Proceedings of LFG13 Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Editors) 2013 CSLI Publications http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/ Contents 1 Dedication 4 2 Editors’ Note 5 3 Yasir Alotaibi, Muhammad Alzaidi, Maris Camilleri, Shaimaa ElSadek and Louisa Sadler: Psychological Predicates and Verbal Complemen- tation in Arabic 6 4 I Wayan Arka: Nominal Aspect in Marori 27 5 Doug Arnold and Louisa Sadler: Displaced Dependent Constructions 48 6 Daniele Artoni and Marco Magnani: LFG Contributions in Second Language Acquisition Research: The Development of Case in Russian L2 69 7 Oleg Belyaev: Optimal Agreement at M-structure: Person in Dargwa 90 8 Ansu Berg, Rigardt Pretorius and Laurette Pretorius: The Represen- tation of Setswana Double Objects in LFG 111 9 Tina Bögel: A Prosodic Resolution of German Case Ambiguities 131 10 Kersti Börjars and John Payne: Dimensions of Variation in the Ex- pression of Functional Features: Modelling Definiteness in LFG 152 11 George Aaron Broadwell: An Emphatic Auxiliary Construction for Emotions in Copala Triqui 171 12 Özlem Çetinoglu,˘ Sina Zarrieß and Jonas Kuhn: Dependency-based Sentence Simplification for Increasing Deep LFG Parsing Coverage 191 13 Elizabeth Christie: Result XPs and the Argument-Adjunct Distinction212 14 Cheikh Bamba Dione: Valency Change and Complex Predicates in Wolof: An LFG Account 232 15 Lachlan Duncan: Non-verbal Predicates in K’ichee’ Mayan: An LFG Approach 253 16 Dag Haug: Partial Control and the Semantics of Anaphoric Control in LFG 274 17 Annette Hautli-Janisz: Moving Right Along: Motion Verb Sequences in Urdu 295 18 Petr Homola and Matt Coler: Causatives as Complex Predicates with- out the Restriction Operator 316 19 Bozhil Hristov: Defacing Agreement 335 2 20 Jonas Kuhn: On the ’Spirit of LFG’ in Current Computational Lin- guistics 356 21 Tibor Laczkó: Hungarian Particle Verbs Revisited: Representational, Derivational, and Implementational Issues from an LFG Perspective 377 22 John Lowe: (De)Selecting Arguments for Transitive and Predicated Nominals 398 23 Louise Mycock: Discourse Functions of Question Words 419 24 Louise Mycock and John Lowe: The Prosodic Marking of Discourse Functions 440 25 Prerna Nadathur: Weak Crossover and the Direct Association Hy- pothesis 461 26 Adam Przepiórkowski and Agnieszka Patejuk: The Syntax of Distance Distributivity in Polish: Weak Heads in LFG via Restriction 482 27 Ida Toivonen: English Benefactive NPs 503 3 1 Dedication We dedicate this volume of the LFG proceedings to the memory of Prof. Ivan Sag (1949-2013). Ivan Sag was the main proponent of HPSG, a constraint-based theory of gram- mar which shares architectural properties with LFG, but which works differently enough so that the contrast between LFG and HPSG has led to many spirited ex- changes and theoretical advances over the years. Everyone who knew Ivan will attest to his enthusiasm for all things linguistic, an enthusiasm that was coupled with deep linguistic insight — together they translated into linguistic work that has significantly advanced our understanding of how language works and that has put an indelible mark on the field. We personally interacted with Ivan most in our days as graduate students at Stanford (where among South Asianists, he was also known as "Mr. Spinach"). We came to know Ivan as a person who exuded bonhomie like no other professor. He cared deeply about his profession and he cared deeply about people and had a genius for networking and bringing people together (his LSA institute accommo- dation arrangements are the stuff of legends). With him, the field has lost a truly wonderful person much too soon. 4 2 Editors’ Note The program committee for LFG13 were Dag Haug and Anna Kibort. We would like to thank them for coordinating the review process and judiciously putting to- gether the program that gave rise to this collection of papers. Thanks also go to the executive committee and the abstract and final paper reviewers, without whom the conference and the proceedings would not have been possible in this form. With re- spect to the local organizing committee, we especially thank Tibor Laczkó, György Rákosi, Éva Kardos, Gábor Csernyi, who put together a superbly organized con- ference (with a wonderful accompanying social program)! Finally, as always, we would like to thank Dikran Karagueuzian for his and CSLI’s unfailing support. The table of contents lists all the papers presented at the conference. Some papers were not submitted to the proceedings. For these papers, we suggest con- tacting the authors directly. 5 PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICATES AND VERBAL COMPLEMENTATION IN ARABIC Yasir Alotaibi, Muhammad Alzaidi, Maris Camilleri Shaimaa ElSadek and Louisa Sadler University of Essex Proceedings of the LFG13 Conference Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Editors) 2013 CSLI Publications http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/ 6 Abstract The issue of verbal complementation patterns in the Arabic vernaculars is one which is relatively under-researched: this paper aims to make a small con- tribution in this area, focussing on essentially two issues (i) the syntax of so- called experiencer-object psychological predicates (EOPVs) (that is, predicates in the frighten or please classes) and (ii) the syntax of aspectual or phasal pred- icates (that is, verbs such as begin and continue). We argue that the latter class of verbs are in fact raising verbs and go on to show that in some dialects the interaction of EOPV and aspectual predicates permits a pattern reminiscent of Copy Raising. 1 Introduction The issue of verbal complementation patterns in the Arabic vernaculars is one which is relatively under-researched: this paper aims to make a small contribution in this area, focussing on essentially two issues (i) the syntax of so-called experiencer-object psychological predicates (EOPVs) (predicates in the frighten or please classes) and (ii) the syntax of aspectual or phasal predicates (that is, verbs such as begin and continue). Our work concentrates on the complementation patterns for these classes of verb in three geographically diverse dialects, Hijazi Arabic (a Gulf dialect from the West of Saudi Arabic, henceforth HA), Egyptian Cairene Arabic (henceforth ECA) and Mal- tese (henceforth MT). EOPVs are known to exhibit unusual properties crosslinguis- tically, and we will explore the extent to which this is true for Arabic and provide evidence that the experiencer really is a normal OBJ in this class of verbs. As for the aspectual verbs, we will argue that they are raising predicates in Arabic. We will then show that in some dialects, the interaction of EOPVs with aspectual verbs shows a pat- tern highly reminiscent of copy raising, although this in turn raises a number of open questions about the correct approach to the analysis of such constructions. Through- out, our principal aim is not theory development but a relatively detailed description of some under-studied verbal complementation patterns. 2 Psychological predicates The term psychological predicates refers to those classes of predicates with an argu- ment structure or thematic role grid involving an experiencer and a theme or stimulus argument (the content or object of the mental state). Verbs such as fear and Italian temere ‘fear’, which map their arguments so that the experiencer is the SUBJ and the theme or stimulus is the OBJ contrast sharply with verbs such as frighten or Ital- ian preoccupare ‘worry’, which exhibit the inverse mapping, with the experiencer as OBJ and the theme or stimulus as SUBJ. Furthermore this ‘inverted’ mapping occurs whether or not the stimulus is interpreted causally. A third class of verbs also exhibit- ing an apparently ‘inverse’ mapping include those which mark the experiencer with a †A version of this work was presented at the 6th International Arabic Linguistics Symposium, in Ifrane, Morocco. We thank participants at ALS and at LFG2013 and our reviewers for comments and feedback. All remaining errors are our own. 7 preposition or dative case marker, for example Italian piacere ‘please’. These classes are illustrated with the examples from Belletti and Rizzi (1988, 291).1 (1) Gianni teme questo (2) Questo preoccupa Gianni Gianni fears this this worries Gianni (3) A Gianni piace questo (4) Questo piace a Gianni to Gianni pleases this this pleases to Gianni In common with other literature we use the term EOPV to refer to predicates in both of these last two classes, that is, as a superordinate term for the frighten, preoc- cupare and the piacere classes (Belletti and Rizzi (1988)’s Classes 2 and 3). Class 3 (piacere) predicates are always stative and class 2 predicates (frighten, preoccu- pare) are usually ambiguous between stative and eventive readings. A representative sample of the class of predicates is given in Table 1. Meaning HA ECA MT anger yugdib,˙ yuzaQil - jagèdab overcome yaglib,˙ yusaitir yiglib˙ jegèleb tease/annoy/bother yuzQig,˘ yuqliq˙ yig˙¯ız, yidaayeP jdejjaq tire yatQib yetQib jgèejja hurt yagrah˘ yigrah jweg˙ga’˙ frighten yahawif˙ yixawwef˙ jbez˙za’˙ ¯ make happy/please yafarrih yifarrah, yibsit jferraè like yahib ˙ yiQgib ˙ jogègob˙ make sad yah˙zin, yuQlim yizaQQal jnikket enable yumakin˙ yiQaddar - Table 1: Experiencer Object Psych Predicates Arabic verbal morphology is characterised by a system of forms (Arabic Pawzan¯ (sg: wazn) or Hebrew binyanim (sg: binyan)) involving derivational morphological processes by which new verbal lexemes are formed. In the Western tradition, these forms (or measures) are referred to by means of roman numerals, with the Ist form be- ing the basic underived lexeme. In Arabic we find some fear-frighten pairs expressed through a change in binyan, such as ECA xaaf ‘fear’ < SUBJ OBL> (Ist binyan) and xawwef ‘frighten’ <SUBJ, OBJ> (IInd binyan) or MT beza’˙ ‘fear’ (Ist binyan) - bez˙za’˙ ‘frighten’ (IInd binyan).2 In other cases, we find that the same verbal stem 1For Belletti and Rizzi (1988) verbs in the fear class have the experiencer as an external argument, while the remaining two classes lack an external argument and associate the experiencer argument with ACC and DAT case respectively.