American Riviera” Constructing the Promise of the Cuban Revolution in the Capital’S Golf Courses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

American Riviera” Constructing the Promise of the Cuban Revolution in the Capital’S Golf Courses Fairways, Greens, and Green Space in the “American Riviera” Constructing the Promise of the Cuban Revolution in the Capital’s Golf Courses By Nicholas Stewart, Yale University the Rovers Athletic Club, with its exclusively-British mem- bership.4 Tese greens sculpted thousands of acres of Havana and its suburbs into a realm of manicured Bermuda grass and raked white sand, where tropical fantasies of tourists became the backdrop for holes-in-one. Tey also afrmed the growing U.S.-American mandate in Cuba, which the explosive growth of tourism had incited in the early-twentieth century. From farmland to fairways to parkland, these golf courses underwent yet another transformation upon the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Fidel Castro’s regime immedi- ately nationalized them as a testament to Cuba’s egalitarian future under socialism.5 And yet, authorities neither razed the Biltmore nor let nature reclaim the Almendares; instead, they converted Havana’s golf courses into a web of parks, govern- In 2011, Cuba publicized its plans to partner with ment ofcials’ homes, and the Escuelas Nacionales de Arte. Te foreign developers and construct a series of eighteen-hole golf Revolution therefore had the efect of intentionally preserv- courses. Tese courses were to mark “a fundamental develop- ing these landscapes while making them widely accessible ment in having a more eclectic tourist sector,” as one British to a Cuban audience. It had the efect, too, of ending the fnancier of the undertaking noted—and they would include widespread practice of golf on the island for over ffty years, spas, shopping malls, villas, and apartments at a total cost of until the completion of those under-construction courses, an- $1.5 billion.1 Another developer explained that “Cuba saw nounced in 2011. the normal sun and salsa beach oferings and knew it was With these successive spatial reconfgurations in mind, not going to be sustainable.”2 On its front page that May, the Havana’s golf courses appear as palimpsests where the politi- New York Times summarized: “[Te] Cuban government has cal and socioeconomic forces that shaped Cuba between giv[en] preliminary approval in recent weeks for four large turn-of-the-twentieth-century independence from Spain and luxury golf resorts on the island, the frst in an expected wave the rise of socialism are manifest in the built environment. of more than a dozen.”3 To this end, the latter reconfguration of the golf courses—as But these greens were not, in fact, Cuba’s frst-ever fair- preserved, nationalized landscapes where the U.S.-American ways. Golf arrived on the island in 1911—exactly one hun- fantasy of Havana took root—reveals the initial promise of dred years earlier—with the repurposing of a derelict farm on Castro’s socialism: that everyone (and not only the wealthy the capital’s periphery as the elite Country Club of Havana. and foreign) could indulge in a paradisiacal, leisurely vision Soon, the course boasted a thousand-name membership roster of the island. By extension, then, the Revolution proves not a and a years-long waitlist. Over the decades that followed, radical rejection of Cuba’s past, but instead a response to this a suite of local alternatives satisfed this demand: the Bilt- history that claimed the United States’ fantasy of the capital more Yacht & Country Club, built on “an incomparable site for Cubans themselves. overlooking the Gulf of Mexico,” according to one visitor; the Almendares Country Club, attached to a fve-star resort; and 1 Archibold, Randal, “Revolutionary Cuba Now Lays Sand Traps 4 Woon, Basil, “Te Golfer Discovers Cuba,” Golf Illustrated for the Bourgeoisie,” New York Times (May 24, 2011), A1. (December 1928), 25-56. 2 Ibid. 5 Nahmias, Alysa and Murray, Benjamin, “Unfnished Spaces” 3 Ibid. (New York: PBS), 2013, 0:4:45. 111 A “Matchless Southern Climate”: the United States, Cuba, travel.11 Writing in 1928 for the New York Times, one jour- and Tourism’s Rise nalist synopsized: “A new Cuba is being built as the result of its discovery by the American tourist. He has in increasing Years before Bermuda grass and putting greens reached numbers found that Cuba is only two days from New York, Havana, Cuba broke with its past, pivoting away from its and that it ofers as many attractions in the winter as any Spanish colonial heritage and towards a new trajectory of other spot outside of Southern France. An American Riviera is U.S.-American touristic intervention. In great part, this break growing in the island republic.”12 Cuba thus came to ofer to was predicated on the very foundation of an independent U.S.-Americans the promise of a new world only hours away Cuba, typifed by its new constitution, written in 1901. only hours from the North American mainland. Te adoption of a new constitution was quite explicitly Cruise companies, airlines, and guidebooks sold these a directive of the United States in the wake of its victory in hundreds of thousands of tourists the hyperbolic fantasy of the Spanish-American War. Soon after this victory, the New this “American Riviera.” One Pan American Airways brochure York Times stated: “Te convention that is to assemble in the from 1934 claimed that Cuba “conjure[d]” the names of city of Havana... ‘to frame and adopt’ a Constitution for the “Cap’n Kidd and Bluebeard,” and that it was a place “whose people of Cuba is called and appointed to meet, not by the name[...] we have lived since childhood yet only dreamed of people of Cuba... but by an order issued by the War Depart- ever seeing.”13 Similarly, a junket for the Ward Line touted “an ment of the United States.”6 In particular, the United States entrancing trip of fascinating interest to a gay and scintillating consolidated its hegemony through the Platt Amendment foreign capital. All the bubbling zest of Latin life and laugh- to the Cuban Constitution, which held that “all acts of the ter in a matchless Southern climate.”14 Here, the Ward Line United States in Cuba... are ratifed and validated.”7 U.S. presented Havana as a “matchless” experience to be had— Americans thereby laid the groundwork to “leave the Cubans rendered unique by virtue of its “gay and scintillating” built in vassalage to the United States,” as the Times continued, in environment in conjunction with the “bubbling zest” of Latin the construction of the state itself.8 America. Tese characterizations also imagined Cuba’s capital Te reframing of Cuba in relation to the United States with regard to leisure: Havana was “a winsome and sunlit land manifested in the explosive growth of tourism during the frst of singular and abiding charm where travel is cheap, easy and half of the twentieth century. Tis growth both attested to safe; ...and where the expected pleasures await the traveler,” as Cuba’s “vassalage to the United States” and also reifed it. In one 1926 travel guide claimed.15 Te city accordingly existed 1914, 33,000 tourists visited Cuba. One year later, in 1915, to many of its visitors exclusively in terms of touristic value.16 there were 44,000. In 1920, 56,000 tourists fooded the Tis fantasy became a reality as Havana’s developers island; and in 1930, that number had increased to 100,000.9 made good on the assurances of Pan American and the Ward And although the administration of President Franklin Line. Downtown, old homes made way for casinos, theaters, Roosevelt abrogated the Platt Amendment in 1934 to pursue and luxury resorts, which rapidly rose along the Malecón and instead its Good Neighbor Policy, the groundwork for tour- Paseo del Prado. Of this phenomenon, architectural historian ism’s exponential growth already lay in place: in the years im- James Lynch notes that the city was “inundated by a food of mediately before the Cuban Revolution, over 350,000 tourists luxury hotels, gambling casinos, and brothels,” thus making arrived annually.10 it “the Caribbean terminus of a Las Vegas-Miami-Havana Tese visitors travelled between Key West and Havana by way of ferries, ocean liners cruising the Eastern Seaboard, and—beginning in 1921 with Aeromarine Airways’ daily 11 Ibid. fights from Florida to Cuba—planes. By the end of the 12 Owen, Russell, “Cuba Rebuilds Itself for Winter Tourists,” New decade, fights between Havana’s Camp Columbia Aviation York Times (February 26, 1928). Field and New York or Chicago had made the once-distant 13 Pan American Airways Brochure, “Te Air-Way to Havana, markets of the United States accessible within one day of Nassau, West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America,” 1934, Folder 12, Box 1, Aviation Ephemera Collection, WSU; from Van Vleck, Jenifer, No Distant Places: Aviation and the Global American Century (Ann Arbor: ProQuest Publishing, 6 “Te Constitution of Cuba,” New York Times (August 6, 1900). 2010), 83. 7 “Accept Platt Amendment,” New York Times (May 28, 1901). 14 Ward Line Advertisement, “Havana: “Te Loveliest Land Tat 8 “Te Constitution of Cuba.” Human Eyes Have Every Seen,” http://cruiselinehistory.com/ 9 Pérez Jr., Louis, On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, wp-content/uploads/2008/06/wardline.jpg. and Culture (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2008), 167. 15 Terry, Tomas Philip, Terry’s Guide to Cuba: A Handbook for 10 Pérez Jr., 167. Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy sought to Travelers (New York: Houghton Mifin, 1926), iii move the United States away from interventionism in Latin 16 Schwartz, Rosalie, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in America. Cuba (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 7. 112 axis.”17 As Lynch observes, this axis proved transnational—a “Any One with..
Recommended publications
  • Slum Clearance in Havana in an Age of Revolution, 1930-65
    SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 by Jesse Lewis Horst Bachelor of Arts, St. Olaf College, 2006 Master of Arts, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2016 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS & SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Jesse Horst It was defended on July 28, 2016 and approved by Scott Morgenstern, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Edward Muller, Professor, Department of History Lara Putnam, Professor and Chair, Department of History Co-Chair: George Reid Andrews, Distinguished Professor, Department of History Co-Chair: Alejandro de la Fuente, Robert Woods Bliss Professor of Latin American History and Economics, Department of History, Harvard University ii Copyright © by Jesse Horst 2016 iii SLEEPING ON THE ASHES: SLUM CLEARANCE IN HAVANA IN AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1930-65 Jesse Horst, M.A., PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2016 This dissertation examines the relationship between poor, informally housed communities and the state in Havana, Cuba, from 1930 to 1965, before and after the first socialist revolution in the Western Hemisphere. It challenges the notion of a “great divide” between Republic and Revolution by tracing contentious interactions between technocrats, politicians, and financial elites on one hand, and mobilized, mostly-Afro-descended tenants and shantytown residents on the other hand. The dynamics of housing inequality in Havana not only reflected existing socio- racial hierarchies but also produced and reconfigured them in ways that have not been systematically researched.
    [Show full text]
  • Inspection of the Bureau of International Information Programs
    SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND THE BROADCASTING BOARD OF GOVERNORS OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL ISP-I-13-28 Office of Inspections May 2013 Inspection of the Bureau of International Information Programs IMPORTANT NOTICE: This report is intended solely for the official use of the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any agency or organization receiving a copy directly from the Office of Inspector General. No secondary distribution may be made, in whole or in part, outside the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, by them or by other agencies of organizations, without prior authorization by the Inspector General. Public availability of the document will be determined by the Inspector General under the U.S. Code, 5 U.S.C. 552. Improper disclosure of this report may result in criminal, civil, or administrative penalties. SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY OF THE INSPECTION This inspection was conducted in accordance with the Quality Standards for Inspection and Evaluation, as issued in 2011 by the Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency, and the Inspector’s Handbook, as issued by the Office of Inspector General for the U.S. Department of State (Department) and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Office of Inspections provides the Secretary of State, the Chairman of the BBG, and Congress with systematic and independent evaluations of the operations of the Department and the BBG. Inspections cover three broad areas, consistent with Section 209 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980: Policy Implementation: whether policy goals and objectives are being effectively achieved; whether U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Remediation of Water-Quality Hotspots in Havana
    J.J. Iudicello et al.: Identification and Remediation of Water-Quality Hotspots in Havana, Cuba 72 ISSN 0511-5728 The West Indian Journal of Engineering Vol.35, No.2, January 2013, pp.72-82 Identification and Remediation of Water-Quality Hotspots in Havana, Cuba: Accounting for Limited Data and High Uncertainty Jeffrey J. Iudicelloa Ψ, Dylan A. Battermanb, Matthew M. Pollardc, Cameron Q. Scheidd, e and David A. Chin Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA a E-mail: [email protected] b E-mail: [email protected] c E-mail: [email protected] d E-mail: [email protected] e E-mail: [email protected] Ψ Corresponding Author (Received 19 May 2012; Revised 26 November 2012; Accepted 01 January 2013) Abstract: A team at the University of Miami (UM) developed a water-quality model to link in-stream concentrations with land uses in the Almendares River watershed, Cuba. Since necessary data in Cuba is rare or nonexistent, water- quality standards, pollutant data, and stormwater management data from the state of Florida were used, an approach justified by the highly correlated meteorological patterns between South Florida and Havana. A GIS platform was used to delineate the watershed and sub-watersheds and breakdown the watershed into urban and non-urban land uses. The UM model provides a relative assessment of which river junctions were most likely to exceed water-quality standards, and can model water-quality improvements upon application of appropriate remediation strategies. The pollutants considered were TN, TP, BOD5, fecal coliform, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Film Musical and the Place(Less)Ness of Entertainment: Cabaret’S “International Sensation” and American Identity in Crisis
    humanities Article The American Film Musical and the Place(less)ness of Entertainment: Cabaret’s “International Sensation” and American Identity in Crisis Florian Zitzelsberger English and American Literary Studies, Universität Passau, 94032 Passau, Germany; fl[email protected] Received: 20 March 2019; Accepted: 14 May 2019; Published: 19 May 2019 Abstract: This article looks at cosmopolitanism in the American film musical through the lens of the genre’s self-reflexivity. By incorporating musical numbers into its narrative, the musical mirrors the entertainment industry mise en abyme, and establishes an intrinsic link to America through the act of (cultural) performance. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of the chronotope and its recent application to the genre of the musical, I read the implicitly spatial backstage/stage duality overlaying narrative and number—the musical’s dual registers—as a means of challenging representations of Americanness, nationhood, and belonging. The incongruities arising from the segmentation into dual registers, realms complying with their own rules, destabilize the narrative structure of the musical and, as such, put the semantic differences between narrative and number into critical focus. A close reading of the 1972 film Cabaret, whose narrative is set in 1931 Berlin, shows that the cosmopolitanism of the American film musical lies in this juxtaposition of non-American and American (at least connotatively) spaces and the self-reflexive interweaving of their associated registers and narrative levels. If metalepsis designates the transgression of (onto)logically separate syntactic units of film, then it also symbolically constitutes a transgression and rejection of national boundaries. In the case of Cabaret, such incongruities and transgressions eventually undermine the notion of a stable American identity, exposing the American Dream as an illusion produced by the inherent heteronormativity of the entertainment industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Islenos and Malaguenos of Louisiana Part 1
    Islenos and Malaguenos of Louisiana Part 1 Louisiana Historical Background 1761 – 1763 1761 – 1763 1761 – 1763 •Spain sides with France in the now expanded Seven Years War •The Treaty of Fontainebleau was a secret agreement of 1762 in which France ceded Louisiana (New France) to Spain. •Spain acquires Louisiana Territory from France 1763 •No troops or officials for several years •The colonists in western Louisiana did not accept the transition, and expelled the first Spanish governor in the Rebellion of 1768. Alejandro O'Reilly suppressed the rebellion and formally raised the Spanish flag in 1769. Antonio de Ulloa Alejandro O'Reilly 1763 – 1770 1763 – 1770 •France’s secret treaty contained provisions to acquire the western Louisiana from Spain in the future. •Spain didn’t really have much interest since there wasn’t any precious metal compared to the rest of the South America and Louisiana was a financial burden to the French for so long. •British obtains all of Florida, including areas north of Lake Pontchartrain, Lake Maurepas and Bayou Manchac. •British built star-shaped sixgun fort, built in 1764, to guard the northern side of Bayou Manchac. •Bayou Manchac was an alternate route to Baton Rouge from the Gulf bypassing French controlled New Orleans. •After Britain acquired eastern Louisiana, by 1770, Spain became weary of the British encroaching upon it’s new territory west of the Mississippi. •Spain needed a way to populate it’s new territory and defend it. •Since Spain was allied with France, and because of the Treaty of Allegiance in 1778, Spain found itself allied with the Americans during their independence.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Annual Report 1
    The Office of 2017 American Annual Spaces Report American Spaces United States Department of State Bureau of International Information Programs Contents Our Mission .................................................................................................... 1 2017: Taking a Broader View of Partnerships ...................................... 2 2018 and Beyond: Empowering Achievement Through the Power of Networks ......................................................... 14 2017 Office of American Spaces Budget ............................................ 18 2017 American Spaces Statistics .......................................................... 22 American Spaces in Pictures ................................................................. 24 american spaces | 2017 annual report 1 Our Mission The Office of American Spaces develops and supports modern, effective physical platforms for public diplomacy engagement with foreign targeted audiences in support of United States foreign policy objectives. The Washington-based Office of American Spaces in the Bureau of International Information Programs provides oversight, training and funding to support more than 650 American Spaces worldwide. It is home to the Foreign Service Specialist corps of 24 Regional Public Engagement Specialists around the world who link American Spaces, embassies and consulates with technical, programming and other “The support within IIP and provide direct guidance to Partnerships American Spaces. The office has 18 staff members That Enable in Washington and
    [Show full text]
  • A Family Program in Cuba December 27, 2019 - January 1 , 2020
    NEW YEAR’S IN HAVANA: A FAMILY PROGRAM IN CUBA DECEMBER 27, 2019 - JANUARY 1 , 2020 As diplomatic and economic ties between the United States and Cuba are reformed over the next few years, the landscape of Cuba will dramatically change, making it more important than ever to experience Cuba as it is today. On this family-friendly program to Havana, experience a variety of Cuban art, music, and dance with activities aimed at all ages. Enjoy playing a baseball game with Cubans close to Hemingway’s favorite hang-out in Cojimar. Dine at some of the most popular paladares, private restaurants run by Cuban entrepreneurs—often in family homes. Learn about the nation’s history and economic structure, and discuss the reforms driving changes with your Harvard study leader and local guest speakers. Learn how to salsa in a private class—and much more! The Harvard Alumni Association is operating this educational program under the General License authorized by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). This program differs from more traditional trips in that every hour must be accounted for. Each day has been structured to provide meaningful interactions with Cuban people or educational or cultural programming. Please note that Harvard University intends to fully comply with all requirements of the General License. Travelers must participate in all group activities. GROUP SIZE: Up to 30 guests PRICING: To be announced STUDY LEADER: To be announced Enjoy lunch at La Moneda Cubana, a roof-top SCHEDULE BY DAY paladar in the heart of Old Havana. B=Breakfast, L=Lunch, D=Dinner After lunch, stop at Los Clandestina, which was founded by young Cuban artists and entrepreneurs, Clandestina is Cuba’s first FRIDAY, DECEMBER 27 design store—providing both tourists and MIAMI / HAVANA residents with contemporary products that are uniquely designed and manufactured in Independent arrivals in Havana.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Booklet ANALOGOUS SPACES
    INTERDISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE ANALOGOUS SPACES GHENT UNIVERSITY Architecture and the Space of Information, 14 - 17 MAY 2008 Intellect and Action Analogous Spaces refers to the fact that every science or knowledge, every thought, every memory, every action creates its own space and that these spaces are organised according to a similar structure or architecture. Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing TELIN/UGent/IR07 www.analogousspaces.com Abstract Booklet ABSTRACTS Full Papers can be found on the ‘Conference Reader’ (compact disc) Floris Alkemade Rolf Hughes OMAMO: The Black Box The Parallel Life of Analogous Spaces in the Work of OMA/AMO The Architecture of the Diagram and Metaphor lecture by Floris Alkemade and comment by Rolf Hughes Biography Prof. ir.-arch. Floris Alkemade is a Dutch architect, urban designer, and one of the directors/partners of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), Rotterdam. Floris Alkemade joined OMA in 1989 and has worked as a project director for architecture and urban planning since 1996. He is now one of the directors/partners of the office. As project architect and project leader he completed several master plans, such as the Euralille master plan and the master plan project for the City Center of Almere (currently under construction). Floris Alkemade has acted as project leader for several urban projects in Europe and Asia and the competition for Les Halles in the center of Paris. Currently he is working on projects such as the master plan study for Gent (Belgium), the master plan for the area around the former Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, a shopping mall in Ostrava (Tjech Republic), the Coolsingel in Rotterdam (Netherlands) and the KJ Plein tower (The Hague, The Netherlands).
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish- American War
    346-351-Chapter 10 10/21/02 5:10 PM Page 346 The Spanish- American War MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names In 1898, the United States U.S. involvement in Latin •José Martí •George Dewey went to war to help Cuba win America and Asia increased •Valeriano Weyler •Rough Riders its independence from Spain. greatly as a result of the war •yellow journalism •San Juan Hill and continues today. •U.S.S. Maine •Treaty of Paris One American's Story Early in 1896, James Creelman traveled to Cuba as a New York World reporter, covering the second Cuban war for independ- ence from Spain. While in Havana, he wrote columns about his observations of the war. His descriptions of Spanish atrocities aroused American sympathy for Cubans. A PERSONAL VOICE JAMES CREELMAN “ No man’s life, no man’s property is safe [in Cuba]. American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American prop- erty is destroyed on all sides. Wounded soldiers can be found begging in the streets of Havana. The horrors of a barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native popula- tion are witnessed in all parts of the country. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood! . Is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?” —New York World, May 17, 1896 Newspapers during that period often exaggerated stories like Creelman’s to boost their sales as well as to provoke American intervention in Cuba. M Cuban rebels burn the town of Jaruco Cubans Rebel Against Spain in March 1896.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuban Winter League (Special Season – Triangular) (1926-27)
    Cuban Winter League (Special Season – Triangular) (1926-27) During the 1926-27 winter baseball season in Cuba there were two leagues. The “new” competing league was called the Triangular League because it was composed of three teams (Alacranes, Havana Reds and Marianao). The owners of these three “new” teams were better financed than the owners of the “other” league and could sign the best Latin and Negro League players. The season opened on 10/28/26 and ended on 2/6/27. Batting Leaders Player Team AB R Hits 2B 3B HR Average C. Garcia Alacranes 8 0 4 - - - .500 J. Martinez Alacranes 2 0 1 - - - .500 Eugenio Morin Havana 30 5 14 - - - .467 Justo Lopez Marianao 55 16 25 - - - .455 Martin Dihigo Marianao 20 8 9 - - - .450 Pablo Mesa Marianao 127 24 55 - - - .433 George “Tank” Carr Alacranes 125 21 52 - - - .416 Dick Lundy Alacranes 127 25 52 - - - .410 Oscar Charleston Havana 151 25 61 - - - .404 Mariano Izquierdo Marianao 5 0 2 - - - .400 Judy Johnson Alacranes 115 13 43 - - - .374 Alejandro Oms Marianao 101 28 37 - - - .366 Rafael Quintana Havana 50 8 18 - - - .360 Esteban Montalvo Alacranes 104 23 37 - - - .356 Angel Alfonso Alacranes 46 10 16 - - - .348 Charles “Chino” Smith Marianao 79 12 27 - - - .342 Ramon Herrera Marianao 50 9 17 - - - .340 Oscar Rodriquez Havana 145 29 49 - - - .338 Pelayo Chacon Marianao 131 18 44 - - - .336 Oliver Marcelle Havana 78 15 26 - - - .333 Jose Gutierrez Havana 3 0 1 - - - .333 Clint Thomas Alacranes 118 35 39 - - - .331 Rogelio Crespo Marianao 88 20 29 - - - .330 Jose Perez Havana 52 8 17 - - - .327 Jose Rodriquez Havana 135 24 44 - - - .326 Francisco Correa Havana 22 3 7 - - - .318 Bernardo Baro Alacranes 107 19 33 - - - .309 Joaquin Gutierrez Alacranes 53 8 16 - - - .302 Francisco Cardenas Marianao 83 11 25 - - - .301 Roberto Puig Havana 40 4 12 - - - .300 Manuel Parrado Alacranes 7 2 2 - - - .286 Bartolo Portuondo Marianao 88 14 25 - - - .284 Adolfo Luque Alacranes 54 9 15 - - - .278 I.
    [Show full text]
  • El Base-Ball En Cuba
    El base-ball en Cuba : historia del base-ball en la Isla de Cuba,sin retratos de los principales jugadores y personas más caracterizadas en el juego citado, ni de ninguna otra / por Wenceslao Galvez y Delmonte (Wen.). Gálvez y del Monte, Wenceslao, 1867- Habana : Herederos de S.S. Speneer, 1889. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hwrcns Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-us-google We have determined this work to be in the public domain in the United States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries. Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the work accordingly. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions. Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc. (indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly, non-commercial purposes. *T-T--------- e G— ll / S ºy 3. - 4 - 3- . 4.- . - a º I. - l ) Al = º arrera º nº para al a º exue - e/23N3 >>><<< Historia del base balI en la Isla de cubs, y sin retratos de los principales jugadores personas más caracterizadas -º en el juego citado, ni de ninguna otra, 3 P() R.
    [Show full text]
  • Havana Springfall Cuba Academicspring Year
    API ABROAD PROGRAMS OFFERED TO MARIST COLLEGE STUDENTS FALL HAVANA SPRINGFALL CUBA ACADEMICSPRING YEAR WHY CUBA? • Colonial charm • Friendly people • Safe city • International art and music festivals • One of the oldest universities in the hemisphere • Amazing cuisine CUBANDIRECT ENROLLMENT AND CARIBBEAN PROGRAM STUDIES PROGRAM UNIVERSIDADUNIVERSITY COLLEGE DE LA HABANA DUBLIN CLASSES TAUGHT IN SPANISH • TRANSCRIPT FROM U.S. ACCREDITED INSTITUTION (MARIST COLLEGE) ROUND-TRIP AIRFARE (MIAMI-HAVANA) INCLUDED REQUIREMENTS ACADEMIC PROGRAM • 3.0 G.P.A. TOTAL CREDIT HOURS • Open to sophomores, juniors, and seniors SEMESTER 12-16 CREDITS • Must be enrolled as a degree-seeking Students who study abroad in Cuba with API on the Cuban and Caribbean Studies undergraduate student and under the Program will take a required Spanish language course throughout the term. This age of 25 course uses the Cuban experience as a backdrop for language practice, discussion, • Open to advanced level Spanish speakers and writing assignments. Students will select a “track” course covering either Cuban (with a minimum of 4-5 semesters of studies or Caribbean studies. Students choose their remaining courses from a college-level Spanish or the equivalent) selection of offerings in art history, communication, literature, and cultural/regional • Completed API application studies with local Cuban students. Courses are offered Monday through Friday, in • University contact information form both the mornings and afternoons. Course work will be supplemented by numerous cultural activities and excursions. • One letter of recommendation • One official transcript TRANSCRIPTS Students may receive transcripts from either the Universidad de la Habana or Marist • Completion of an oral interview College for courses taken at the Universidad de la Habana*.
    [Show full text]