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About the Author ABOUT THE AUTHOR Matthew J. Morgan is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and has completed graduate work at Harvard Business School and the University of Hawai’i. He served six years in U.S. Army intelligence, including a tour in Afghanistan in which he was awarded the Bronze Star. He currently works as an associate at McKinsey & Company. Morgan has served in a variety of teaching appointments at various institutions since 2002, including assistant professor of government at Bentley College, lecturer of organizational and political communications at Emerson College, and others. He is the author of A Democracy Is Born (Praeger/Greenwood, 2007) and over thirty articles on strategic and orga- nizational issues. NOTES CHAPTER 1 1. John Gearson, “The Nature of Modern Terrorism,” Political Quarterly 73, no. 4 (August 2002): 7–24, see 12. 2. Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 225. 3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “U.S. Power and Strategy After Iraq,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (July/August 2003): 60–73, see 60–61. 4. George Soros, “The Bubble of American Supremacy,” Atlantic Monthly 292, no. 5 (December 2003): 63–66, see 63. 5. Madeleine K. Albright, “Bridges, Bombs, or Bluster?” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (September/October 2003): 2–18, see 3. 6. See, for example, Douglas Kellner, “Postmodern War in the Age of Bush II,” New Political Science 24, no. 1 (March 2002): 57–72. Lawrence Freedman explores this issue, leaving the question open about whether World War III will develop from the American war on Islamic terrorism, in “The Third World War?” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 61–88. 7. For the view of the Cold War as World War III, see Monty G. Marshall, Third World War: System, Process, and Conflict Dynamics (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); Editorial, “Now that We’ve Won World War III,” Airpower Journal 4, no. 1 (Spring 1990): 2. For the more common view that deterrence prevented the war and did not consist of it, see Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, “Deterrence and the Cold War,” Political Science Quarterly 110, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 157–81. 8. Norman Podhoretz, “How to Win World War IV,” Commentary 113, no. 2 (February 2002): 19–29; “World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win,” Commentary 118, no. 2 (September 2004): 17–54; Norman Podhoretz, “The War Against World War IV,” Commentary 119, no. 2 (February 2005): 23–42; also, Eliot A. Cohen, “World War IV,” Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2001, A18. 170 NOTES 9. Andrew J. Bacevich, “The Real World War IV,” Wilson Quarterly 29, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 36–61. 10. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone Books, 1998); Ervand Abrahamian, “The U.S. Media, Huntington, and September 11,” Third World Quarterly 24, no. 3 (June 2003): 529–44. 11. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; Patrick J. Buchanan, The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization (New York: St. Martin’s, 2002); Samuel P. Huntington, “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy (March/April 2004): 30–45. These authors warn of the relative demographic decline of Western populations, although they are more concerned with identity and domestic population. For a more specific argument by Huntington on domestic demographic decline, see “The Erosion of American National Interests,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997): 28–49. 12. Gawdat Bahgat, “Oil and Militant Islam: Strains on U.S.-Saudi Relations,” World Affairs 165, no. 3 (Winter 2003): 115–22; Mai Yamani, Changed Identities: The Challenge of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs Middle East Program, 2000); Eric Rouleau, “Trouble in the Kingdom,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 4 (July/August 2002): 75–89; J. E. Peterson, “Saudi-American Relations After September 11,” Asian Affairs 33, no. 1 (February 2002): 102–15. 13. Robert D. Kaplan, “A Tale of Two Colonies,” Atlantic Monthly 291, no. 3 (April 2003): 46–53. 14. Elizabeth Kier, “Homosexuals in the U.S. Military,” International Security 23, no. 2 (Fall 1998): 5–39. CHAPTER 2 1. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 2002), 171. The statistical review in the State Department’s report does not cover total casualties; it only tracks Americans, and the casualty reporting is not as longitudinal as the number of attacks. The casualties of terrorist incidents are tracked for the past five years versus the past twenty years. In 2004, this annual report was replaced by Country Reports on Terrorism, which contains detailed statistics on worldwide terrorist incidents, but it mostly focuses on developments since 2001 instead of longer-term trends. 2. Nadine Gurr and Benjamin Cole, The New Face of Terrorism: Threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002). 3. David C. Rapoport, “The Fourth Wave: September 11 and the History of Terrorism,” Current History 100, no. 650 (December 2001): 419–24. 4. National Commission on Terrorism, Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism: Report of the National Commission on Terrorism (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000). NOTES 171 5. Walter Laqueur, “Terror’s New Face,” Harvard International Review 20, no. 4 (Fall 1998): 48–51. 6. Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman, and Bradley A. Thayer, America’s Achilles’ Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Brad Roberts, ed., Terrorism with Chemical and Biological Weapons: Calibrating Risks and Responses (Alexandria, VA: Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, 1997); Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). 7. Ashton Carter, John Deutch, and Philip Zelikow, “Catastrophic Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (November/December 1998): 80–94. 8. S. K. Malik, The Quranic Concept of War (Lahore, Pakistan: Wajidalis, 1979), quoted in Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden (Roosevelt, CA: Prima, 1999), xv. 9. National Commission on Terrorism, Countering the Changing Threat, 2. 10. Chris Quillen, “A Historical Analysis of Mass Casualty Bombers,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25, no. 5 (September/October 2002): 279–92. 11. Walter Laqueur, No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Continuum, 2003). 12. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). 13. Richard Falkenrayth, “Confronting Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism,” Survival 40, no. 3 (Autumn 1998): 43–65, see 52. 14. Paul Beuman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003). 15. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorist Targets and Tactics: New Risks to World Order (Conflict Study 236) (Washington, DC: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, December 1990), 7. 16. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism. 17. David C. Rapoport, “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions,” American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 668–72. 18. Bruce Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror’: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 18, no. 4 (October–December 1995): 271–84 19. Brian M. Jenkins, The Likelihood of Nuclear Terrorism (P-7119) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, July 1985). 20. Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror,’” 273. 21. Mark Juergensmeyer, “Terror Mandated by God,” Terrorism and Political Violence 9, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 16–23. 22. D. W. Brackett, Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo (New York: Weatherhill, 1996), 5–7. 23. David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World (New York: Crown, 1996), 74. 172 NOTES 24. Hiroshi Takahashi, Paul Keimm, Arnold F. Kaufman, Christine Keys, Timothy L. Smith, Kiyosu Taniguchi, Sakae Inouye, and Takeshi Kurata, “Bacillus Anthracis Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993,” Emerging Infections Diseases 10, no. 1 (January 2004): 117–20. 25. Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, 72. 26. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 20. 27. Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror,’” 280. 28. Gavin Cameron, Nuclear Terrorism (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1999), 139. 29. Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism (London: Hutchinson, 1987), 192. 30. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror (New York: Random House, 2002). 31. Magnus Ranstorp, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 21, no. 4 (October– December 1998): 321–32. 32. Shaikh Osama Bin Muhammad Bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa’I Abroad Taha, Shaikh Mir Hamzah, and Fazlul Rahman, “The World Islamic Front’s Statement Urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,” London al-Quds al-Arabi, February 23, 1998. 33. Steven Simon and Daniel Benjamin, “The Terror,” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 5–18, see 12. 34. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). 35. Gurr and Cole, The New Face of Terrorism, 144. 36. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Project Megiddo (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, October 20, 1999). Available online at http:// permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf. 37. Gurr and Cole, The New Face of Terrorism. 38. See Gore Vidal, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated (New York: Verso, 2002), for an exposition of the point of view that the Murrah Federal Building could not have occurred without a larger support structure. 39. Daniel Levitas, The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2002). 40. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: HarperCollins, 2003). 41. Robert J.
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