures, Threats and Harangues Directed at Critical Media and Journalists The types, scope and frequency of events during the short period of time covered by this analysis indicate that: The media and journalists critical of the Government are under constant pressure of the Government; the censorship is gaining in intensity while self- censorship becomes an everyday occurrence and a regular practice. -
A Systematic Analysis of the Discrepancies Between Press Freedom As Measured by Reporters Without Borders and Freedom House
A Systematic Analysis of the Discrepancies between Press Freedom as Measured by Reporters Without Borders and Freedom House Lee B. Becker James M. Cox Jr. Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Georgia U.S.A. Laura Schneider Graduate School Media and Communication Department of Journalism and Communication Science University of Hamburg Germany Tudor Vlad James M. Cox Jr. Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Georgia U.S.A. ABSTRACT Since 2002, Reporters Without Borders, based in Paris, and Freedom House, based in New York, have conducted parallel, and ostensibly independent, measures of press freedom around the world. Across those years, the two nongovernmental organizations have produced measures that are extremely highly correlated. Perhaps because of the high correlations, no systematic analysis has been conducted of the discrepancies. This paper does just that, focusing on discrepancies that are consistent year-to-year as well as those that do not replicate. By using the textual summaries of discrepant cases, the authors attempt to understand the differences as a way of illuminating consistencies and discrepancies in the methodologies of the two evaluators. Paper presented to the international conference Media and the Public Sphere, Lyon, France, July 2-3, 2012. Introduction Two organizations currently produce quantitative measures of media freedom around the world based on the work of professional evaluators. The best known and most widely used measure of press freedom is that of Freedom House (FH). A nongovernmental organization based in Washington, D.C., Freedom House was founded in 1941 to promote democracy globally. -
Role of Environment and Environmental Education on Global Peace- an Analytical Study
International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X Role of Environment and Environmental Education on Global Peace- An Analytical Study Dr. Surajit Let, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography Krishna Chandra College, (Hetampur, Birbhum) [email protected] Abstract: Peace is the mental state of happiness. There are two types of peace Positive peace and Negative peace. When in a place there is no violence such as wars is known as Negative peace on the contrary positive peace refers to the absence of structural violence that is the systematic inequities such as gender or racial discrimination. No doubt, environment is an influencing factor for peace but not a controlling factor. If we able to find out the relationship between environment and peace then it will be easy to judge the role of environmental education on global peace. Actually we should remember that global peace and mental peace is not same things. So in broad sense it is very critical to analyze. To show the relationship between environment and global peace I have used two index Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and Environmental vulnerability Index (EVI) to show the global position of those countries in respect of environmental performance. To show the global position in respect of peace I have used Global Peace Index (GPI). Key- words: Environmental Performance Index, Global Peace Index, Environmental vulnerability Index’ Resource management, global citizen, sustainable society, Global conflict. A. Introduction: Education is a lifelong process, which takes place from the womb to the tomb. Education is a human right. It is the mirror of our modern society and essential for human emancipation and social development (Sharma, 2003). -
GDI) and Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI): a Cross-Country Empirical Study (1998 – 2017
Open Political Science, 2021; 4: 15–26 Research Article Debasish Roy* Formulation of Governance and Democracy Index (GDI) and Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI): A Cross-country Empirical Study (1998 – 2017) https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0002 received July 6, 2020; accepted August 10, 2020. Abstract: This research paper is aimed at formulation of a composite Governance and Democracy Index (GDI) based on the six indicators of good governance by Kaufmann et al. (2003, 2007) to assess and evaluate the relative performances of 10 major democracies of the world for the time period of 20 years (1998 – 2017) (Base Year = 1996). In order to do so, three distinct methodologies are adopted based on the absolute values and relative changes in the observations of independent variables. The extended part of this research involves formulation of Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI) which incorporates the Emancipative values. Keywords: Control of Corruption Relative (CCR); Government Effectiveness Relative (GER); Political Stability Relative (PSR); Governance and Democracy Index (GDI); Governance and Democracy Index Area (GDIA); Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI). JEL Classifications: C10; C43; C65; H11; P52. 1 Introduction The modern concept of governance originated from the Greek verb κυβερνάω (kubernáo) as coined by Plato which means “to steer” – and it should be the focal theme of a political leader (Republic 8.551c). According to Shin (2016), “Whereas government is a descriptive term that refers to the official institutions of a state, the term governance has had a normative cast since its inception, signifying forms of rule that produce desired ends”. -
Democracy Index 2010 Democracy in Retreat a Report from the Economist Intelligence Unit
Democracy index 2010 Democracy in retreat A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit www.eiu.com Democracy index 2010 Democracy in retreat The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy 2010 Democracy in retreat This is the third edition of the Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index. It reflects the situation as of November 2010. The first edition, published in The Economist’sThe World in 2007, measured the state of democracy in September 2006 and the second edition covered the situation towards the end of 2008. The index provides a snapshot of the state of democracy worldwide for 165 independent states and two territories—this covers almost the entire population of the world and the vast majority of the world’s independent states (micro states are excluded). The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. Free and fair elections and civil liberties are necessary conditions for democracy, but they are unlikely to be sufficient for a full and consolidated democracy if unaccompanied by transparent and at least minimally efficient government, sufficient political participation and a supportive democratic political culture. It is not easy to build a sturdy democracy. Even in long-established ones, if not nurtured and protected, democracy can corrode. Democracy in decline The global record in democratisation since the start of its so-called third wave in 1974, and acceleration after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, has been impressive. -
Richard Giragosian
Richard Giragosian Mr. Richard Giragosian is the Founding Director of the Regional Studies Center (RSC), an independent “think tank” located in Yerevan, Armenia. He also serves as a Visiting Professor and as a Senior Expert at the YerevanStateUniversity’s Centre for European Studies (CES) and is a contributing analyst for Oxford Analytica, a London- based global analysis and advisory firm. Giragosian previously served from 2009-2011 as the Director of the ArmenianCenter for National and International Studies (ACNIS), another think tank in Armenia. From 1999-2008, he was a regular contributor to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) publications, and also served as a contributing analyst for the London- based Jane’s Information Group from 2003-2010, covering political, economic and security issues in the South Caucasus, Central Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. From 2008-2010, he was a regular columnist for the Turkish-language international edition of Newsweek and still serves as a consultant and adviser to several Turkish media outlets and analytical publications. He has contributed to publications of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the Bertelsmann Foundation, the International Security Network (ISN), the Swiss Peace Foundation, and has written for Jane’s Defence Weekly, Oxford Analytica’s Daily Brief, theChina and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Jane’s Intelligence Digest, the Hong Kong-based “Asia Times,” the journal Demokratizatsiya,Jane’s Foreign Report, the Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Jane’s Islamic Affairs Analyst, the “Turkish Daily News,” the Turkish Policy Quarterly, OxfordUniversity’s St. Antony’s International Review (STAIR), and the Harvard International Review, among others.