Inspection of Embassy Mexico City, Mexico

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Inspection of Embassy Mexico City, Mexico SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED JUNE 2015 OFFICE OF INSPECTIONS WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS Inspection of Embassy Mexico City, Mexico What OIG Found The Ambassador and deputy chief of mission provide integrative leadership of Mission Mexico, one of the largest View the full report: ISP-I-15-28A. and most geographically dispersed U.S. diplomatic missions. Washington officials credit the Ambassador and his team with strengthening and deepening the bilateral relationship over What OIG Inspected the past 3 years. OIG inspected the U.S. Embassy in Mexico The Ambassador brought improved communication, strategic City from September 28 through November planning, and coordination to the mission. Extensive digital 25, 2014. Members of the team inspected video conferencing links the far-flung constituent posts to the U.S. Consulates in Ciudad Juarez, embassy and one another; nonetheless, senior embassy Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, officials need to visit the constituent posts at least annually. Merida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Mission Mexico’s physical plants range from old, inadequate, and Tijuana during October 10–November and dangerous to a 3-month-old consulate compound. An 13, 2014. ambitious $1.67-billion construction program is underway; however, facilities problems noted in the 2009 Office of What OIG Recommended Inspector General report remain. OIG made 65 recommendations to Embassy Several deficiencies exist in grants management. Embassy Mexico City intended to improve its Mexico City’s grants exhibited inaccurate reporting, operations and programs. Most addressed incomplete closeout, and insufficient oversight. management control weaknesses, training Management has paid insufficient attention to communication deficiencies, personnel planning and needs in emergency management. assignment processes. OIG made five recommendations to the Department’s The mission will need increased staff to meet demand for Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations to American citizens services. address security vulnerabilities and design The age and composition of several Mission Mexico facilities issues, at consulate locations. The report highlight the need for greater physical security mitigation to addressed the growing demand for eliminate vulnerabilities. American citizens services. Public diplomacy programs and resources are overly centralized. Consulate public diplomacy sections should be given greater authority over budget and program decisions. Growth is straining the administrative support platform. From 2009 to 2014, the embassy added 146 U.S. direct-hire and 223 locally employed staff positions. Mission Mexico estimates that it will need an additional 4 U.S. direct-hire and 51 locally employed staff positions to manage current workloads. SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED ISP-I-15-28A Office of Inspections June 2015 Inspection of Embassy Mexico City, Mexico WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS Important Notice: This report is intended solely for the official use of the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any agency or organization receiving a copy directly from the Office of Inspector General. No secondary distribution may be made, in whole or in part, outside the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, by them or by other agencies of organizations, without prior authorization by the Inspector General. Public availability of the document will be determined by the Inspector General under the U.S. Code, 5 U.S.C. 552. Improper disclosure of this report may result in criminal, civil, or administrative penalties. SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED CONTENTS KEY FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 LEADERSHIP .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 GRANTS MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................................ 8 Public Affairs Grants ........................................................................................................................................ 9 International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Grants .......................................................................... 11 POLICY AND PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................. 12 Foreign Assistance ....................................................................................................................................... ... 12 International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Section ........................................................... 13 Political and Economic Sections ................................................................................................................. 15 Interagency Cooperation in Law Enforcement ....................................................................................... 18 Public Diplomacy .......... .................................................................................................................................. 19 Consular Affairs ............................................................................................................................................... 22 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. 31 Management Operations .............................................................................................................................. 33 Rightsizing ........................................................................................................................................................ 33 Financial Management Operations ............................................................................................................ 38 Human Resources ........................................................................................................................................... 41 General Services Operations ........................................................................................................................ 43 Facilities Management .................................................................................................................................. 45 Information Management ............................................................................................................................ 48 Information Systems Center ........................................................................................................................ 51 MISSION SUPPORT SERVICES............................................................................................................................. 53 Health Unit ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 Community Liaison Office ............................................................................................................................ 55 Schools .............................................................................................................................................................. 55 Employee Association .................................................................................................................................... 55 SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED MANAGEMENT CONTROLS ................................................................................................................................ 56 RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................................................... 58 PRINCIPAL OFFICIALS ........................................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX A: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 66 Purpose and Scope......................................................................................................................................... 66 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 66 ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 67 INSPECTION TEAM MEMBERS ........................................................................................................................... 68 SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED KEY FINDINGS The Ambassador and the deputy chief of mission provide integrative leadership of Mission Mexico, one of the largest and most geographically dispersed U.S. diplomatic missions. Washington officials credit the Ambassador and his team with strengthening and deepening the bilateral relationship over the past 3 years. The Ambassador brought improved
Recommended publications
  • Inspection of the Bureau of International Information Programs
    SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND THE BROADCASTING BOARD OF GOVERNORS OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL ISP-I-13-28 Office of Inspections May 2013 Inspection of the Bureau of International Information Programs IMPORTANT NOTICE: This report is intended solely for the official use of the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any agency or organization receiving a copy directly from the Office of Inspector General. No secondary distribution may be made, in whole or in part, outside the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, by them or by other agencies of organizations, without prior authorization by the Inspector General. Public availability of the document will be determined by the Inspector General under the U.S. Code, 5 U.S.C. 552. Improper disclosure of this report may result in criminal, civil, or administrative penalties. SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY OF THE INSPECTION This inspection was conducted in accordance with the Quality Standards for Inspection and Evaluation, as issued in 2011 by the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, and the Inspector’s Handbook, as issued by the Office of Inspector General for the U.S. Department of State (Department) and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Office of Inspections provides the Secretary of State, the Chairman of the BBG, and Congress with systematic and independent evaluations of the operations of the Department and the BBG. Inspections cover three broad areas, consistent with Section 209 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980: Policy Implementation: whether policy goals and objectives are being effectively achieved; whether U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Film Musical and the Place(Less)Ness of Entertainment: Cabaret’S “International Sensation” and American Identity in Crisis
    humanities Article The American Film Musical and the Place(less)ness of Entertainment: Cabaret’s “International Sensation” and American Identity in Crisis Florian Zitzelsberger English and American Literary Studies, Universität Passau, 94032 Passau, Germany; fl[email protected] Received: 20 March 2019; Accepted: 14 May 2019; Published: 19 May 2019 Abstract: This article looks at cosmopolitanism in the American film musical through the lens of the genre’s self-reflexivity. By incorporating musical numbers into its narrative, the musical mirrors the entertainment industry mise en abyme, and establishes an intrinsic link to America through the act of (cultural) performance. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of the chronotope and its recent application to the genre of the musical, I read the implicitly spatial backstage/stage duality overlaying narrative and number—the musical’s dual registers—as a means of challenging representations of Americanness, nationhood, and belonging. The incongruities arising from the segmentation into dual registers, realms complying with their own rules, destabilize the narrative structure of the musical and, as such, put the semantic differences between narrative and number into critical focus. A close reading of the 1972 film Cabaret, whose narrative is set in 1931 Berlin, shows that the cosmopolitanism of the American film musical lies in this juxtaposition of non-American and American (at least connotatively) spaces and the self-reflexive interweaving of their associated registers and narrative levels. If metalepsis designates the transgression of (onto)logically separate syntactic units of film, then it also symbolically constitutes a transgression and rejection of national boundaries. In the case of Cabaret, such incongruities and transgressions eventually undermine the notion of a stable American identity, exposing the American Dream as an illusion produced by the inherent heteronormativity of the entertainment industry.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Annual Report 1
    The Office of 2017 American Annual Spaces Report American Spaces United States Department of State Bureau of International Information Programs Contents Our Mission .................................................................................................... 1 2017: Taking a Broader View of Partnerships ...................................... 2 2018 and Beyond: Empowering Achievement Through the Power of Networks ......................................................... 14 2017 Office of American Spaces Budget ............................................ 18 2017 American Spaces Statistics .......................................................... 22 American Spaces in Pictures ................................................................. 24 american spaces | 2017 annual report 1 Our Mission The Office of American Spaces develops and supports modern, effective physical platforms for public diplomacy engagement with foreign targeted audiences in support of United States foreign policy objectives. The Washington-based Office of American Spaces in the Bureau of International Information Programs provides oversight, training and funding to support more than 650 American Spaces worldwide. It is home to the Foreign Service Specialist corps of 24 Regional Public Engagement Specialists around the world who link American Spaces, embassies and consulates with technical, programming and other “The support within IIP and provide direct guidance to Partnerships American Spaces. The office has 18 staff members That Enable in Washington and
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Booklet ANALOGOUS SPACES
    INTERDISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE ANALOGOUS SPACES GHENT UNIVERSITY Architecture and the Space of Information, 14 - 17 MAY 2008 Intellect and Action Analogous Spaces refers to the fact that every science or knowledge, every thought, every memory, every action creates its own space and that these spaces are organised according to a similar structure or architecture. Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing TELIN/UGent/IR07 www.analogousspaces.com Abstract Booklet ABSTRACTS Full Papers can be found on the ‘Conference Reader’ (compact disc) Floris Alkemade Rolf Hughes OMAMO: The Black Box The Parallel Life of Analogous Spaces in the Work of OMA/AMO The Architecture of the Diagram and Metaphor lecture by Floris Alkemade and comment by Rolf Hughes Biography Prof. ir.-arch. Floris Alkemade is a Dutch architect, urban designer, and one of the directors/partners of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), Rotterdam. Floris Alkemade joined OMA in 1989 and has worked as a project director for architecture and urban planning since 1996. He is now one of the directors/partners of the office. As project architect and project leader he completed several master plans, such as the Euralille master plan and the master plan project for the City Center of Almere (currently under construction). Floris Alkemade has acted as project leader for several urban projects in Europe and Asia and the competition for Les Halles in the center of Paris. Currently he is working on projects such as the master plan study for Gent (Belgium), the master plan for the area around the former Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, a shopping mall in Ostrava (Tjech Republic), the Coolsingel in Rotterdam (Netherlands) and the KJ Plein tower (The Hague, The Netherlands).
    [Show full text]
  • INDO 50 0 1106971426 29 60.Pdf (1.608Mb)
    A m e r ic a n " L o w P o s t u r e " P o l ic y t o w a r d In d o n e s ia in t h e M o n t h s L e a d in g u p t o t h e 1965 "C o u p " 1 Frederick Bunnell Introduction This article seeks to contribute to the reconstruction, explanation, and evaluation of the Johnson Administration's response to President Sukarno's radicalization of Indonesia's do­ mestic politics and foreign policy in the first nine months of 1965 leading up to the abortive "coup" on October 1,1965. The focus throughout is on both the thinking and the politics of what can be termed "the 1965 Indonesia policy group."2 That unofficial group was the informal constellation of US officials both in Indonesia (in the Embassy-based country team)3 and in Washington (in the *This article has enjoyed a long, troubled odyssey. Growing out of intermittent research on American-Indonesian relations dating back to my doctoral dissertation field research in Jakarta in 1963-1965, the substance of the article, including its primary conclusions, was presented in papers at the August 1979 Indonesian Studies Con­ ference in Berkeley and the March 1980 International Studies Association Conference in Los Angeles. I am in­ debted to the American Philosophical Society, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation, and the Vassar College Faculty Research Committee for grants in 1976-1979 which facilitated the brunt of the archival and interview re­ search undergirding the article.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations List of Delegations to the Second High-Level United
    United Nations A/CONF.235/INF/2 Distr.: General 30 August 2019 Original: English Second High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation Buenos Aires, 20–22 March 2019 List of delegations to the second High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation 19-14881 (E) 110919 *1914881* A/CONF.235/INF/2 I. States ALBANIA H.E. Mr. Gent Cakaj, Acting Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs H.E. Ms. Besiana Kadare, Ambassador, Permanent Representative Mr. Dastid Koreshi, Chief of Staff of the Acting Foreign Minister ALGERIA H.E. Mr. Abdallah Baali, Ambassador Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Alternate Head of Delegation H.E. Mr. Benaouda Hamel, Ambassador of Algeria in Argentina, Embassy of Algeria in Argentina Representatives Mr. Nacim Gaouaoui, Deputy Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Mr. Zoubir Benarbia, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations Mr. Mohamed Djalel Eddine Benabdoun, First Secretary, Embassy of Algeria in Argentina ANDORRA Mrs. Gemma Cano Berne, Director for Multilateral Affairs and Cooperation Mrs. Julia Stokes Sada, Desk Officer for International Cooperation for Development ANGOLA H.E. Mr. Manuel Nunes Junior, Minister of State for Social and Economic Development, Angola Representatives H.E. Mr. Domingos Custodio Vieira Lopes, Secretary of State for International Cooperation and Angolan Communities, Angola H.E. Ms. Maria de Jesus dos Reis Ferreira, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission of Angola to the United Nations ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA H.E. Mr. Walton Alfonso Webson, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Permanent Representative, Permanent Mission Representative Mr. Claxton Jessie Curtis Duberry, Third Secretary, Permanent Mission 2/42 19-14881 A/CONF.235/INF/2 ARGENTINA H.E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Country Team and Local Staff Role | Excerpt from Inside a U.S. Embassy
    PART II Foreign Service Work and Life: Embassy, Employee, Family By Shawn Dorman THE EMBASSY AND THE COUNTRY TEAM mbassies are located in the capital city of each country with which the United States has official relations, and serve as headquarters for U.S. gov - Eernment representation overseas. U.S. consulates are ancillary government offices in cities other than the capital. American and local employees serving in U.S. embassies and consulates work under the leadership of an ambassador to conduct diplomatic relations with the host country. The Department of State is the lead agency for conducting U.S. diplomacy and the ambassador, appointed by the U.S. president, reports to the Secretary of State. Diplomatic relations among nations, including diplomatic immunity and the inviolability of embassies, follow procedures framed by the 1961 Vienna Convention on the Conduct of Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocols, ratified by the U.S. in 1969. The foreign affairs agencies that make up the Foreign Service—the Department of State, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Foreign Commercial Service, the Foreign Agricultural Service, and the International Broadcasting Bureau—are part of the overall U.S. mission in a country and usually have their offices inside the embassy. Each embassy can also be home to the offices of other U.S. government agencies and departments, in some countries as many as 40 dif - ferent entities. Agencies with a significant overseas presence include the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the Treasury Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Department of Homeland Security.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, April 2014
    PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION APRIL 2014 GREENING EMBASSIES CHIEf-Of-MISSION GUIDELINES HOW H.A. GILES LEARNED CHINESE FOREIGN April 2014 SERVICE Volume 91, No. 4 AFSA NEWS FOCUS GREENING EMBASSIES AFSA Releases Chief-of-Mission Guidelines / 45 Eco-Diplomacy: Building the Foundation / 20 VP Voice State: Collaborating with Our Partner Organizations / 46 U.S. embassies and consulates around the world are becoming showcases VP Voice Retiree: Retirement for American leadership in best practices and sustainable technology. Begins Before Retirement / 47 BY DONNA M. MCINTIRE VP Voice FCS: The Budget Resource Merry-Go-Round / 48 The Greening Diplomacy Initiative: Chief-of-Mission Guidelines / 49 Capturing Innovation / 24 AFSA Hosts Chiefs of Mission / 51 AFSA On the Hill: State’s homegrown Greening Diplomacy Initiative relies on seeding, Beyond Advocacy Day / 52 harvesting, sifting, implementing and sharing employees’ innovations New Association Management and ideas, large and small. System for AFSA / 53 BY CAROLINE D’ANGELO AFSA VP Meets with Florida Retirees / 54 The League of Green Embassies: 2013 Sinclaire Award Recipients / 54 AFSA Book Notes: American Leadership in Sustainability / 30 America’s First Globals / 55 A coalition of more than 100 U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide AFSA Partners with United Nations shares ideas and practical experience in the field. Association / 56 BY JOHN DAVID MOLESKY FSJ Editor-in-Chief Steps Down / 56 AFSA and DACOR Salute U.S. Marine Security Guards / 57 Finns Take the LEED in Green Embassy Design / 35 The Foreign Service Family: The Finnish embassy in Washington, D.C., is a green building that The Packout and Me / 59 was ahead of its time.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    UPPER VOLTA/BURKINA FASO COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Parke D. Massey 1957-1958 Consul, Abidjan, Ivory Coast Thomas S. Estes 1961-1966 Ambassador, Upper Volta Walter J. Sherwin 1965-1967 USAID Operations Officer, Ougadougou Owen W. Roberts 1965-1968 Deputy Chief of Mission, Ougadougou Elliott Percival Skinner 1966-1969 Ambassador, Upper Volta Allen C. Davis 1968-1970 Deputy Chief of Mission, Ougadougou Lawrence Lesser 1969-1971 Economic/Commercial Officer, Ougadougou William E. Schaufele, Jr. 1969-1971 Ambassador, Upper Volta Donald B. Easum 1971-1974 Ambassador, Upper Volta Thomas D. Boyatt 1978-1980 Ambassador, Upper Volta Thomas N. Hull III 1980-1983 Public Affairs Officer, USIS, Ouagadougou Robert S. Zigler 1982 Program Officer, USAID, Ougadougou Julius W. Walker, Jr. 1983-1984 Ambassador, Upper Volta Joyce E. Leader 1983-1985 Political/Economic Officer, Ouagadougou Robert Pringle 1983-1985 DeputyChief of Mission, Ouagadougou Leonardo Neher 1984-1987 Ambassador, Burkina Faso Charles H. Twining 1985-1988 Deputy Chief of Mission, Ougadougou David Hamilton Shinn 1987-1990 Ambassador, Burkina Faso Robert M. Beecrodt 1988-1991 Deputy Chief of Mission, Ouagadougou Edward Brynn 1990-1993 Ambassador, Burkina Faso 1 PARKE D. MASSEY Consul Abidjan, Ivory Coast (1957-1958) Parke D. Massey was born in New York in 1920. He graduated from Haverford College with a B.A. and Harvard University with an M.P.A. He also served in the U.S. Army from 1942 to 1946 overseas. After entering the Foreign Service in 1947, Mr. Massey was posted in Mexico City, Genoa, Abidjan, and Germany. While in USAID, he was posted in Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia, Chile, Haiti, and Uruguay.
    [Show full text]
  • MENA-OECD Ministerial Conference Key Participants & Speakers
    Republic of Tunisia MENA-OECD Ministerial Conference Key Participants & Speakers – Biographies Hosts Mr. Beji Caïd Essebsi - President of the Republic - Tunisia Mr. Essebsi is the President of Tunisia since 2014. Previously, Mr. Essebsi held the position of Prime Minister for a brief period – March to October 2011. During his career, the President has held various high level positions, including Head of the Administration of National Security (1963), Minister of Interior from (1965-1969), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1981-1986) and President of the Chamber of Deputies (1990-1991). The President was also ambassador of Tunisia to West Germany and France. Mr. Youssef Chahed - Prime Minister - Tunisia Mr. Chahed was appointed Tunisian Prime Minister in August 2016. Before taking office, Mr. Chahed was Minister of Local Affairs in the previous government and previously held the position of Secretary of State for Fisheries. The Prime Minister is also an international expert in agriculture and agricultural policies for the United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Commission. Mr. Angel Gurría - Secretary-General - OECD Mr. Gurría is the OECD Secretary-General since 2006. The Secretary-General has held two ministerial posts in Mexico before joining the OECD - Minister of Foreign Affairs (1994-1998) and Minister of Finance and Public Credit (1998- 2000). Mr. Gurría chaired the International Task Force on Financing Water for All and is a member of several international initiatives, including the United Nations Secretary General Advisory Board, World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Water Security, International Advisory Board of Governors of the Centre for International Governance Innovation, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • „Dealing with Climate Change“ How Communities Can Contribute to Tackling Climate Change
    „Dealing with Climate Change“ How communities can contribute to tackling climate change THE PROGRAM Our Program will accompany the UN World climate conference 2015 in Paris (COP21). Often called „the last chance“ to adopt international measures, principles and standards to avert the worst effects of climate change, the conference serves well to take a stand in our communities. As educational partners with close ties to the American and German public, politicians and decision-makers, the German-American Institutes bring together the critical know-how behind any German-American collaboration. We provide a platform to discuss how and if fighting climate change is possible if experts, future leaders, and academics work together to come up with a plan to mitigate and manage climate change. THE WORKSHOPS In the form of interdisciplinary workshops, we bring together talented students from the region to discuss how simple climate change measures can be adapted to a city. Under the guidance of climate change experts, we will try to stress the importance of this program and hope, that the participants will remain active in the discussion beyond our program. We introduce the students to key concepts such as resource management, waste management, circular economy, food security, urban planning and economic competitiveness. This will enable the students to develop an opinion and give policy advice in one out of four key areas so that they can strategically manage climate change and remain active in the public discussion. THE GERMAN-AMERICAN INSTITUTES The Deutsch-Amerikanisches Zentrum/James-F.-Byrnes Institut e.V. is part of the German- American Institute network - a network of independent bi-national cultural and educational institutes in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • American Riviera” Constructing the Promise of the Cuban Revolution in the Capital’S Golf Courses
    Fairways, Greens, and Green Space in the “American Riviera” Constructing the Promise of the Cuban Revolution in the Capital’s Golf Courses By Nicholas Stewart, Yale University the Rovers Athletic Club, with its exclusively-British mem- bership.4 Tese greens sculpted thousands of acres of Havana and its suburbs into a realm of manicured Bermuda grass and raked white sand, where tropical fantasies of tourists became the backdrop for holes-in-one. Tey also afrmed the growing U.S.-American mandate in Cuba, which the explosive growth of tourism had incited in the early-twentieth century. From farmland to fairways to parkland, these golf courses underwent yet another transformation upon the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Fidel Castro’s regime immedi- ately nationalized them as a testament to Cuba’s egalitarian future under socialism.5 And yet, authorities neither razed the Biltmore nor let nature reclaim the Almendares; instead, they converted Havana’s golf courses into a web of parks, govern- In 2011, Cuba publicized its plans to partner with ment ofcials’ homes, and the Escuelas Nacionales de Arte. Te foreign developers and construct a series of eighteen-hole golf Revolution therefore had the efect of intentionally preserv- courses. Tese courses were to mark “a fundamental develop- ing these landscapes while making them widely accessible ment in having a more eclectic tourist sector,” as one British to a Cuban audience. It had the efect, too, of ending the fnancier of the undertaking noted—and they would include widespread practice of golf on the island for over ffty years, spas, shopping malls, villas, and apartments at a total cost of until the completion of those under-construction courses, an- $1.5 billion.1 Another developer explained that “Cuba saw nounced in 2011.
    [Show full text]