ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Matthew J. Morgan is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and has completed graduate work at Harvard Business School and the University of Hawai’i. He served six years in U.S. Army intelligence, including a tour in Afghanistan in which he was awarded the Bronze Star. He currently works as an associate at McKinsey & Company. Morgan has served in a variety of teaching appointments at various institutions since 2002, including assistant professor of government at Bentley College, lecturer of organizational and political communications at Emerson College, and others. He is the author of A Democracy Is Born (Praeger/Greenwood, 2007) and over thirty articles on strategic and orga- nizational issues. NOTES

CHAPTER 1

1. John Gearson, “The Nature of Modern Terrorism,” Political Quarterly 73, no. 4 (August 2002): 7–24, see 12. 2. Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 225. 3. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “U.S. Power and Strategy After Iraq,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (July/August 2003): 60–73, see 60–61. 4. George Soros, “The Bubble of American Supremacy,” Atlantic Monthly 292, no. 5 (December 2003): 63–66, see 63. 5. Madeleine K. Albright, “Bridges, Bombs, or Bluster?” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 5 (September/October 2003): 2–18, see 3. 6. See, for example, Douglas Kellner, “Postmodern War in the Age of Bush II,” New 24, no. 1 (March 2002): 57–72. Lawrence Freedman explores this issue, leaving the question open about whether World War III will develop from the American war on , in “The Third World War?” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 61–88. 7. For the view of the Cold War as World War III, see Monty G. Marshall, Third World War: System, Process, and Conflict Dynamics (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); Editorial, “Now that We’ve Won World War III,” Airpower Journal 4, no. 1 (Spring 1990): 2. For the more common view that deterrence prevented the war and did not consist of it, see Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, “Deterrence and the Cold War,” Political Science Quarterly 110, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 157–81. 8. , “How to Win World War IV,” Commentary 113, no. 2 (February 2002): 19–29; “World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win,” Commentary 118, no. 2 (September 2004): 17–54; Norman Podhoretz, “The War Against World War IV,” Commentary 119, no. 2 (February 2005): 23–42; also, Eliot A. Cohen, “World War IV,” Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2001, A18. 170 NOTES

9. Andrew J. Bacevich, “The Real World War IV,” Wilson Quarterly 29, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 36–61. 10. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone Books, 1998); Ervand Abrahamian, “The U.S. Media, Huntington, and September 11,” Third World Quarterly 24, no. 3 (June 2003): 529–44. 11. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; Patrick J. Buchanan, The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization (New York: St. Martin’s, 2002); Samuel P. Huntington, “The Hispanic Challenge,” Foreign Policy (March/April 2004): 30–45. These authors warn of the relative demographic decline of Western populations, although they are more concerned with identity and domestic population. For a more specific argument by Huntington on domestic demographic decline, see “The Erosion of American National Interests,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997): 28–49. 12. Gawdat Bahgat, “Oil and Militant Islam: Strains on U.S.-Saudi Relations,” World Affairs 165, no. 3 (Winter 2003): 115–22; Mai Yamani, Changed Identities: The Challenge of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia (: Royal Institute of International Affairs Program, 2000); Eric Rouleau, “Trouble in the Kingdom,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 4 (July/August 2002): 75–89; J. E. Peterson, “Saudi-American Relations After September 11,” Asian Affairs 33, no. 1 (February 2002): 102–15. 13. Robert D. Kaplan, “A Tale of Two Colonies,” Atlantic Monthly 291, no. 3 (April 2003): 46–53. 14. Elizabeth Kier, “Homosexuals in the U.S. Military,” International Security 23, no. 2 (Fall 1998): 5–39.

CHAPTER 2

1. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 2002), 171. The statistical review in the State Department’s report does not cover total casualties; it only tracks Americans, and the casualty reporting is not as longitudinal as the number of attacks. The casualties of terrorist incidents are tracked for the past five years versus the past twenty years. In 2004, this annual report was replaced by Country Reports on Terrorism, which contains detailed statistics on worldwide terrorist incidents, but it mostly focuses on developments since 2001 instead of longer-term trends. 2. Nadine Gurr and Benjamin Cole, The New Face of Terrorism: Threats from Weapons of Mass Destruction (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2002). 3. David C. Rapoport, “The Fourth Wave: September 11 and the History of Terrorism,” Current History 100, no. 650 (December 2001): 419–24. 4. National Commission on Terrorism, Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism: Report of the National Commission on Terrorism (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000). NOTES 171

5. Walter Laqueur, “Terror’s New Face,” Harvard International Review 20, no. 4 (Fall 1998): 48–51. 6. Richard A. Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman, and Bradley A. Thayer, America’s Achilles’ Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Brad Roberts, ed., Terrorism with Chemical and Biological Weapons: Calibrating Risks and Responses (Alexandria, VA: Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, 1997); Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). 7. Ashton Carter, John Deutch, and Philip Zelikow, “Catastrophic Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (November/December 1998): 80–94. 8. S. K. Malik, The Quranic Concept of War (Lahore, : Wajidalis, 1979), quoted in Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden (Roosevelt, CA: Prima, 1999), xv. 9. National Commission on Terrorism, Countering the Changing Threat, 2. 10. Chris Quillen, “A Historical Analysis of Mass Casualty Bombers,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25, no. 5 (September/October 2002): 279–92. 11. Walter Laqueur, No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Continuum, 2003). 12. Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). 13. Richard Falkenrayth, “Confronting Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism,” Survival 40, no. 3 (Autumn 1998): 43–65, see 52. 14. Paul Beuman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003). 15. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorist Targets and Tactics: New Risks to World Order (Conflict Study 236) (Washington, DC: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, December 1990), 7. 16. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism. 17. David C. Rapoport, “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions,” American Political Science Review 78, no. 3 (September 1984): 668–72. 18. Bruce Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror’: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 18, no. 4 (October–December 1995): 271–84 19. Brian M. Jenkins, The Likelihood of Nuclear Terrorism (P-7119) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, July 1985). 20. Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror,’” 273. 21. Mark Juergensmeyer, “Terror Mandated by God,” Terrorism and Political Violence 9, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 16–23. 22. D. W. Brackett, Holy Terror: Armageddon in Tokyo (New York: Weatherhill, 1996), 5–7. 23. David Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World (New York: Crown, 1996), 74. 172 NOTES

24. Hiroshi Takahashi, Paul Keimm, Arnold F. Kaufman, Christine Keys, Timothy L. Smith, Kiyosu Taniguchi, Sakae Inouye, and Takeshi Kurata, “Bacillus Anthracis Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993,” Emerging Infections Diseases 10, no. 1 (January 2004): 117–20. 25. Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, 72. 26. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 20. 27. Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror,’” 280. 28. Gavin Cameron, Nuclear Terrorism (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1999), 139. 29. Amir Taheri, Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism (London: , 1987), 192. 30. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror (New York: Random House, 2002). 31. Magnus Ranstorp, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 21, no. 4 (October– December 1998): 321–32. 32. Shaikh Osama Bin Muhammad Bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa’I Abroad Taha, Shaikh Mir Hamzah, and Fazlul Rahman, “The World Islamic Front’s Statement Urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders,” London al-Quds al-Arabi, February 23, 1998. 33. Steven Simon and Daniel Benjamin, “The Terror,” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 5–18, see 12. 34. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). 35. Gurr and Cole, The New Face of Terrorism, 144. 36. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Project Megiddo (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, October 20, 1999). Available online at http:// permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf. 37. Gurr and Cole, The New Face of Terrorism. 38. See Gore Vidal, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated (New York: Verso, 2002), for an exposition of the point of view that the Murrah Federal Building could not have occurred without a larger support structure. 39. Daniel Levitas, The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2002). 40. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: HarperCollins, 2003). 41. Robert J. Lifton, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999). 42. James D. Wolfensohn, “Making the World a Better and Safer Place: The Time for Action is Now,” 22, no. 2 (May 2002): 118–23; Andrew S. Furber, “Don’t drink the water... ” British Medical Journal 326, no. 7390 (March 22, 2003): 667; Jan Nederveen Pieterse, “Global Inequality: Bringing Politics Back In,” Third World Quarterly 23, no. 6 (December 2002): 1023–46. 43. Karin von Hippel, “The Roots of Terrorism: Probing the Myths,” Political Quarterly 73, no. 4 (August 2002): 25–39. NOTES 173

44. Michael Mousseau, “Market Civilization and Its Clash With Terror,” International Security 27, no. 3 (Winter 2003): 5–29, see 6. 45. Mousseau, “Market Civilization”; Audrey Kurth Cronin, “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism,” International Security 27, no. 3 (Winter 2003): 30–58. 46. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. and Gregory A. Raymond, Exorcising the Ghost of Westphalia: Building World Order in the New Millennium (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002). This is the main idea of the book, which is why the title refers to the “ghost of Westphalia.” 47. Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists. 48. Harvey W. Kushner, ed., The Future of Terrorism: Violence in the New Millennium (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1998). 49. Lawrence Freedman, “The Third World War?” Survival 43, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 61–88. 50. James Adams, The New Spies (London: Hutchinson, 1994), 180 and 184. 51. Adams, The New Spies, 180. 52. Taheri, Holy Terror, 100–101. 53. Frank Smyth, “Culture Clash, bin Laden, Khartoum, and the War Against the West,” Jane’s Intelligence Review (October 1998): 22. 54. Adrian Guelke, The Age of Terrorism (London: I. B. Tauris, 1998), 148. 55. Paul R. Pillar, “Terrorism Goes Global: Extremist Groups Extend Their Reach Worldwide,” The Brookings Review 19, no. 4 (Fall 2001): 34–37. 56. John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini, “Networks, Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism,” in Countering the New Terrorism (MR-989-AF) by Ian O. Lesser, Bruce Hoffman, John Arquilla, David F. Ronfeldt, Michele Zanini, and Brian Michael Jenkins, (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999), 51. 57. Paul J. Smith, “Transnational Terrorism and the al Qaeda Model: Confronting New Realities,” Parameters 32, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 33–46, see 37. 58. Smith, “Transnational Terrorism,” 37. 59. Jessica Stern, “The Protean Enemy,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (July–August 2003): 27–40. 60. Brian M. Jenkins, “Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? A Reappraisal,” in Kushner, The Future of Terrorism, 225–49. 61. Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists, 70. 62. Jenkins, “Will Terrorists Go Nuclear?” 63. Walter Laqueur, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). 64. Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism, 66. 65. Arquilla, Ronfeldt, and Zanini, “Networks, Netwar, and Information-Age Terrorism.” 66. Pillar, “Terrorism Goes Global.” 67. President George W. Bush, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America: September 2002 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2002), ii and 13. 68. Noam Chomsky, 9-11 (New York: Open Media, 2001). 174 NOTES

69. President Bush, National Security Strategy, 15. 70. David Kay, Statement on the Interim Progress Report on the Activities of the Iraq Survey Group (ISG) Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Defense, and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Washington, DC, October 2, 2003, accessed at http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/2003/david_kay_10 022003.html. 71. Nathaniel C. Fick, One Bullet Away: The Making of a Marine Officer (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005). 72. Georges Hormuz Sada, Saddam’s Secrets: How an Iraqi General Defied and Survived Saddam Hussein—An Insider Exposes Plans to Destroy Israel, Hide WMDs, and Control the Arab World (Brentwood, TN: Integrity, 2006). 73. Max Boot, “The New American Way of War,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (July–August 2003): 41–58, see 53. 74. Harlan K. Ullman and James Wade, with L. A. ‘Bud’ Edney, Fred M. Franks, Charles A. Horner, Jonathan T. Howe, and Keith Brendley, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996). 75. Boot, “The New American Way of War,” 42. 76. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 184, cited in Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 33.

CHAPTER 3

1. Peter D. Feaver, “The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 149–78. 2. Deborah Avant, “Conflicting Indicators of ‘Crisis’ in American Civil-Military Relations,” Armed Forces & Society 24, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 375–88. 3. Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism: A Romance and Realities of the Profession (New York: Norton, 1937). Note that the author published revisions of his work in 1967 (Free Press) and 1981 (Greenwood). See also Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison State,” American Journal of Sociology 46 (January 1941): 455–68. 4. Harold D. Lasswell, National Security and Individual Freedom (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); J. G. Kerwin, Civil-Military Relationships in American Life (Chicago: Press, 1948); Walter Millis, with eds. Harvey C. Mansfield and Harold Stein, Arms and the State: Civil-Military Elements in National Policy (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1958). 5. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1957). NOTES 175

6. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Soldier and the State in the 1970s,” in Civil- Military Relations, eds. Andrew W. Goodpaster and Samuel P. Huntington, 5–28, see 11–13 (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1977). 7. , The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960). 8. Jerald G. Bachman, John D. Blair, and David R. Segal, The All-Volunteer Force: A Study of Ideology in the Military (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977); Charles C. Moskos, Jr., The American Enlisted Man: The Rank and File in Today’s Military (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970); Charles C. Moskos, Jr., ed., Public Opinion and the Military Establishment (Beverly Hills: SAGE, 1971); Charles C. Moskos, Jr., “From Institution to Occupation: Trends in the Military Organization,” Armed Forces & Society 4, no.1 (1977): 41–50; Sam C. Sarkesian, The Professional Army Officer in a Changing Society (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1975); David R. Segal, “Civil-Military Relations in the Mass Public,” Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 215–29. 9. Richard H. Kohn, “Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations,” National Interest 35 (Spring 1994): 3–17. 10. Peter D. Feaver, Armed Servants: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); Peter D. Feaver, “Crisis as Shirking: An Agency Theory Explanation of the Souring of American Civil- Military Relations,” Armed Forces & Society 24, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 407–34. 11. Michael C. Desch, Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Michael C. Desch, “Soldiers, States, and Structures: The End of the Cold War and Weakening U.S. Civilian Control,” Armed Forces & Society 24, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 389–406. 12. Nicole E. Jaeger, “Maybe Soldiers Have Rights After All!” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87, no. 3 (1997): 895–931. 13. Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Scribner, 1997); Ole R. Holsti, “A Widening Gap Between the U.S. Military and Civilian Society? Some Evidence, 1976–96,” International Security 23, no. 3 (Winter 1998–99): 5–42; Peter Feaver, “The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 149–78; William T. Bianco and Jamie Markham, “Vanishing Veterans: The Decline in Military Experience in the U.S. House,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 275–88 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 14. Quoted in Ricks, Making the Corps, 291. 15. James Burk, “The Military’s Presence in American Society, 1950–2000,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 247–74 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 16. Robert L. Maginnis, “Filling the Ranks,” policy paper for the Military Readiness Project (Washington, DC: Family Research Council, 1999). 176 NOTES

17. Don M. Snider, John A. Nagl, and Tony Pfaff, Army Professionalism, the Military Ethic, and Officership in the 21st Century (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, December 1999). 18. Charles C. Moskos, “Short-Term Soldiers,” Washington Post (March 8, 1999): A19. 19. Barbara McGann, “We’re Recruiting Another Great Generation,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 125, no. 4 (April 1999): 6–8. 20. Beth J. Asch, Rebecca M. Kilburn, and Jacob A. Klerman, Attracting College- Bound Youth Into the Military: Toward the Development of New Recruiting Policy Options (MR-984-OSD) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999). 21. General Accounting Office, Military Personnel: Services Need to Assess Efforts to Meet Recruiting Goals and Cut Attrition (GAO/NSIAD-00-146) (Washington, DC: GAO, June 2000), see 3, 6, and 29. 22. Lola M. Zook, Soldier Selection: Past, Present, and Future (ARI-SR-28) (Alexandria, VA: United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1996); Keith B. Hauk and Greg H. Parlier, “Recruiting: Crisis and Cures,” Military Review 80, no. 3 (May/June 2000): 73–80. 23. Bruce R. Orvis, Narayan Sastry, and Laurie L. McDonald, Military Recruiting Outlook: Recent Trends in Enlistment Propensity and Conversion of Potential Enlisted Supply (MR-677-A/OSD) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996); Carole Oken and Beth J. Asch, Encouraging Recruiter Achievement: A Recent History of Military Recruiter Incentive Programs (MR-845-OSD/A) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997); Beth J. Asch and Bruce R. Orvis, Recent Recruiting Trends and Their Implications (MR-549-A/OSD) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994). 24. David Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army (ARI Special Report 20) (Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1993). 25. Andrew Bacevich, “Who Will Serve?” Wilson Quarterly 22, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 80–91. 26. Michael Murray and Laurie L. McDonald, Recent Recruiting Trends and Their Implications for Models of Enlistment Supply (MR-847-OSD/A) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999), 12. 27. Jerald G. Bachman, Lee Sigelman, and Greg Diamond, “Self-selection, Socialization, and Distinctive Military Values: Attitudes of High School Seniors,” Armed Forces & Society 13, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 169–87, see 169–70; John Hillen, “Must Military Culture Reform?” Parameters 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1999): 9–23. 28. General John Shalikashvili, quoted in “Fewer Vets in Political Posts,” Navy Times (January 11, 1999); Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Scribner, 1997), 274. 29. John Hillen, “They’ll Leave the Farm Once They’ve Seen Parris,” American Enterprise (May/June 1998): 82–83. 30. Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., “The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012,” Parameters (Winter 1992–93): 5. NOTES 177

31. James Burk, “Thinking Through the End of the Cold War,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk, 25–48 (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1998), 45. 32. Krista E. Wiegard and David L. Paletz, “The Elite Media and the Military- Civilian Culture Gap,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 2 (Winter, 2001): 183–204. 33. Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, “The Postmodern Military,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998), 163–82. 34. Bacevich, “Who Will Serve?” 89. 35. James Kitfield, “Standing Apart,” National Journal (June 13, 1998): 1350–58. 36. Martha Bayles, “Portraits of Mars,” Wilson Quarterly 27, no. 3 (Summer 2003): 12–19. 37. Howard Harper, “The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 2 (Winter 2001): 231–48. 38. Howard Harper, “Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film,” unpublished paper prepared for the Triangle Institute for Security Studies Project “Bridging the Gap: Assuring Military Effectiveness When Military Culture Diverges from Civilian Society,” (July 1999), 58. (A later version of this paper was published in Armed Forces & Society as cited above, but the quotation cited here was omitted from that version of the manuscript.) 39. See Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York: Pantheon, 1988). 40. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1960); Morris Janowitz, The Last Half-Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 237–40. 41. William G. Mayer, The Changing American Mind (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992). 42. Peter Feaver, “The Civil-Military Problematique.” 43. Ole R. Holsti, “Of Chasms and Convergences: Attitudes and Beliefs of Civilian Elites at the Start of a New Millenium,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil- Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 15–100 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 44. Ibid. 45. William J. Bennett, The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators: American Society at the End of the 20th Century (New York: Broadway Books, 1999). See also Francis Fukuyama, “The Great Disruption,” Atlantic Monthly 283, no. 5 (May 1999): 55–73; Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint (New York: Warner Books, 1993); Robert Bork, Slouching Towards Gomorrah (New York: HarperCollins, 1996). 46. David Segal, “Personnel,” in J. Kruzel, ed., American Defense Annual: 1986- 1987 (Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1986), 139–52. 47. Dave Moniz, “Why Teens Balk at Joining Military,” Christian Science Monitor 25 (February 1999): 1. 178 NOTES

48. Christopher Dandeker, “A Farewell to Arms? The Military and - State in a Changing World,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk, 139–62, see 143 (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1998). 49. Melvin L. Kohn and Carmi Schooler, Work and Personality: An Inquiry into the Impact of Social Stratification (Norwood: Ablex, 1983). 50. Jacques Van Doorn, “The Decline of the Mass Army in the West: General Reflections,” Armed Forces & Society 1, no. 2 (Winter 1975): 147–57, see 149. 51. See Russell F. Weigley, “The Soldier, the Statesman, and the Military Historian: The Annual George C. Marshall Lecture in Military History,” Journal of Military History 63 (October 1999): 807–22. 52. John Lehman, “An Exchange on Civil-Military Relations,” National Interest 36 (Summer 1994): 23–25, see 24. 53. Elliot Abrams and Andrew J. Bacevich, “A Symposium on Citizenship and Military Service,” Parameters 31, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 18–22, see 19. 54. David Segal, Peter Freedman-Doan, Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O’Malley, “Attitudes of Entry-Level Military Personnel: Pro-Military and Politically Mainstreamed,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 163–212 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 55. Charles C. Moskos, “The Marketplace All-Volunteer Force,” in The All Volunteer Force after a Decade, eds. William Bowman, Roger Little, and G. Thomas Sicilla (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1986). 56. Mackubin Thomas Owens, “American Society and the Military: Is There a Gap?” Providence Journal (March 27, 1998). 57. See, for example, Mady Wechsler Segal and Amanda Faith Hansen, “Value Rationales in Policy Debates on Women in the Military: A of Congressional Testimony, 1941–1985,” Social Science Quarterly 73 (June 1992): 296–309; Jean Ebbert and Marie-Beth Hall, Crossed Currents: Navy Women from WWI to Tailhook (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1993); Margaret C. Harrell and Laura L. Miller, New Opportunities for Military Women: Effects Upon Readiness, Cohesion, and Morale (MR-896-OSD) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997). 58. Nicole E. Jaeger, “Maybe Soldiers Have Rights After All!” 59. Huntington, The Soldier and the State. 60. Feaver, “The Civil-Military Problematique.”

CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDY

1. Edgar H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (New York: Jossey- Bass, 1997). 2. Edgar H. Schein, “Organizational Culture,” American Psychologist 45, no. 2 (February 1990): 109–19, see 111. NOTES 179

3. Bernard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio, “Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture,” Public Administration Quarterly 17, no. 1 (1993): 112–19, see 113. 4. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, eds., Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil- Military Gap and American National Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 5. Williamson Murray, “Does Military Culture Matter?” Orbis 43, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 27–42, see 28. 6. See Department of the Army, Field Manual 1: The Army (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, June 14, 2001). 7. James Kitfield, Prodigal Soldiers (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995); John C. Bahnsen and Robert W. Cone, “Defining the American Warrior Leader,” Parameters 20 (December 1990): 24–28. 8. Mimi Finch, “Women in Combat: One Commissioner Reports,” Minerva 12, no. 1 (Spring 1994): 1–12, see 1. 9. John Keegan, A History of Warfare (New York: Knopf, 1993), 76. 10. Judith G. Oakley, “Gender-based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs,” Journal of Business Ethics 27, no. 4 (2000): 321–34. 11. Kathy Ferguson, The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984) 12. J. Wishnia, “Pacifism and Feminism in Historical Perspective,” in Genes and Gender: On Peace, Wars, and Gender, ed. A. E. Hunter (New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1991). 13. Robert B. Edgerton, Warrior Women: The Amazons of Dahomey and the Nature of War (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000). 14. Jeane Holm, Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1992); Kate Muir, Arms and the Woman (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992); Patricia Schroeder, Testimony Before the Military Personnel and Compensation Subcommittee and the Defense Policy Panel of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives (Washington, DC, July 29–30, 1992); David R. Segal, Presentation on Military Sociology (West Point, NY: November 19, 1999). 15. Holm, Women in the Military. 16. Martha A. Marsden, “The Continuing Debate: Women Soldiers in the U.S. Army,” in Life in the Rank and File, eds. David R. Segal and H. Wallace Sinaiko, 58–78 (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey, 1986). 17. Martin Binkin and Shirley J. Bach, Women and the Military (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1977). 18. Mady Weschler Segal, David R. Segal, Jerald G. Bachman, Peter Freedman- Doan, and Patrick M. O’Malley, “Gender and the Propensity to Enlist in the U.S. Military,” Gender Issues 16, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 65–87, see 69. 180 NOTES

19. Michael D. Matthews and Charles N. Weaver, “Demographic and Attitudinal Correlates of Women’s Role in the Military,” Proceedings, Psychology in the Department of Defense, 12th Symposium (USAFA TR 90-1) (Colorado Springs, CO: United States Air Force Academy, April 1990). 20. James Webb, “The War on Military Culture,” Weekly Standard (January 29, 1997): 17–22. 21. Mady W. Segal, Toward a Theory of Women in the Armed Forces: Applications to the Future, paper delivered at the meetings of the Research Committee on Armed Forces and Conflict Resolution of the International Sociological Association, Valparaiso, Chile (August 27–31, 1992); David R. Segal and Mady W. Segal, “Female Combatants in : An Update,” Defense Analysis 5, no. 4 (December 1989): 372–73; S. C. Stanley and Mady W. Segal, “Women in the Armed Forces,” in International Military and Defense Encyclopedia (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brassey, 1993), 2449–55. 22. Mady W. Segal, “Women’s Military Roles Cross-Nationally,” Gender & Society 9, no. 6 (December 1995): 757–75. 23. Lory M. Fenner, “Either You Need These Women or You Do Not: Informing the Debate on Military Service and Citizenship,” Gender Issues 16, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 5–32; Sarah E. Lister, “Gender and the CivilMilitary Gap,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 126, no. 1 (January 2000): 50–54. 24. Jana L. Pershing, “Gender Disparities in Enforcing the Honor Concept at the U.S. Naval Academy,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 419–42; Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977). 25. John W. Bodnar, “How Long Does It Take to Change a Culture? Integration at the U.S. Naval Academy,” Armed Forces & Society 25, no. 2 (Winter 1999): 289–306; Charles C. Moskos and John S. Butler, All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way (New York: Basic Books, 1996). 26. Paul T. Bartone and Robert F. Priest, Sex Differences in Hardiness and Health Among West Point Cadets, paper presented at the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, Canada (June 13–17, 2001). 27. Salvatore R. Maddi and Suzanne C. Kobasa, Hardy Executive: Health Under Stress (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984). 28. Robert F. Priest, Report on the 1998 USMA Gender Climate Survey: Men and Women (98-003) (West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, August 1998). 29. Ann R. Fisher and Glen E. Good, “Gender, Self, and Others: Perceptions of the Campus Environment,” Journal of Counseling Psychology 41, no. 3 (July 1994): 343–55. 30. Linda Bird Francke, Ground Zero: The Gender Wars in the Military (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997). 31. William L. O’Neill, “Sex Scandals in the Gender-Integrated Military,” Gender Issues 16, no. 1/2 (Winter 1998): 64–85. NOTES 181

32. Lois B. DeFleur and David Gillman, “Cadet Beliefs, Attitudes, and Interactions During the Early Phases of Sex Integration,” Youth and Society 10 (December 1978): 165–90; Robert F. Priest, Howard T. Prince, and Alan G. Vitters, “Performance and Attitudes in the First Coed Class at West Point,” Youth and Society 10 (December 1978): 205–24 33. Robert F. Priest, Howard T. Prince, T. Rhone and Alan G. Vitters, Differences Between Characteristics of Men and Women: New Cadets, Class of 1980 (77-010) (West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, March 1977). 34. Robert F. Priest and J. W. Houston, New Cadets and Other College Freshmen, Class of 1980 (West Point: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, March 1977). 35. J. W. Houston, New Cadets and Other College Freshmen, Class of 1981 (78-010) (West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, March 1978). 36. Margaret Harrell and Laura Miller, New Opportunities for Military Women: Effects upon Readiness, Cohesion, and Morale (MR-896-OSD) (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997). 37. Stephanie Gutmann, “Sex and the Soldier,” New Republic (February 24, 1997): 18–22, see 18. 38. Martin Binkin, Who Will Fight the Next War? The Changing Face of the American Military (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1993). 39. Judith Hicks Stiehm, “Army Opinions about Women in the Army,” Gender Issues 16, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 88–98, see 88. 40. Cynthia Nantais and Martha Lee Nantais, “Women in the United States Military: Protectors or Protected? The Case of Prisoner of War Melissa Rathbun-Nealy,” Journal of Gender Studies 8, no. 2 (July 1999): 181–91. 41. Michael D. Matthews, “Women in the Military: Comparison of Attitudes and Knowledge of Service Academy Cadets Versus Private College Students,” Proceedings, Thirteenth Symposium of Psychology in the Department of Defense (USAFA TR 92-2) (Colorado Springs, CO: United States Air Force Academy, April 1992). 42. Don M. Snider, Robert F. Priest, and Felisa Lewis, “The Civilian-Military Gap and Professional Military Education at the Precommissioning Level,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 2 (Winter 2001): 249–72. 43. Jerry C. Scarpate and Mary Anne O’Neill, Evaluation of Gender Integration at Recruit Training Command, Orlando Naval Training Center, Orlando, Florida (Patrick Air Force Base: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, Division of Policy Planning Research, 1992). 44. Jacqueline A. Mottern, David A. Foster, Elizabeth J. Brady, and Joanne Marshall-Mies Gender Integration of Basic Combat Training Study (ARI Study Report 97-01) (Alexandria, VA: US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1997), 4. 45. Ibid., v, viii, ix, 27, 30. 182 NOTES

46. Robert M. Bray, Carol S. Camlin, John A. Fairbank, George H. Dunteman, Sara C. Wheeless, “The Effects of Stress on Job Functioning of Military Men and Women,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 397–417. 47. Binkin, Who Will Fight the Next War? 48. Schroeder, Testimony, 73. 49. Laura L. Miller, “Feminism and the Exclusion of Army Women from Combat,” Gender Issues 16, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 33–64. 50. Mady W. Segal, “The Argument for Female Combatants,” in Female Soldiers: Combatants or Noncombatants? ed. N. L. Goldman, 271 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982). 51. Binkin, Who Will Fight the Next War? 30. 52. Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces, Report to the President (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 15, 1992), 9. 53. Ibid., 13. 54. Everett Harman, Peter Frykman, Christopher Palmer, Eric Lammi, and Katy Reynolds, Effects of a Specifically Designed Physical Conditioning Program on the Load Carriage and Lifting Performance of Female Soldiers (T98-1) (Natick, MA: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, November 1997). 55. Laura Fraser, “Don’t Eat, Don’t Tell,” Self (October 1999): 200–203; T. D. Lauder and C. S. Campbell, “Abnormal Eating Behaviors in Female Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets,” Military Medicine 166, no. 3 (March 2001): 264–68; A. F. McNulty, “Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Eating Disorder Behaviors in Active Duty Service Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines,” Military Medicine 166, no. 1 (January 2001): 53–73. 56. J. A. Peterson and D. M. Howal, Project 60: A Comparison of Two Types of Physical Training Programs on the Performance of 16–18 Year-old Women (West Point, NY: Office of Physical Education, May 1976). 57. United States Military Academy, Operations Plan 75-1: Admission of Women Cadets (West Point, NY: author, 1975), A-II-1. 58. Alan G. Vitters and Nora Scott Kinzer, Report of the Admission of Women to the United States Military Academy (Project Athena I) (West Point, NY: United States Military Academy, September 1977). 59. Robert W. Stauffer, Project Summertime (West Point, NY: United States Military Academy, March 1976). 60. Alan G. Vitters, Report of the Admission of Women to the United States Military Academy (Project Athena II) (West Point, NY: United States Military Academy, June 1978). 61. William P. Burke, Robert F. Priest, and Jodi Craigie, Evaluation of Cadet Field Training 1997 (98-001) (West Point: Office of Institutional Research, March 1998); Robert F. Priest, Interviews with Men and Women Yearlings, Class of 1992 (West Point: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, 1989). 62. Robert F. Priest, The Intergroup Contact Hypothesis as Applied to Women at West Point (77-015) (West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, June 1977). NOTES 183

63. Patrick Toffler, Testimony, United States v. Virginia Military Institute, et al, United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, Roanoke Division, (April 8, 1991), 539. 64. Robert W. Rice, Lisa S. Richet, and Alan G. Vitters, The Impact of Male and Female Leaders on the Group Performance, Morale, and Perceptions of West Point Cadets (ARI Technical Report 404) (Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, October 1977). 65. Robert W. Rice, L.W. Bender, and Alan G. Vitters, “Leader Sex, Follower Attitudes Toward Women, and Leader Effectiveness: A Laboratory Experi- ment,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 25 (February 1980): 46–78; Rice, Richet, and Vitters, The Impact of Male and Female Leaders. 66. Martin M. Chemers, C. B. Watson, and S. T. May, “Dispositional Affect and Leadership Effectiveness: A Comparison of Self-Esteem, Optimism, and Efficacy,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26, no. 3 (March 2000): 267–77. 67. J. Adams, Report of the Admission of Women to the United States Military Academy (Project Athena IV) (West Point, NY: United States Military Academy, June 1980). 68. Victor H. Vroom, Work and Motivation (New York: Wiley French, 1964); John R. P. French, Jr. and Bertram Raven, “The Bases of Social Power,” in Studies in Social Power, ed. D. Cartwright, 150–67 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, 1959); Toni Falbo, “Multidimensional Scaling of Power Strategies,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (1977): 537–47. 69. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation; Kay Deaux, The Behavior of Women and Men (New York: Wadsworth, 1978). 70. J. Adams, Howard T. Prince, Robert F. Priest, and R. W. Rice, “Personality Characteristics of Male and Female Leaders at the U.S. Military Academy,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 8, no. 1 (1980): 99–105. 71. Andre H. Sayles, On Diversity (Army Issues Paper 1) (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 1998). 72. Rosemary C. Salomone, “The VMI Case: Affirmation of Equal Educational Opportunity for Women,” Trial 32, no. 10 (October 1996): 67–70. 73. Robert F. Priest, Content of Cadet Comments on the Integration of Women (77- 017) (West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research, August 1977).

CHAPTER 4

1. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, “Armed Forces After the Cold War,” in The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces After the Cold War, eds. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, 1–13 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). 184 NOTES

2. Charles C. Moskos, “Toward the Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm,” in The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces After the Cold War, eds. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, 14–31 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). 3. Gregory D. Foster, “The Postmodern Military: The Irony of ‘Strengthening’ Defense,” Harvard International Review 23, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 24–29. 4. Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, “Are Post–Cold War Militaries Postmodern?” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 319–42. 5. Don M. Snider, “Army Won’t Win Recruiting Battle,” Wall Street Journal (January 21, 2000): A18. 6. Volker C. Franke, “Generation X and the Military: A Comparison of Attitudes and Values Between West Point Cadets and College Students,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 29, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 92–119; Ole R. Holsti, “A Widening Gap Between the U.S. Military and Civilian Society? Some Evidence, 1976–96,” International Security 23, no. 4 (Winter 1998/1999): 5–42; Ole R. Holsti, “Of Chasms and Convergences: The Attitudes and Beliefs of Civilian and Military Elites on the Eve of a New Millennium,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, ed. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 15–100 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 7. James Burk, “The Military Obligation of Citizens since Vietnam,” Parameters 31, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 48–60; Eliot A. Cohen, “Twilight of the Citizen- Soldier,” Parameters 31, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 23–28; Peter Karsten, “The U.S. Citizen-Soldier’s Past, Present, and Likely Future,” Parameters 31, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 61–73; Charles C. Moskos, “What Ails the All-Volunteer Force: An Institutional Perspective,” Parameters 31, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 29–47. 8. Abbott Payson Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1929), 1. 9. Graham T. T. Molitor, “How to Anticipate Changes,” SAM Advanced Management Journal (Summer 1977): 4–13. 10. Burton H. Klein, Dynamic Economics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). 11. Simon Kuznets, Six Lectures on Economic Growth (New York: Free Press- Macmillan, 1959), 36. 12. Ibid., 33. 13. Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions, 6. 14. Abbott Payson Usher, “Technical Change and Capital Formation,” in Capital Formation and Economic Growth: A Conference of the Universities—National Bureau Committee for Economic Research, 523–50 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955), 535. 15. Richard N. Foster, “The S-Curve: A New Forecasting Tool,” in Innovation: The Attacker’s Advantage (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987). 16. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Morrow, 1980). NOTES 185

17. Ibid. 18. Michael Rothschild, Bionomics: The Inevitability of Capitalism (New York: Henry Holt, 1990). 19. Usher, A History of Mechanical Inventions, 17. 20. Robert Kegan, In Over Our Heads: The Mental Demands of Modern Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). 21. Henry A. Giroux, Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education (New York: Routledge, 1991), 51. 22. Pauline N. Rosenau, Postmodernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). 23. David Elkind, “Schooling and Family in the Postmodern World,” in Rethinking Educational Change with Heart and Mind, ed. Andy Hargreaves, 27–42 (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1997). See also David Elkind, The Hurried Child: Growing Up Too Fast Too Soon (New York: Perseus, 2001); David Elkind, Ties That Stress: The New Family Imbalance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). 24. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). 25. Francis Fukuyama, Trust: Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995); Fukuyama, The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). 26. Paul Rogat Loeb, Soul of a Citizen: Living with Conviction in a Cynical Time (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999). 27. Ibid., 51. 28. Karsten, “The U.S. Citizen-Soldier’s Past, Present, and Likely Future.” 29. Luc Ferry and Alain Renaut, 68–86 Itinéraires de l’Individu (: Gallimard, 1987); A. Heller, “Mouvements culturels et changements des modèles de vie quotidienne depuis la deuxième guerre,” in La Radicalité du Quotidien: Communauté et Information, eds. A. Corten and M. B. Tahon (Montréal: V. L. Béditer); Andeas Huyssen, “Mapping the Postmodern,” New German Critique 33 (Fall 1984): 22–52. 30. R. Ashley and R. B. J. Walker, “Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissident Thought in International Studies,” International Studies Quarterly 34, no. 3 (September 1990): 259–68; M. Featherstone, “In Pursuit of the Postmodern: An Introduction,” Theory, Culture, & Society 5, no. 2–3 (1988): 195–217; Jean- François Lyotard, The Different: Phrases in Dispute (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988). 31. Jacques Derrida, Speech and Phenomena (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1973). 32. Michel Foucault, “Two Lectures,” in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972–1977 (New York: , 1981), 78–108; Michel Foucault, “Afterword: The Subject and Power,” in Michael Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 208–26. 186 NOTES

33. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984). 34. Nicholas C. Burbules and Suzanne Rice, “Dialogue Across Differences: Continuing the Conversation,” Harvard Educational Review 61, no. 4 (November 1991): 393–416. 35. Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Together,” American Prospect (February 11, 2002); Thomas H. Sander and Robert D. Putnam, “September 11 as Civics Lesson,” Washington Post (September 10, 2005): A23. 36. Gregory D. Foster, “Nonlethality: Arming the Postmodern Military,” Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies Journal 142, no. 5 (October 1997): 56–63; Chris Hables Gray, Postmodern War: The New Politics of Conflict (New York: Guildford Publications, 1997). 37. Fabrizio Battistelli, “Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 467–84; Christopher Coker, “Post-modern War,” Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies Journal 143, no. 3 (June 1998): 7–14; James Kurth, “American Strategy in the Global Era,” Naval War College Review 53, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 7–24; Don M. Snider, “America’s Postmodern Military,” World Policy Journal 17, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 47–54. 38. Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition. 39. Walter Truett Anderson, Reality Isn’t What It Used to Be: Theoretical Politics, Ready-to-Wear Religion, Global Myths, Primitive Chic, and Other Wonders of the Postmodern World (New York: HarperCollins, 1990). 40. Zygmunt Bauman, “Strangers: The Social Construction of Universality and Particularity,” Telos 78 (1988/1989): 7–42, see 7. 41. Ashley and Walker, “Speaking the Language of Exile;” Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983); Ihab Hassan, The Postmodern Turn: Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1987); Christopher Norris, Deconstruction: Theory and Practice (New York: Methuen, 1991). 42. Aryeh Botwinick, Postmodernism and Democratic Theory (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 32. 43. Jean Bethke Elshtain, “A Call to Civil Society,” Society 36, no. 5 (July/August 1999): 11–19. 44. Moskos, “What Ails the All-Volunteer Force.” 45. Anne C. Loveland, “Character Education in the U.S. Army, 1947–1977,” Journal of Military History 64, no. 3 (July 2000): 795–818. 46. Burk, “The Military Obligation of Citizens.” 47. Don M. Snider, John A. Nagl, and Tony Pfaff, Army Professionalism, the Military Ethic, and Officership in the 21st Century (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1999). Accessed online at http://www .carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pubs/1999/ethic/ethic.htm. 48. Paul Mann, “Fathoming a Strategic World of ‘No Bear, but Many Snakes,’” Aviation Week & Space Technology 151, no. 23 (December 6, 1999): 61–64. 49. Gray, Postmodern War; Snider, “America’s Postmodern Military.” NOTES 187

50. Cal Thomas, “The Sixties Are Dead: Long Live the Nineties,” Imprimis (January 1995). 51. Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, “The Postmodern Military,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998), 163–82, see 168. 52. Coker, “Post-modern War.” 53. Michael J. Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1998). 54. Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 87. 55. Ernesto Laclau, “Politics and the Limits of Modernity,” in Universal Abandon? The Politics of Postmodernism, ed. Andrew Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 79–80. 56. Foucault, “Two Lectures.” 57. Richard Sennett, Authority (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993). 58. Morris Janowitz, The Last Half-Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 237–40. 59. Elkind, “Schooling and Family in the Postmodern World,” 37. 60. Seymore Martin Lipset and William Schneider, The Confidence Gap: Business, Labor, and Government in the Pubic Mind (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 7. 61. The Post-Modernity Project, The State of Disunion (Richmond: University of Virginia, 1996), 17. 62. Jean Bethke Elshtain, “Authority Figures,” New Republic 217, no. 21 (November 24, 1997): 11–12. 63. Don M. Snider, “An Uninformed Debate on Military Culture,” Orbis 43, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 1–16. 64. Kurth, “American Strategy in the Global Era.” 65. James Burk, “Thinking Through the End of the Cold War,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998), 25–48. 66. Larry Hirschhorn, Reworking Authority: Leading and Following in the Post-mod- ern Organization (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997). 67. Michael Lewis, Next: The Future Just Happened (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002). 68. Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 33. 69. Charles C. Moskos and Frank R. Wood, The Military: More than Just a Job? (Washington, DC: Pergamon Brassey, 1988). 70. Gail C. Furman, “Postmodernism and Community in Schools: Unraveling the Paradox,” Educational Administration Quarterly 34, 3 (August 1998): 298–328. 71. Cleo H. Cherryholmes, Power and Criticism: Poststructural Investigations in Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1998), 98. 188 NOTES

72. Chantal Mouffe, The Return of the Political (New York: Verso Books, 1996); Anne Phillips, Democracy and Difference (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993). 73. James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991); James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America’s Culture War (New York: Free Press, 1994). 74. The Post-Modernity Project, The State of Disunion. 75. Phillips, Democracy and Difference, 144. 76. Mary G. Dietz, “Merely Combating the Phrases of this World: Recent Democratic Theory,” Political Theory 26, no. 1 (February 1998): 112–39. 77. Ronald Beiner, “Introduction: Why Citizenship Constitutes a Theoretical Problem in the Last Decade of the Twentieth Century,” in Theorizing Citizenship, ed. Ronald Beiner (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 1–28. 78. Michael Ignatieff, “The Myth of Citizenship,” in Theorizing Citizenship, ed. Ronald Beiner (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 53–78; Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, “Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory,” in Theorizing Citizenship, ed. Ronald Beiner (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 283–322. 79. Kymlicka and Norman, “Return of the Citizen,” 309. 80. James Davison Hunter, The Death of Character: Moral Education in an Age without Good or Evil (New York: Basic Books, 2000), see 9–13, 77–78, 205–9. 81. Ibid., 22–23. 82. Battistelli, “Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier.” 83. Snider, Nagl, and Pfaff, Army Professionalism, the Military Ethic, and Officership. 84. Coker, “Post-modern War.” 85. Ibid. 86. Scott J. Peters, “A New Citizenship in the Making?” Social Policy 24, no. 1 (Fall 1993): 45–50. 87. Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites. 88. Ibid., 85–86. 89. Jurgen Habermas, “Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of ,” in Theorizing Citizenship, ed. Ronald Beiner (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 255–82. 90. Ronald Beiner, “Introduction: Why Citizenship Constitutes a Theoretical Problem,” 13. 91. Thomas Bridges, The Culture of Citizenship: Inventing Postmodern Civic Culture (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994). 92. Andrew J. Bacevich, “Who Will Serve?” Wilson Quarterly 22, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 80–91. 93. Michael Woolock, “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework,” Theory & Society 27, no. 1 (April 1998): 151–208. 94. Cohen, “Twilight of the Citizen-Soldier.” 95. Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites, 87–88. NOTES 189

96. James N. Rosenau, “Armed Force and Armed Forces in a Turbulent World,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998), 49–86, see 69.

CHAPTER 5

1. James Burk, “The Military’s Presence in American Society, 1950–2000,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 247–74 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 2. James Burk, “Thinking Through the End of the Cold War,” in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk, 25–48 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998), see 45. 3. Charles C. Moskos, “Recruitment and Society after the Cold War,” in Marching Toward the 21st Century, eds. Mark J. Eitelberg and Stephen L. Mehay, 139–48 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994), see 141–42. 4. John Hillen, “The Military Ethos,” The World & I (July 1997): 34–39, see 34. 5. Richard H. Kohn, “Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations,” National Interest 35 (Spring 1994): 3–17. 6. Ole R. Holsti, “Of Chasms and Convergences: Attitudes and Beliefs of Civilian Elites at the Start of a New Millenium,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil- Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 15–100 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001), 17. 7. Tim Dyhouse, “Vets: Vanishing Breed in Congress,” VFW (February 1997): 15. 8. Gregory D. Foster, “Civil-Military Gap: What Are the Ethics?” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 126/4/1, no. 166 (April 2000): 82–86. 9. T. Bianco and Jamie Markham, “Vanishing Veterans: The Decline in Military Experience in the U.S. House,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 275–88 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001). 10. Charles J. Dunlap, “The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012,” Parameters 25, no. 4 (Winter 1992/93): 1–20, see 11. 11. Richard H. Kohn, “An Exchange on Civil-Military Relations,” National Interest 36 (Summer 1994): 29–31. 12. Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Scribner, 1997), 290. 13. Peter D. Feaver, “Civil-Military Conflict and the Use of Force,” in U.S. Civil- Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition, by Don M. Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), 113–44. 14. Robert L. Goldich, “American Society and the Military,” in Marching Toward the 21st Century, eds. Mark J. Eitelberg and Stephen L. Mehay (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994), 120. 15. Burk, “The Military’s Presence in American Society, 1950–2000,” 1. 190 NOTES

16. John Hillen, “Must Military Culture Reform?” Parameters 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1999): 20. 17. Holsti, “Of Chasms and Convergences.” 18. Laura Elliot and Carrie Harper, “Behind the Lines,” Washingtonian (April 1991): 60–66, see 66. 19. Matthew J. Morgan, “Army Officer Personnel Management & Trends in Warfighting,” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 29, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 120–39; David Segal, Frank Blair, John Newport, and Susan Stephens, “Convergence, Isomorphism, and Interdependence at the Civil-Military Interface,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 2 (Winter 1974): 157–72. 20. Stephen J. Cimbala, “United States,” in The Political Role of the Military, eds. Constantine Danopoulos and Cynthia Watson (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996), 426. 21. Walter Millis, with Harvey Mansfield and Harold Stein, Arms and the State: Civil-Military Elements in National Policy (New York: Twentieth-Century Fund, 1958), 21. 22. David Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army (ARI Special Report 20) (Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1993), 47–78. 23. John Lehman, “An Exchange on Civil-Military Relations,” National Interest 36 (Summer 1994): 24. 24. Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil–Military Relations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1957). 25. Ibid., 457. 26. Paul Christopher, The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994), 98, 228. 27. Arms Project of Human Rights Watch & Physicians for Human Rights, Landmines: A Deadly Legacy (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993); K. M. Cahill, Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Human Rights Watch Arms Project & Human Rights Watch/Africa, Landmines in Mozambique (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994); International Committee of the Red Cross, Anti-personnel Landmines: Friend or Foe? (Geneva: Author, 1996); Mary Evelyn Jegen, “Mines Different from Victim’s Viewpoint,” National Catholic Reporter 34, no. 1 (October 24, 1997): 9–10; E. Stover, A. S. Keller, J. Cobey, and S. Sopheap, “The Medical and Social Consequences of Land Mines in Cambodia,” Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 5 (1994): 331–36; Political-Military Affairs Bureau, Office of International Security Operations, Hidden Killers: The Global Problem with Uncleared Landmines—A Report on International Demining (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1993); Political-Military Affairs Bureau, Office of International Security and Peacekeeping Operations, Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 1994); Donovan Webster, “One Leg, One Life at a Time,” New York Times (January 23, 1994): 26–33. NOTES 191

CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDY

1. Sam C. Sarkesian, “The U.S. Military Must Find Its Voice,” Orbis 42, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 423–37; Don M. Snider, “An Uninformed Debate on Military Culture,” Orbis 43, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 1–16, see 16. 2. John V. Klemencic, United States Policy for Anti-Personnel Landmines (DTIC No. ADA345447) (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1998). 3. Generals R. H. Barrow, W. E. Boomer, L. F. Chapman, Jr., G. B. Crist, R. G. Davis, M. S. Davison, J. W. Foss, A. M. Gray, A. M. Haig, Jr., X. Kelley, F. J. Kroesen, G. E. Luck, D. M. Maddox, C. E. Mundy, G. K. Otis, R. W. RisCassi, C. E. Saint, D. A. Starry, G. R. Sullivan, J. W. Vessey, L. C. Wagner, Jr., J. J. Went, W. C. Westmoreland, and L. H. Wilson, “An Open Letter to President Clinton,” attachment to Many of the Nation’s Most Respected Military Leaders Join Forces to Oppose Bans on Use of Self-destructing Landmines (97-P 101) (Washington, DC: Center for Security Policy, July 21, 1997). 4. Generals J. M. Shalikashvili, J. W. Ralston, D. J. Reimer, J. L. Johnson, R. R. Fogleman, C. C. Krulak, J. J. Sheehan, J. H. Binford Peay, J. L. Jamerson, J. W. Prueher, H. H. Shelton, W. K. Clark, H. M. Estes, E. E. Habiger, W. Kross, J. H. Tilelli, Untitled letter to the Senate Armed Services Committee, Attachment to Celestial Navigation: Pentagon’s Extraordinary “64-Star” Letter Shows Why the U.S. Cannot Agree to Ban All Landmines (97-D 97) (Washington, DC: Center for Security Policy, July 10, 1997). 5. Office of the Press Secretary, Fact Sheet: U.S. Efforts to Address the Problem of Anti-personnel Landmines (Washington, DC: White House, September 17, 1997). 6. Stefan Brem and Ken Rutherford, “Walking Together or Divided Agenda? Comparing Landmines and Small-Arms Campaigns,” Security Dialogue 32, no. 2 (June 2001): 169–86. 7. Michael Shinners, “Non-Traditional Issues of National Security,” in Passing the Torch: Recommendations to the Next President on Emerging National Security Issues (Memo. 27), ed. James Anderson, 112–14 (Alexandria, VA: Council for Emerging National Security Affairs, November 2000), 113. 8. Eugenia M. Kolasinski, The Psychological Effects of Anti-personnel Landmines: A Standard to Which Alternatives Can Be Compared (DTIC No. ADA371531) (West Point, NY: United States Military Academy, April 12, 1999), iii and iv. 9. Department of the Army, Field Manual 20-32: Mine/Countermine Operations (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, May 29, 1998), 2–1. 10. Daniel Mahoney, III, Goalie Without a Mask? The Effect of the Anti-personnel Landmine Ban on U.S. Army Countermobility Operations (DTIC No. ADA324323) (Fort Leavenworth, TX: Army Command and General Staff College, 1996). 11. Nigel Vinson, “The Demise of the Anti-personnel Mine: A Military Perspective,” Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies (RUSI) Journal 143, no. 1 (February 1998): 18–23. 12. C. E. E. Sloan, Mine Warfare on Land (London: Brassey’s Defence, 1986). 192 NOTES

13. Richard H. Johnson, “Why Mines? A Military Perspective,” in Clearing the Fields, ed. K. M. Cahill (New York: Basic Books and the Council on Foreign Relations, 1995); David E. Funk, A Mine Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: The Operational Implications of Banning Anti-personnel Landmines (DTIC No. ADA357010) (Fort Leavenworth, TX: Army Command and General Staff College, 1998). 14. Stephen D. Biddle, Julia L. Klare, and Jaeson Rosenfeld, The Military Utility of Landmines: Implications for Arms Control (IDA Document D-1559) (Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, June 1994); S. D. Biddle, J. L. Klare, Ivan Oelrich, and Johnathan Wallis, Landmine Arms Control (IDA Paper P-3001) (Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, May 1996). 15. Bob Greenwalt and Doug Magnoli, Examination of the Battlefield Utility of Anti-personnel Landmines and the Comparative Value of Proposed Alternatives (Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1997). 16. “The Conflict Index,” Defense and Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy 25, no. 9 (September 1997): 4–6. 17. “Regional Briefing,” Far Eastern Economic Review 156, no. 16 (April 22, 1993): 14. 18. Patrelekha Chatterjee, “New Injuries for Kashmir as Tentative Steps Towards Peace Are Taken,” Lancet 357, no. 9249 (January 6, 2001): 50. 19. A. J. Coates, The Ethics of War (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997). 20. Laurie Calhoun, “The Injustice of ‘Just Wars,’” Peace Review 129, no. 3 (September 2000): 449–56. 21. Lisa Sowle Cahill, Love Your Enemies: Discipleship, Pacifism, and Just War Theory (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1994). 22. Mark J. Osiel, Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999). 23. Paul Ramsey, The Just War (New York: Roman and Littleton, 1991). 24. G. Scott Davis, “Conscience and Conquest: Francisco de Vitoria on Justice in the New World,” Modern Theology 13, no. 4 (October 1997): 475–500. 25. Richard J. Regan, Just War: Principles and Causes (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1996). 26. Paul Christopher, The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994), 102. 27. Richard A. Matthew and Ken Rutherford, “Banning Landmines in the American Century,” International Journal on World Peace 16, no. 2 (June 1999): 23–36. 28. Landmine Survivors Network, “The Fight Against Landmines,” accessed online January 16, 2004, at http://www.landminesurvivors.org/heritage/landmines .php. 29. Gregory L. Bier, Stanley W. Grzyb, and M. Merrill Stevens, Understanding and Expanding the U.S. Military Role in Humanitarian Demining Operations (LPE 98-3) (Arlington, VA: Association of the U.S. Army Institute of Land Warfare, 1998). NOTES 193

30. Kolasinski, The Psychological Effects of Anti-personnel Landmines, 5. 31. Thomas Reeder and Carolyn Taylor, Landmine Warfare: Mines and Engineer Munitions in Central America (Charlottesville, VA: National Ground Intellig- ence Center November, 1996). 32. J. G. May, New Technology Required to Implement U.S. Anti-personnel Landmine Policy (DTIC No. ADA342303) (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1998). 33. Philip W. Carroll, Mine and Boobytrap Warfare: Lessons Forgotten (DTIC No. ADA194094) (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1988); William C. Schneck, Malcolm H. Visser, and S. Leigh, “Advances in Mine Warfare: An Overview,” Engineer 23 (April 1993): 2–6. 34. Donald F. Danner, “Denial and Deception During Military Operations in Urban Terrain,” How They Fight: Armies of the World 4, no. 1 (August 2001): 21–26, see 23. 35. Ed Wagaman, “Tactical Combat in Chechnya: Mines and Boobytraps: The Number One Killer (Part 1 of 2),” How They Fight: Armies of the World 4, no. 1 (August 2001): 33–37, see 33. 36. John Oakley, Lecture on Soviet Weapons, Equipment, and Organization, U.S. Army Intelligence Center, February 2000. 37. Wagaman, “Tactical Combat in Chechnya,” 35. 38. Nancy Buchanan, “Mine Warfare from a Different Perspective,” Armada International 19, no. 1 (Feb/Mar 1995): 20–28. 39. Gino Strada, “The Horror of Land Mines,” Scientific American 274, no. 5 (May 1996): 40–45.

CHAPTER 6

1. The White House, Progress Report on the Global War on Terrorism (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, September 2003), accessed online at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/24268.pdf. 2. Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). 3. Peter D. Feaver, “Civil-Military Relations,” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (June 1999): 211–41; Michael C. Desch, Soldiers, States, and Structure: Civilian Control of the Military in a Changing Security Environment (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). 4. Charles J. Dunlap, “The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012,” Parameters 25, no. 4 (Winter 1992/93): 1–20. The classic film Seven Days in May also flirts with the possibility, although the more recent motion picture, The Siege, presents a more compelling picture of military abuses of power in the context of domestic responses to a terrorist threat and thus seems somewhat pre- scient in light of the September 11, 2001, attacks. 5. Peter D. Feaver, “Civil-Military Relations,” 218. 194 NOTES

6. Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil- Military Relations (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1957), 20. 7. Richard H. Kohn, “Out of Control,” National Interest 35 (Spring 1994); Lyle J. Goldstein, “General John Shalikashvili and the Civil-Military Relations of Peacekeeping,” Armed Forces & Society 26 no. 3 (Spring 2000): 387–411; Russell F. Weigley, “The American Military and the Principle of Civilian Control from McClellan to Powell,” Journal of Military History 57, no. 5 (October 1993): 27–58. 8. Colin L. Powell, “Why Generals Get Nervous,” New York Times, October 8, 1992, A35. 9. Eliot Cohen, “Playing Powell Politics: The General’s Zest for Power,” Foreign Affairs 74, no. 6 (November/December 1995): 102–10. 10. Michael C. Desch, “Bush and the Generals,” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 3 (May/June 2007). 11. James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans (New York: Viking, 2004). 12. Andrew J. Bacevich, “In the Line of Fire,” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2001, A14. 13. Julian E. Barnes, “Generals Say More Troops Needed In Iraq; Commanders Made Their Decision Before Meeting with Defense Secretary Gates,” , December 23, 2006, A1. 14. Julian Borger, “Gates Signals Troop Surge in Afghanistan,” , January 17, 2007, 14. 15. Desch, “Bush and the Generals.” 16. Feaver, “Civil-Military Relations,” 221. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Jeffrey Record, Bounding the Global War on Terrorism (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, December 2003). 20. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004). 21. The Iraq Study Group, The Iraq Study Group Report: The Way Forward—A New Approach (New York: Vintage, 2006). 22. Paul Christopher, The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994). 23. Quoted in Christopher, The Ethics of War and Peace, 163. 24. Janis Karpinski with Steven Strasser, One Woman’s Army: The Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tells Her Story (New York: Miramax, 2006).

CHAPTER 7

1. Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison State,” American Journal of Sociology 46, (January 1941): 455–68. 2. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 [1651]). NOTES 195

3. Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Commonwealth (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1955 [1590]). 4. Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 [1767]). 5. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Bantam Books, 2000 [1840]). 6. Michael Mann, States, War, and Capitalism: Studies in Political Sociology (Cambridge, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 110. 7. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States: A.D. 990–1990 (Cambridge, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1990), 12, 14–15. 8. Michael C. Desch, “War and Strong States, Peace and Weak States?” International Organization 50, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 237–68. 9. Albert O. Hirshman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970); Albert O. Hirshman, “Exit, Voice, and the State,” World Politics 31, no. 1 (October 1978): 90–107. 10. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man (New York: Viking Penguin, 1977 [1792]), 99. 11. Joseph J. Collins and Michael Horowitz, Homeland Defense: A Strategic Approach (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Homeland Defense Working Group, December 2000). 12. Lasswell, “The Garrison State.” 13. Ibid. 14. Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison State Hypothesis Today,” in Changing Patterns of Military Politics, ed. Samuel P. Huntington (New York: Free Press, 1968). 15. Harold D. Lasswell, “The Universal Peril: Perpetual Crises and the Garrison- Prison State,” in Perspectives on a Troubled Decade: Science, Philosophy, and Religion, 1938-1949, eds. Lyman Bryson, Louis Finkelstein, and R. M. MacIver (New York: Harper, 1950). 16. Vernon K. Dibble, “The Garrison Society” in Radical Perspectives on Social Problems: Readings in Critical Sociology, ed. Frank Lindenfeld (London: Macmillan, 1968), 271–81, see 271. 17. Ibid., 273. 18. Richard H. Kohn, “Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations,” National Interest 35 (Spring 1994): 3–17. 19. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). 20. Michael Foucault, Discipline and Punish (New York: Vintage Books, 1979). 21. Jeremy Bentham, The Panopticon Writings (New York: Verso, 1995 [1791]). 22. David Lyon, “An Electronic Panopticon? A Sociological Critique of Surveillance Theory,” Sociological Review 41, no. 4 (November 1993): 653–78, see 655; David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994). 196 NOTES

23. Jay Stanley and Barry Steinhardt, Bigger Monster, Weaker Chains: The Growth of an American Surveillance Society (New York: American Civil Liberties Union, January 2003). 24. Aaron L. Friedberg, “Why Didn’t the United States Become a Garrison State?” International Security 16, no. 4 (1992): 109–42, see 114 25. Aaron L. Friedberg, In the Shadow of the Garrison State: America’s Anti-Statism and Its Cold War Grand Strategy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). 26. William H. Rehnquist, All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime (New York: Vintage, 1998). 27. Melvin J. Dubnick, “Postscripts for a ‘State of War’: Public Administration and Civil Liberties After September 11,” Public Administration Review 62 (September/October 2002): 86–91. 28. Michael Howard, “What’s in a Name? How to Fight Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 1 (January/February 2002): 8–13. 29. Gore Vidal, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated (New York: Thunder’s Mouth / Nation Books, 2002). 30. , “An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not,” Political Science Quarterly 117, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 37–54. 31. Dubnick, “Postscripts for a ‘State of War.’” 32. Jay Stanley, “Harold Lasswell and the Idea of the Garrison State,” Society 33, no. 6 (September/October 1996): 46–52. 33. Michael W. Spicer, “The War on Terrorism and the Administration of the American State,” Public Administration Review 62 (September/October 2002): 63–68. 34. Michael Barkun, “Defending Against the Apocalypse: The Limits of Homeland Security,” in Governance and Public Security (Syracuse, NY: Campbell Public Affairs Institute, 2002), 17–27, see 20. 35. Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison State.” 36. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1963), 5. 37. Lasswell, “The Garrison State.” 38. Jervis, “An Interim Assessment of September 11.” 39. Stanley, “Harold Lasswell.” 40. Ibid. 41. Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist Paper No. 8: The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States,” in The Federalist Papers (New York: Mentor Books, 2002 [1787]). 42. Yehezkel Dror, “The Bitter Necessity: A Global Leviathan,” Future Survey 23, 10 (October 2001): 477–78. 43. Patricia Cornwell, “The Sniper Next Door,” New York Times, October 18, 2002. 44. Fred C. Ikle, Defending the U.S. Homeland: Strategic and Legal Issues for DOD and the Armed Services (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Inter- national Studies Homeland Defense Working Group, 1999). NOTES 197

45. The United States Commission on National Security/21st Century, New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century (Arlington, VA: The Commission, 1999). 46. Joseph J. Collins and Michael Horowitz, Homeland Defense: A Strategic Approach (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Homeland Defense Working Group, 2000). 47. Lisa Nelson, “Protecting the Common Good,” Public Administration Review 62 (September/October 2002): 69–73. 48. Jon B. Gould, “Playing with Fire: The Civil Liberties Implication of September 11,” Public Administration Review 62 (September/October 2002): 74–79. 49. John J. Kirlin and Mary K. Kirlin, “Strengthening Effective Government –Citizen Connections Through Greater Civic Engagement,” Public Administration Review 62 (September/October 2002): 80–85. 50. Jervis, “An Interim Assessment of September 11.” 51. Richard A Falkenrath, Robert D. Newman, and Bradley A. Thayer, America’s Achilles’ Heel: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), xxi. 52. Chris Quillen, “Posse Comitatus and Nuclear Terrorism,” Parameters 32, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 60–74. 53. Craig T. Trebilcock, Posse Comitatus—Has the Posse Outlived its Purpose? (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Homeland Defense Working Group, 2000). 54. Ikle, Defending the U.S. Homeland. 55. Tom Gede, Montgomery N. Kosma, and Arun Chandra, White Paper on Anti- Terrorism Legislation: Surveillance and Wiretap Laws: Developing Necessary and Constitutional Tools for Law Enforcement (Washington, DC: Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies, Criminal Law and Procedure Practice Group, November 2001). 56. Collins and Horowitz, Homeland Defense. 57. Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society, BCSIA Studies in International Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1998/2000). 58. Brian H. Hook, Margaret J. A. Peterlin, Peter L. Welsh, White Paper on Anti- Terrorism Legislation: Intelligence and the New Threat: The USA-PATRIOT Act and Information Sharing Between the Intelligence and Law Enforcement Communities (Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies, December 2001). 59. Angelo Codevilla, Informing Statecraft: Intelligence for a New Century (New York: Free Press, 1992). 60. Gede, Kosma, and Chandra, White Paper on Anti-Terrorism Legislation. 61. Kenneth Roth, “The Law of War in the War on Terror,” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 1 (January/February 2004): 2–8. 62. Dubnick, “Postscripts for a ‘State of War.’” 198 NOTES

63. Samuel P. Huntington, “The West: Unique, Not Universal,” Foreign Affairs 75, no. 6 (November/December 1996): 28–42; Samuel P. Huntington, “The Lonely Superpower,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 2 (March/April 1999): 35–49; Patrick J. Buchanan, The Death of the West (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2001). 64. James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle To Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1992). 65. Lasswell, “The Garrison State Hypothesis Today.”

CHAPTER 8

1. Peter Maass, “Ayn Rand Comes to Somalia,” Atlantic Monthly (May 2001): 30–31. 2. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We: The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), and Victor Davis Hanson, Mexifornia: A State of Becoming (New York: Encounter Books, 2003). 3. Thomas Barlow, “Tribal Workers” Financial Times, October 24, 1999. 4. Charles W. Kegley and Gregory A. Raymond, Exorcising the Ghost of Westphalia: Building World Order in the New Millennium (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001). 5. John Lloyd, “The Return of Imperialism,” New Statesman 131 (April 15, 2002): 21. 6. Helle Malmvig, “The Reproduction of Sovereignties Between Man and State During Practices of Intervention,” Cooperation and Conflict 36, no. 3 (September 2001): 251–72, see 258. 7. Stephen D. Krasner, “Sovereignty,” in Global Politics in a Changing World (2nd ed.), ed. Richard W. Manbach and Edward Rhodes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 13–20, see 13. 8. Ibid., 15–16. 9. Stanlake Jtm Samkange, “African Perspectives on Intervention and State Sovereignty,” African Security Review 11, no. 1 (2002): 73–84, see 75. 10. Oyvind Osterund, “Sovereign Statehood and National Self-Determination: A World Order Dilemma,” in Subduing Sovereignty: Sovereignty and the Right to Intervene, ed. Marianne Heiberg (London: Pinter, 1994), 18–32, see 30. 11. Stephen D. Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983). 12. Samkange, “African Perspectives on Intervention and State Sovereignty,” 75. 13. Ibid., 74. 14. Richard Falk, “Toward Obsolescence: Sovereignty in the Era of Globalization,” Harvard International Review 17, no. 3 (Summer 1995): 34. 15. Daniel Philpott, “Ideas and the Evolution of Sovereignty,” in State Sovereignty, ed. S. H. Hashmi (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 15–48. 16. Falk, “Toward Obsolescence,” 34. 17. John N. Clarke, “Ethics and Humanitarian Intervention,” Global Society 13, no. 4 (1991): 489–504, see 498. NOTES 199

18. Samkange, “African Perspectives on Intervention and State Sovereignty,” 75. 19. Tony Smith, “In Defense of Intervention,” Foreign Affairs 73, no. 6 (November/ December 1994): 34–47, see 43. 20. Michael Reisman, “Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law,” American Journal of International Law 84, no. 4 (October 1990): 866. 21. Martin Griffiths, Iain Levine, and Marc Weller, “Sovereignty and Suffering,” in The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention, ed. John Harriss (London: Pinter, 1995). 22. Beatrice Heuser, “Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Security: New World Orders in the Twentieth Century,” in State Sovereignty, ed. S. H. Hashmi (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 81–104. 23. Johan Jorgen Holst, “Keeping a Fractured Peace,” in Subduing Sovereignty: Sovereignty and the Right to Intervene, ed. Marianne Heiberg (London: Pinter, 1994), 126–46, see 134–35. 24. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 378–79. 25. John Rawls, “The Law of Peoples,” in On Human Rights: The Amnesty Lectures, ed. Susan Surley (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 41–82, see 49. 26. Malmvig, “The Reproduction of Sovereignties Between Man and State,” 256. 27. Bhikhu Parekh, “The Dilemmas of Humanitarian Intervention: Introduction,” International Political Science Review 18, no. 1 (January 1997): 5–7. 28. Gregory H. Fox, “New Approaches to International Human Rights: The Sovereign State Revisited,” in State Sovereignty, ed. S. H. Hashmi (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 105–30. 29. Malmvig “The Reproduction of Sovereignties Between Man and State,” 268. 30. Bronislaw Geremek, “Sovereignty, Human Rights and the United Nations in the XXI Century,” Dialogue & Universalism 9, no. 1/2 (2000): 159. 31. John Lloyd, “The Return of Imperialism,” 21. 32. Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (New Haven: Press, 2002). 33. Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998 [1795]). 34. John Stuart Mill, “A Few Words on Nonintervention,” in J. S. Mill, Dissertations and Discussions (London: Haskell House, 1972). 35. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 90. 36. Michael W. Doyle, “The New Interventionism,” Metaphilosophy 32, no. 1/2 (January 2001): 212–39, see 220. 37. John Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge, UK: Royal Institute for International Affairs and Cambridge University Press, 1986), 32–33. 38. Vera Gowlland-Debbas, “The Expanding International Concern,” Peace Review 5, no. 3 (Fall 1993): 287–92, see 292. 200 NOTES

39. J. Bryan Hehir, “Intervention, from Theories to Cases,” Ethics and International Affairs 9 (1995): 1–13, see 4. Square brackets are the author’s. 40. Clarke, “Ethics and Humanitarian Intervention,” 495. 41. Sohail H. Hashmi, ed., Introduction to State Sovereignty (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 1–14. 42. Falk, “Toward Obsolescence,” 34. 43. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, December 2001), 33–34. 44. Clarke, “Ethics and Humanitarian Intervention,” 501. 45. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, 152. 46. Mohammed Ayoob, “Humanitarian Intervention and International Society,” Global Governance 7, no. 3 (July/September 2001): 225. 47. Geremek, “Sovereignty, Human Rights and the United Nations in the XXI Century,” 159. 48. Doyle, “The New Interventionism,” 232. 49. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking, and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations, June 17, 1992). 50. Jakkie Cilliers and Kathryn Sturman, “The Right Intervention: Enforcement Challenges for the African Union,” African Security Review 11, no. 3 (2002): 29–39, see 39. 51. Falk, “Toward Obsolescence,” 34. 52. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). 53. Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century (New York: Basic Books, 1999). 54. Peter F. Drucker, Post Capitalist Society (New York: Harper Business, 1994). 55. Peter F. Drucker, “The Global Economy and the Nation State,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997): 159–71. 56. Clarke, “Ethics and Humanitarian Intervention,” 499. 57. Cilliers and Sturman, “The Right Intervention,” see 29. 58. Doyle, “The New Interventionism,” 223. 59. Heuser, “Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Security.” 60. Ayoob, “Humanitarian Intervention and International Society,” 225. 61. Eli Lauterpacht, “Sovereignty—Myth or Reality,” International Affairs 73, no. 1 (1997): 137–50. 62. Geremek, “Sovereignty, Human Rights and the United Nations in the XXI Century.” 63. Walter F. Ulmer, Jr., “Military Leadership into the 21st Century: Another Bridge Too Far?” Parameters 28, no. 1 (Spring 1998): 4–25. 64. Samuel P. Huntington, “Non Traditional Roles for the US Military,” in Non- Combat Roles for the US Military in the Post Cold War Era, ed. James R. Graham (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1993). Also see Samuel P. Huntington, “New Contingencies and Old Roles,” Joint Force Quarterly 2 (Autumn 1993): 38–43. NOTES 201

65. Ralph Peters, “Killers and Constables: The Future of Conflict and the Continuity of the American Military Experience,” Strategic Review 26, no. 2 (Spring 2000): 53–63. 66. John Hillen, “Must U.S. Military Culture Reform?” Orbis 43, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 43–57. 67. Thomas G. Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions: Intervening in Humanitarian Crises (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999). 68. Dennis C. Jett, Why Peacekeeping Fails (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000). 69. Thomas W. Spoer, “This Shoe No Longer Fits: Changing the U.S. Commitment to the MFO,” Parameters 30, no. 3 (Autumn 2000): 109–25. 70. Sun Tzu, The Art of War (New York: Oxford Press, 1971). 71. Department of State, The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Multilateral Peace Operations (Washington, DC: Department of State Publication 10161, May 1994). 72. Gideon Rose, “The Exit Strategy Delusion,” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 1 (January/February 1998): 56–67. 73. Adam Roberts, “The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping,” in Managing Global Chaos, eds. Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), 297–320. 74. Michèle Griffin, “A Stitch in Time: Making the Case for Conflict Prevention,” Security Dialogue 32, no. 4 (December 2001): 481–96. 75. Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987). 76. Margaret C. Hermann and Charles W. Kegley, Jr., “The Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy: Evaluating the Record,” International Interactions 24, no. 2 (April/June 1998): 91–114. 77. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Margaret C. Hermann, “A Peace Dividend? Democracies’ Military Interventions and Their External Political Consequences,” Cooperation and Conflict 32, no. 4 (December 1997): 336–69. 78. Richard H. Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism (New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2001). 79. Michael Cranna, ed., The True Cost of Conflict (London: Earthscan, 1994). 80. Andrea Kathryn Talention, “Rwanda,” in The Costs of Conflict: Prevention and Cure in the Global Arena, eds. Michael E. Brown and Richard N. Rosencrance (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 53–74. 81. Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (New York: Picador, 1999). 82. James Burk, “What Justifies Peacekeeping,” Peace Review 12, no. 3 (September 2000): 467–73. 83. Andrew J. Bacevich, “Tradition Abandoned: America’s Military in a New Era,” National Interest 48 (Summer 1997): 16–25, see 20. 84. Sam C. Sarkesian, “The U.S. Military Must Find Its Voice,” Orbis 42, no. 3 (Summer 1998): 423–37, see 436; also see Sarkesian, “The Myth of U.S. Capability in Unconventional Conflicts,” Military Review 68, no. 9 (September 1988): 2–17. 202 NOTES

85. Allan R. Millett, “The Parameters of Peacekeeping: U.S. Interventions Abroad, 1798–1999,” Strategic Review 26, no. 2 (Spring 2000): 28–38. 86. John M. Shalikashvali, Humanitarian Crisis: Meeting the Challenge (Chicago: Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation, Cantigny Conference Series, 1995), 58. 87. Don M. Snider, “Let the Debate Begin: The Case for a Constabulary Force,” Army 48, no. 6 (June 1998): 14–16. 88. Les Aspin, The Bottom Up Review: Forces for a New Era (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1993). 89. Snider, “Let the Debate Begin,” 14. 90. John Hillen, “The Military Ethos,” The World & I 12, no. 7 (July 1997): 34–40, see 37; see also Christopher Dandeker, “A Farewell to Arms? The Military and the Nation-State in a Changing World,” in The Military in New Times, ed. James Burk (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998); Volker Franke, “Warriors for Peace: The Next Generation of U.S. Military Leaders,” Armed Forces & Society 24, no. 1 (Fall 1997): 35–57; Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1960); Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, eds., “The Gap Between Military and Civilian in the United States in Perspective,” editors’ introduction to Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 91. John Hillen, “Don’t Misuse the Armed Forces,” Investors Business Daily, February 28, 1996. 92. John Hillen, “Must U.S. Military Culture Reform?” 43–57, see 48. 93. Don M. Snider, “America’s Postmodern Military,” World Policy Journal 17, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 47–55. 94. Alice Hills, “The Inherent Limits of Military Forces in Policing Peace Operations,” International Peacekeeping 8, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 79–98. 95. Christopher Coker, “Post-Modern War,” Royal United Services Institute Journal 143, no. 3 (June 1998): 7–14. 96. Deborah Avant and James Lebovic, “U.S. Military Attitudes Toward Post Cold War Missions,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 1 (Fall 2000): 37–56. 97. David Segal, Brian Reed, and David Rohall, “Constabulatory Attitudes of National Guard and Regular Soldiers in the U.S. Army,” Armed Forces & Society 24, no. 4 (Summer 1998): 535–48. 98. Faris R. Kirkland, Ronald R. Halverson, and Paul D. Bliese, “Stress and Psychological Readiness in Post Cold War Operations,” Parameters 26, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 79–91. 99. Ronald R. Halverson and Paul D. Bliese, “Determinants of Soldier Support in Operation Uphold Democracy,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 1 (Fall 1996): 81–97. 100. David R. Segal and Ronald B. Tiggle, “Attitudes of Citizen-Soldiers Toward Military Missions in the Post Cold War World,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 373–90. NOTES 203

101. Laura Miller, “Do Soldiers Hate Peacekeeping? The Case of Preventative Diplomacy Operations in Macedonia,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 415–49. 102. Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, see 420–25. 103. Lyle J. Goldstein, “General John Shalikashvili and the Civil-Military Relations of Peacekeeping,” Armed Forces & Society 26, no. 3 (Spring 2000): 387–412, see 388. 104. Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1973). 105. Richard M. Leighton, “OVERLORD versus the Mediterranean and the Cairo–Teheran Conferences,” in Command Decisions, eds. M. Blumenson and R. K. Greenfield (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1984). 106. Martin Blumenson, “A Deaf Ear to Clausewitz: Allied Operational Objectives in World War II,” Parameters 23, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 16–27. 107. Henry A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (New York: Harper, 1957). 108. Douglas MacArthur, Reminiscences (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 386. 109. Benjamin C. Schwartz, Casualties, Public Opinion and U.S. Military Intervention: Implications for U.S. Regional Deterrence Strategies, MR-431 (Santa Monica: RAND, 1994), 12–13. 110. Robert E. Osgood, Limited War: The Challenge to American Strategy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957). 111. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, 29. 112. Thomas C. Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966). 113. Schwartz, Casualties, Public Opinion and U.S. Military Intervention, 14. 114. Kenneth J. Campbell, “Once Burned, Twice Cautious: Explaining the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine,” Armed Forces & Society 24, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 357–74. 115. Caspar W. Weinberger, “The Uses of Military Power,” Defense (January 1985): 2–11, cited in Campbell, “Once Burned,” 365. 116. Caspar W. Weinberger, Fighting for Peace (New York: Warner, 1990), 159–60. 117. Colin L. Powell, “U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead,” Foreign Affairs 71, no. 5 (Winter 1992/1993): 32–45. 118. Powell, “Why Generals Get Nervous,” New York Times, October 8, 1992, A35. 119. Carnes Lord, “American Strategic Culture in Small Wars,” Small Wars and Insurgencies 3, no. 3 (Winter 1992): 208. 120. F. G. Hoffman, Decisive Force: The New American Way of War (New York: Praeger, 1996). 121. Michael Noonan and John Hillen, “The Promise of Decisive Action,” Orbis 46, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 229–46. 122. Deborah Avant, Political Institutions and Military Change: Armies in Peripheral Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). 204 NOTES

123. Laura Miller and Charles Moskos, “Humanitarians or Warriors? Race, Gender, and Combat Status in Operation Restore Hope,” Armed Forces & Society 21, no. 4 (Summer 1995): 615–38. 124. Harvey M. Sapolsky and Jeremy Shapiro, “Casualties, Technology and America’s Future War,” Parameters 26, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 119–27, see 124. 125. Edward N. Luttwak, “Where Are the Great Powers? At Home with the Kids,” Foreign Affairs 73, no. 4 (1994): 23–28 126. James Kurth, “American Strategy in the Global Era,” Naval War College Review 53, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 7–25. 127. Max Singer and , The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1993), 5. 128. Philip Everts, “When the Going Gets Rough: Does the Public Support the Use of Military Force?” World Affairs 162, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 91–107. 129. Michael W. Alvis, Understanding the Role of Casualties in U.S. Peace Operations (Landpower Essay 99-1) (Arlington, VA: Institute for Land Warfare, 1999). 130. Eric V. Larson, Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations, MR-726 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996); for another analysis drawing similar conclusions, also see Mark J. Conversino, “Sawdust Superpower: Perceptions of U.S. Casualty-Tolerance in the Post-Gulf War Era,” Strategic Review 25, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 15–23. 131. Louis J. Klarevas, “The Polls-Trends: The United States Peace Operation in Somalia,” Public Opinion Quarterly 64, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 523–40. 132. James Burk, “Public Support for Peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing the Casualties Hypothesis,” Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 53–78. 133. Michael C. Desch, “Liberals, Neocons, and Realcons,” Orbis 45, no. 4 (Fall 2001): 519–533. 134. Steven Kull and I. M. Destler, Misreading the Public: The Myth of a New Isolationism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999). 135. Peter D. Feaver and Christopher Gelpi, Choosing Your Battles: American Civil- Military Relations and the Use of Force (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). 136. “Call the Blue Helments: Can the UN Cope with Increasing Demands for Its Soldiers?” Economist, January 6, 2007, 22–23.

CHAPTER 9

1. Peter Bender, “America: The New Roman Empire?” Orbis 47, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 145–59. 2. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic, 2003). 3. Susan Strange, “The Future of the American Empire,” Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 1 (Fall 1988): 1–17. 4. Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Metropolitan, 2004). NOTES 205

5. Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire (New York: Regnery, 1999). 6. Robert Hunter Wade, “The Invisible Hand of American Empire,” Ethics and International Affairs 17, no. 2 (2003): 77–88. 7. Rob Kroes, “American Empire and Cultural Imperialism: A View from the Receiving End,” Diplomatic History 23, no. 3 (Summer 1999): 463–77. 8. Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Andrew J. Bacevich, “Steppes to Empire,” The National Interest 68 (Summer 2002): 39–53. 9. Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Routledge, 2002). 10. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), xi. 11. Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (New York: Ballantine, 1996). McWorld is meant to denote the globalized culture that has evolved from the shaping of international free market forces. 12. Hardt and Negri, 17. 13. Andrew J. Bacevich and Sebastian Mallaby, “New Rome, New Jerusalem,” Wilson Quarterly 26, no. 3 (Summer 2002): 50–58. 14. Ellen Ruppel Shell, “New World Syndrome,” Atlantic Monthly 287, no. 6 (June 2001): 50–53, available full-text online at http://www.theatlantic.com/ issues/2001/06/shell-p1.htm. 15. See Hardt and Negri, Empire, 41. 16. Publius [James Madison], The Federalist No. 43: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered (continued) (January 23, 1788), accessed online at http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa39.htm. 17. Publius [James Madison], The Federalist No. 39: Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles (January 16, 1788), accessed online at http://www .constitution.org/fed/federa39.htm. 18. Carl A. Castro and Amy B. Adler, “OPTEMPO: Effects on Soldier and Unit Readiness,” Parameters 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1999): 86–95; U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) had 213,000 Army personnel in 1990 and 62,000 by 1999; from 1945 to 1989, USAREUR participated in 29 peacekeeping or humanitarian missions; from 1991 (after the Gulf War) to 1999, it took part in over 100 such missions. 19. United States General Accounting Office, Military Personnel: Perspectives of Surveyed Service Members in Retention Critical Specialties, GAO/NSAID-99- 197BR (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, August 1999). 20. James Hosek and Mark Totten, Serving Away from Home: How Deployments Influence Reenlistment, MR-1594-OSD (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002); Ronald D. Fricker, Jr., The Effects of Perstempo on Officer Retention in the U.S. Military, MR-1556-OSD (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002). 21. J. Michael Polich and Ron Sortor, Deployments and Army Personnel Tempo, MR- 1417-A (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001). 206 NOTES

22. J. Michael Polich, Bruce R. Orvis, and W. Michael Hix, Small Deployments, Big Problems, IR-197 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000). 23. See the Army Stabilization Task Force work at https://www.stabilization.army .mil/. 24. James T. Quinlivan, “Force Requirements in Stability Operations,” Parameters 25, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 59–69; James T. Quinlivan, “Burden of Victory: The Painful Arithmetic of Stability Operations,” Rand Review 27, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 28–29. 25. Quinlivan, “Force Requirements in Stability Operations,” 62. 26. Jeffrey Record, Bounding the Global War on Terrorism (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, December 2003).

CHAPTER 10

1. Peter J. Schoomaker, The Way Ahead: Our Army at War—Relevant and Ready (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 2003). 2. Christopher Coker, “Post-Modern War,” Royal United Services Institute Journal 143, no. 3 (June 1998): 7–14. 3. Ralph Peters, “Heavy Peace,” Parameters 29, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 71–79. 4. Max Boot, “The New American Way of War,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 4 (July/August 2003): 41–58. 5. U.S. Army Peacekeeping Institute, Bosnia-Herzogovina After Action Review Conference Report (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, May 19–23, 1996), 30, accessed online at http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usacsl/divisions/pki/ CurrentProjects/Pubs/BHAAR1.DOC. 6. See Department of the Army, Field Manual 3.07-31: Peace Ops—Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Conducting Peace Operations (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, October 2003); and Field Manual 100-23: Peace Operations (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, December 30, 1994) at Appendix C, 86. 7. John M. George, “Military Relationships with Civilian Organizations in Peace Operations,” in Passing the Torch: Recommendations to the Next President on Emerging National Security Issues, Memo. 25, ed. James Anderson (Alexandria, VA: Council for Emerging National Security Affairs, November 2000), 105–108, see 107. 8. John A. Nagl and Elizabeth O. Young, “Si Vis Pacem, Para Pacem: Training for Humanitarian Emergencies,” Military Review 80, no. 2 (March/April 2000): 31–36. 9. Christopher A. Leeds, “Culture, Conflict Resolution, Peacekeeper Training and the D Mediator,” International Peacekeeping 8, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 92–110. 10. Daniel Possumato, Should the U.S. Army Establish a Peacekeeping Training Center? (DTIC No. ADA 364611) (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, March 22, 1999), 25. 11. John Otte, “The UN Concept for Peacekeeping Training,” Military Review 78, no. 4 (July/August 1998): 25–31. NOTES 207

12. Brien Hallett, The Lost Art of Declaring War (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1998). 13. Don M. Snider, “America’s Postmodern Military,” World Policy Journal 17, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 47–54. 14. Brigadier General John Sloan Brown, “Army Chief of Staff Eric K. Shinseki’s Reading List: On the Value of Reading,” Army 50, no. 12 (December 2000): 7–8. 15. John Hillen, “Must Military Culture Reform?” Parameters 29, no. 3 (Autumn 1999): 9–23, see 21. 16. Ike Skelton, “Close the Gap Between Military and Civilian America,” Association of the United States Army News (July 1996): 7. 17. Ole R. Holsti, “A Widening Gap Between the U.S. Military and Civilian Society? Some Evidence, 1976–96,” International Security 23, no. 4 (Winter 1998/1999): 5–42. 18. Howard Harper, “The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film,” Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 2 (Winter, 2001): 231–48. 19. David Segal, Peter Freedman-Doan, Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O’Malley, “Attitudes of Entry-Level Military Personnel: Pro-Military and Politically Mainstreamed,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 163–212 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001); Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps (New York: Scribner, 1997), 297; Charles C. Moskos, A Call to Civic Service: National Service for Country and Community (New York: Free Press, 1988); Holsti, “A Widening Gap Between the U.S. Military and Civilian Society?” 40. 20. Mark R. Lewis, “Army Transformation and the Junior Officer Exodus,” Armed Forces & Society 31, no. 1 (Fall 2004): 63–93. 21. Charles J. Dunlap, “The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012,” Parameters 25, no. 4 (Winter 1992/93): 1–20; John L. Byron, “The Sailor and the State,” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 124, no. 5 (May 1998): 30–33; Thomas E. Ricks, “The Great Society in Camouflage,” Atlantic Monthly 278, no. 6 (December 1996): 38. 22. Benjamin O. Fordham, “Military Interests and Civilian Politics: The Influence of the Civil-Military ‘Gap’ on Peacetime Military Policy,” in Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Peter D. Feaver and Richard H. Kohn, 327–60 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). 23. Sam C. Sarkesian, John Allen Williams, and Fred B. Bryant, Soldiers, Society, and National Security (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995), 19–20, 169, 177–78. 24. Ricks, Making the Corps; Eliot A. Cohen, “Making Do With Less, or Coping With Upton’s Ghost,” U.S. Army War College 6th Annual Strategic Conference (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 1995). 25. Beth J. Asch, Rebecca M. Kilburn, and Jacob A. Klerman, Attracting College- Bound Youth Into the Military: Toward the Development of New Recruiting Policy Options, MR-984-OSD (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999). 208 NOTES

26. David Segal, Jerald G. Bachman, Peter Freedman-Doan, and Patrick M. O’Malley, “Propensity to Serve in the U.S. Military: Temporal Trends and Subgroup Differences,” Armed Forces & Society 25, no. 3 (Spring 1999): 407–27. 27. Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr., “Beyond the GI Bill,” National Journal 31, no. 34/35 (August 21, 1999): 2422–28. 28. Charles C. Moskos, “Short-Term Soldiers,” Washington Post, March 8, 1999; Moskos, A Call to Civic Service; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, ARI Special Report 20 (Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1989), 35. 29. Harper, “The Military and Society: Reaching and Reflecting Audiences in Fiction and Film.” 30. Ricks, Making the Corps; Thomas E. Ricks, “Is America’s Military Professionalism Declining?” Naval Institute Proceedings 125, no. 7 (July 1999): 26–29. 31. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). 32. Cohen, “Making Do With Less, or Coping With Upton’s Ghost.” 33. Lieutenant General David H. Ohle, Presentation to the Faculty of the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, September 24, 1999. 34. Charles C. Moskos and John Sibley Butler, All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way (New York: Basic Books, 1996). 35. Fabrizio Battistelli, “Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier,” Armed Forces & Society 23, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 467–84. INDEX

Abu Ghraib prison abuses, 95–97 Clinton, Bill, 40, 76, 78, 81–3, Afghanistan, 1–2, 5, 17–18, 23, 87, 91–92, 97, 142, 146–47, 156 90, 92–95, 118, 143, 151, Cohen, Eliot, 4 153–55, 150, 165, 167 Cold War, 3–6, 21–23, 29, 33, 55, Albright, Madeleine, 3 57, 75–76, 79, 99, 100–103, 105, al Qaeda, 2, 9, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 89, 107, 112, 117, 128, 130, 139, 112 145, 151–52, 158, 162, 166 Aleph. See Aum Shinrikyo conscription, 40, 65, 162–63. See also anthrax, 13, 106 draft Army War College, 95, 159 Constitution, U.S., 5, 42, 71, 104, Aum Shinrikyo, 9, 12–13, 20 109, 127, 145, 150–51 authority, 40, 64, 66–68, 70, 72, 78, coups, 90–91, 95, 127 94, 96, 100–101, 108–10, 117, culture: American political, 103; 120, 122, 125, 128–29, 133, 143, civilian and military, 7, 36, 38, 40–42, 45–47, 53, 55, 57, 61, 149, 151, 165 64–65, 67, 69, 71, 80, 93, Avant, Deborah, 33, 135, 142 135–36, 145, 163, 165; Bacevich, Andrew, 2, 4, 29, 38, 42, globalizing, 103, 117–18, 121, 72, 90, 134, 146–48 125–26; of the new terrorism, 11, bin Laden, Osama, 5, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16–17 18 democracy, 46, 69, 71, 95, 101, 108, Bosnia, 5, 90, 106, 125, 130–32, 125, 127, 132 151, 153–54 Department of Defense, U.S., 37, 81, Bremer, Paul, 95 92, 94, 97, 109, 154 Bush, George W., 2, 4, 24, 40, 95, Desch, Michael, 35, 90–91, 144 147, 156 draft, 38, 47, 77, 86, 129, 163. See also conscription Canada, 48, 76 Carter, Jimmy, 4 Eisenhower, Dwight, 33, 139 casualty aversion, 142–44 election, U.S.: in 1992, 91, 118, 156; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in 2000, 156; in 2004, 95, 156; in 111 2008, 95 children, 62, 66–67, 71, 77, 82, 142 elite(s), 34, 36, 47, 76, 91, 93, 102, civil society, 1, 100, 104, 126 105, 118–19, 143–44, 164–65 210 INDEX

Elkind, David, 61–63, 67 Lasswell, Harold, 29, 94, 99–105, Europe, 63, 100, 119, 124, 127, 112–13 131–32, 137–38, 147, 149, liberalism, 33–34, 40, 42, 71–72, 152–54, 163 77–78, 120, 156 Luttwak, Edward, 142–43 fatwa, 14 Feaver, Peter, 33, 35, 45, 90, 94, 144 MacArthur, Douglas, 96, 138 Federalist Papers, The, 146, 150–51 McCain, John, 36, 156 Fick, Nathaniel, 25 Medina, Ernest, 96–97 Foucault, Michel, 63, 103, 147 Mills, C. Wright, 29, 102, 165 France, 5, 63, 86, 118 Moskos, Charles, 37, 49, 66, 68, 142, Franks, Tommy, 92 164 My Lai massacre, 96 garrison state theory, 8, 29, 94–95, 99–101, 103–7, 112 National Guard, 108–9. See also Gates, Bob, 92, 97 reserve components Germany, 5, 90, 133, 137, 151 national security, 1–2, 7–8, 13, 22, Great Britain, 89 36, 45, 48, 80, 89, 94, 101, 108, 131–32, 155–56, 161 homosexuals, 7, 61, 75 National Security Strategy, 22–23 Huntington, Samuel P., 5, 27, 33–34, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 36, 40, 42, 77–78, 80, 91, 118, (NATO), 142, 154, 158 130 nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) weapons. See weapons of mass , 5, 17–18, 90 destruction (WMD) Iraq, 1–2, 5–6, 8, 17–18, 23–26, 28, 50, 90, 92–96, 108, 128–32, Oklahoma City bombing, 9, 15–16, 141–42, 147, 151, 153–55, 159, 21, 105, 107 163, 165 Operation Overlord, 137 Israel, 48, 90, 100, 106, 131–32 pacificism, 47, 79, 84, 162 Janowitz, Morris, 34, 136 Padilla, Jose, 111–12 Pakistan, 18, 89–90 Japan, 9, 13, 90, 100, 151 panopticon, 13, 103 Kaplan, Robert, 6, 126 Philippines, 5–6, 89, 96 Karpinski, Janis, 96 Posse Comitatus, 16, 108–10 Kashmir, 18, 83 postmodernism, 59, 61–65, 67–70 Kellogg-Briand Treaty, 57, 78–79, Powell, Colin, 91, 104, 140–41 86, 162 public opinion, 12, 21, 38, 67, 131, Kissinger, Henry, 138–39 140, 142–44 Kohn, Richard, 45, 76 Qatar, 5, 111 Korea, 6, 17, 23–24, 81, 83, 86, 88, 90, 107, 137–39, 151, 153 RAND, 18–19, 37, 140, 143, 152, Kosovo, 5, 90, 125, 142, 151, 153 164 INDEX 211 recruiting, military, 13, 18–19, Truman, Harry, 138, 163 37–39, 42, 47, 56, 75–76, 93, Turkey, 90 155, 162–65 reserve components, 1, 159. See also United Nations (UN), 128–29, 133, National Guard 150, 152, 160 Reserve Officer Training Corps U.S. Military Academy. See West (ROTC), 38, 53, 76, 163–64 Point Rumsfeld, Donald, 91–92, 97, 104 Vietnam War, 5, 34, 39, 48, 63, 76, Russia, 87–88, 100, 133, 137 85, 97, 135, 140–41, 151, Rwanda, 5, 125, 130, 133 155–56, 163

Saudi Arabia, 1, 5, 18, 24, 90 Walzer, Michael, 123, 161 Sherman, William T., 84 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), Shinseki, Eric, 91–92, 161 9, 13, 16, 19–20, 23–26, 41, 75, shock and awe, 26–27 104–5, 107, 110–11, 125, 130, Somalia, 5, 122, 125, 130, 135, 133, 138–39, 142 143–44, 151, 155 West Point, 49–50, 51–52 Westphalia, Treaty of, 121 Taliban, 17 Woolsey, James, 4, 10 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 100–101 Toffler, Alvin, 58–61, 64 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 96–97