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SKY Journal of Linguistics is published by the Linguistic Association of Finland (one issue per year). Notes for Contributors Policy: SKY Journal of Linguistics welcomes unpublished original works from authors of all nationalities and theoretical persuasions. Every manuscript is reviewed by at least two anonymous referees. In addition to full-length articles, the journal also accepts short (3–9 pages) ‘squibs’ as well as book reviews. Language of Publication: Contributions should be written in English, French, or German. If the article is not written in the native language of the author, the language should be checked by a qualified native speaker. Style Sheet: A detailed style sheet is available from the editors, as well as via WWW at http://www.linguistics.fi/skystyle.shtml. Abstracts: Abstracts of the published papers are included in Linguistics Abstracts and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. The published papers are included in EBSCO Communication & Mass Media Complete. SKY JoL is also indexed in the MLA Bibliography. Editors’ Addresses (2012): Pauli Brattico, Faculty of Information Technology, P.O. Box 35 (Agora), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland Tiina Keisanen, Faculty of Humanities, P.O. Box 1000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Saija Merke, Finnish Language, P.O. Box 3, Fabianinkatu 33, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Mia Raitaniemi, German Department, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland Erika Sandman, Department of World Cultures, East Asian Studies, P.O. Box 59, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Editors’ E-mail: sky-journal(at)helsinki(dot)fi Publisher: The Linguistic Association of Finland c/o General Linguistics P.O. Box 24 (Unioninkatu 40) FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland http://www.linguistics.fi, http://www.linguistics.fi/skyjol.shtml The Linguistic Association of Finland was founded in 1977 to promote linguistic research in Finland by offering a forum for the discussion and dissemination of research in linguistics, both in Finland and abroad. Membership is open to anyone interested in linguistics. The membership fee in 2012 was EUR 25 (EUR 15 for students and unemployed members). Members receive SKY Journal of Linguistics gratis. Cover design: Timo Hämäläinen 1999 SKY Journal of Linguistics 25 Suomen kielitieteellisen yhdistyksen aikakauskirja Tidskrift för den Språkvetenskapliga föreningen i Finland Journal of the Linguistic Association of Finland Editors: Pauli Brattico Tiina Keisanen Saija Merke Mia Raitaniemi Erika Sandman Copy editor: Jouni Harjumäki Advisory editorial board: Werner Abraham Kimmo Granqvist Auli Hakulinen University of Vienna Institute for the Languages University of Helsinki of Finland Martin Haspelmath Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Anders Holmberg Max Planck Institute of University of Turku Newcastle University Evolutionary Anthropology Tuomas Huumo Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila Juhani Härmä University of Turku University of Helsinki University of Helsinki University of Tartu Fred Karlsson Seppo Kittilä Meri Larjavaara University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Åbo Akademi University Jaakko Leino Marja Leinonen Matti Miestamo University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Stockholm University Jussi Niemi Urpo Nikanne Martti Nyman University of Joensuu Åbo Akademi University University of Helsinki Krista Ojutkangas Mirja Saari Helena Sulkala University of Turku University of Helsinki University of Oulu Kari Suomi Ulla Tuomarla Maria Vilkuna University of Oulu University of Helsinki Institute for the Languages of Finland Jussi Ylikoski Jan-Ola Östman Sámi University College University of Helsinki 2012 ISSN-L: 1456-8438 ISSN: 1456-8438 (Print) ISSN: 1796-279X (Online) Hansaprint, Turku 2012 Contents External Reviewers of SKY JoL 25 (2012) .................................................... 5 Gabriela Alboiu and Virginia Hill Early Modern Romanian and Wackernagel’s Law ........................................ 7 Pauli Brattico Structural Case Assignment and Phi-Agreement in Finnish ....................... 29 Brian Fell Applicatives and Incorporation in Ubykh ................................................... 61 Mikko Heikkilä Kaleva and his Sons from Kalanti – On the Etymology of Certain Names in Finnic Mythology ........................................................................................ 93 Nivedita Kumari and S. Devaki Reddy (In)directness of Requesting in Hindi ........................................................ 125 Helena Metslang On the Case-Marking of Existential Subjects in Estonian......................... 151 Johanna Viimaranta Analogy or Conceptual Metaphor? Coming Concretely and Abstractly Close in Uses of the Russian Prefix pod- .................................................. 205 Inka Wissner Les grands corpus du français moderne : des outils pour étudier le lexique diatopiquement marqué ? ........................................................................... 233 Squibs: Kalyanamalini Sahoo Telicity vs. Perfectivity: A Case Study of Odia Complex Predicates ....... 273 Book reviews: La Fauci, Nunzio & Mirto, Ignazio M. (2010 [2003]) Fare. Elementi di sintassi. Compte rendu de Samuel Bidaud ................................................ 285 Response by Kalle Korhonen to the Response of Maria Kela in SKY JoL 24 (2011) ........................................................................................................ 291 Rice, Curt and Sylvia Blaho (eds.) (2009) Modeling Ungrammaticality in Optimality Theory. Reviewed by Michael T. Putnam ............................... 293 External Reviewers of SKY JoL 25 (2012) In addition to members of the current advisory editorial board (the following scholars have acted as external reviewers for SKY Journal of Linguistics in 2012: Annelie Ädel (Dalarna University), Ante Aikio (University of Oulu), Rajaa Aquil (Georgia Institute of Technology), Larisa Avram (University of Bucharest), Tim Bazalgette (Cambridge University), Monika Bednarek (University of Sydney), Koen Bostoen (Ghent University/ Université libre de Bruxelles), Esther Lynn Brown (University of Colorado Boulder), Mousa A. Btoosh (Al-Hussein Bin Talal University), Rémi Camus (Institut Nationale des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco), Paris), Candice Chi-Hang Cheung (Chinese University of Hong Kong), Denis Creissels (University of Lyon), Daniel Currie Hall (University of Toronto), Jonathan Fine (Bar-Ilan university), Ángel Gallego (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Daniel Hall (Saint Mary’s University), Peter Hallmann (University of Vienna), Ilona Herlin (University of Helsinki), Patrick Honeybone (Edinburgh University), Rasheed Al-Jarrah (Yarmouk University), Vesa Jarva (University of Jyväskylä), Elsi Kaiser (USC Department of Linguistics), Jean-Michel Kalmbach (University of Jyväskylä), Johanna Laakso (University of Vienna), Minna Laakso (University of Helsinki), Yury Lander (Moscow State University), Jouko Lindstedt (University of Helsinki), Terje Lohndahl (Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Severine Maggio (Université Blaise Pascal), Prashant Mishra (Government S.V.P.G. College Neemuch), Hazem Yousef Najjar (Bethlehem University), Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö (University of Helsinki), Felix Otter (Universität Heidelberg), Sumru Özsoy (Boğaziçi University, Istanbul), Renate Pajusalu (University of Tartu), Chih-hsiang Shu (Academia Sinica), Usama Soltan (Middlebury College), Achim Stein (Universität Stuttgart), Nina Sumbatova (Russian State University for the Humanities), Anne Vainikka (John Hopkins University), Alena Witzlack- Makarevich (Universität Zürich), Islam Yousse (University of Tromsø) SKY Journal of Linguistics 25 (2012), 5 Gabriela Alboiu and Virginia Hill Early Modern Romanian and Wackernagel’s Law Abstract Historical linguistic studies consider that the use of enclitics in Early Modern Romanian is due to the presence of Wackernagel’s law. This characterization fits in the tradition of Indo-European and Romance historical linguistics, where the presence of Wackernagel’s law is determined on the basis of phonological criteria. This paper argues that, when we approach the same data from the perspective of diachronic syntax, there is no support for this claim. We draw a distinction between encliticisation and the second position requirement for clitics, and show that the tendency for encliticisation in Early Modern Romanian is the result of syntactic operations that front the verb or/and the phrasal constituents for reasons that are unrelated to the phonological properties of clitics. We identify the triggers for such movements in discourse driven syntax. 1. Introduction Wackernagel (1892) established a phonological principle for Proto-Indo- European languages whereby clitics (i.e., phonologically non-accented items for him) occupy the second position in the clause. The element in the first position, hosting the enclitic, could be a word or a phrasal constituent. The second position clitic rule reflects on contemporary ideas regarding the morpho-phonological properties of clitics in Medieval Romance languages, where clitics, which normally preceded the verb, were noted to follow the verb in main clauses in the absence of some other sentence initial constituent (Tobler 1875/1912; Mussafia 1888). Wackernagel’s law has been successfully developed for explaining diachronic changes in Slavic languages as well (Slawski 1946 a.o.). Romanian is genetically Romance but it had intensive language contact with South Slavic languages, in which Wackernagel’s law is strongly represented (Bošković
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