LARRDIS (Lok Sabha Secretariat) New Delhi
BACKGROUND NOTE
on
“Status of Health in India”
(For the use of Members of Parliament)
March 2021
______The brief note is intended to serve only as a background aid to the Members of Parliament. It is for restricted circulation and not for publication in any form.
[Prepared by the Economic & Financial Affairs Wing of the R&I Division. Officers associated with the preparation – Pooja Singh, Joint Director and Shri Naushad Alam, Director and supervised by Smt. Kalpana Sharma, Additional Secretary. Feedback is welcome and may be sent to [email protected]]
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
Health and Constitutional Mandate Health is primarily a ‘State Subject’ in the Constitution of India. It is the responsibility of the state to ensure ‘public health and sanitation, hospitals and dispensaries’ 1 . The Constitution of India divides health-related responsibilities between the central and the state governments. While the national government maintains responsibility for medical research and technical education, state governments shoulder the responsibility for infrastructure, employment, and service delivery. The concurrent list (in the 9th schedule to the Constitution of India) includes issues that concern more than one state, e.g., preventing extension of infectious or contagious diseases among states. While the states have significant autonomy in managing their health systems, the national government exercises significant fiscal control over the states’ health systems2. Not only the state but also Panchayats and Municipalities are liable to improve and protect public health. Article 243 G points that “The legislature of a state may endow the panchayats with necessary power and authority in relation to matters listed in the eleventh schedule.” Judicial Response Towards Right To Health And Medical Assistance3 The term ‘Right to Health’ is nowhere mentioned in the constitution yet the Supreme Court, through its various judgements, has interpreted it as a fundamental right under Right to life enshrined in Article 21. It is a significant view of the Supreme Court that first it interpreted Right to Health under part IV. i.e. Directive Principles of State Policy and noted that it is the duty of the state to look after health of the people at large. In its wider interpretation of Article 21 it was held by the Supreme Court that, the rights to Health is a part and parcel of right to life & therefore are of fundamental right provided under Indian Constitution. The court has played a pivotal role in imposing positive obligations as authorities to maintain and improve public Health. Healthcare to All The system of healthcare and health delivery facility is so designed in the country that it aims to provide the requisite health related facilities to the entire population with special focus on the marginalized and vulnerable groups including inter alia the tribal populace, the critically sick individuals, and victims of violence. Special attention is given on addressing the health challenges of women who form almost half of the total populace, children and the elderly through various programmes meant for strengthening the maternal and child health and senior citizens health.
1 Constitution of India 2 Dr. A Seilan and A. Sheeba; Healthcare Sector in India : An Overview 3 Deepu P.; Right to Health as Constitutional Mandate in India - 1 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
Health Sector: It’s Achievements and SDG 3 According to India Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2020 Decade of Action: Taking SDG from Global to Local; India has made remarkable progress in providing universal access to affordable healthcare solutions with special emphasis on groups in situations of vulnerability. An array of initiatives, primarily under the National Health Policy, 2017, have been instrumental in achieving considerable progress in several areas – improving child and maternal health, reducing mortality, raising life expectancy and strengthening the defense against major communicable diseases. As the largest supplier of vaccines and generic drugs, India is widely acknowledged as the ‘pharmacy of the world’4. The VNR 2020 points that India’s focus primarily has been on universalising preventive healthcare, ensuring primary healthcare affordability and ramping up modern medical infrastructure. Special interventions have been rolled out for improving the health status of women and children, and for preventing communicable and non-communicable diseases5. According to the Economic Survey 2020-21 India’s health outcomes over the last two decades have been significant. Some of these include: Elimination of Polio, Guinea Worm Disease, Yaws and Maternal & Neonatal Tetanus. Health indicators show, Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has reduced sharply from 3.6 in 1991 to 2.2 in 20186. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) was 113/lakh live births for the period 2016-2018 and Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) was 36 per 1000 live births in 20187. More than 3.5 crore children were vaccinated under ‘Mission Indradhanush’ 8 , a mission to ensure that infants from poor families do not get affected by serious illnesses. India has achieved the World Health Organization recommended doctor to population ratio of 1:1,000 in the year 20189. The out of pocket expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure has declined from 64.2 percent in 2013-14 to 58.7 percent in 2016-17 as a result of a significant increase in public access to State supported healthcare.10
Traditional Healthcare Systems in India11 In India, the indigenous or traditional system of medicines is given due recognition. The Ministry of AYUSH was formed on 9th November 2014 to ensure the optimal
4 Government of India; India VNR 2020 Decade of Action: Taking SDG from Global to Local; 2020; 5 Government of India; India VNR 2020 Decade of Action: Taking SDG from Global to Local; 2020 6 Economic Survey 2020-21, Vol -II 7 Economic Survey 2020-21, Vol -II 8 President’s Address to both of the Houses of the Parliament, 29 January 2021 9Raman Kumar and Ranbir Pal; India Achieves WHO Recommended Doctor Population Ratio: A Call for Paradigm Shift In Public Health Discourse; JFPMC; Sep-Oct 2018 10 Government of India; India VNR 2020 Decade of Action: Taking SDG from Global to Local; 2020; page 45 11 Dr. A Seilan and A. Sheeba; Healthcare Sector in India : An Overview - 2 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021 development and propagation of AYUSH systems of health care which include Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). Ayurveda system deals with causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment based on all aspects of well-being viz. mental, physical, and spiritual. Siddha system defines disease as the condition in which the normal equilibrium of the five elements in human beings is lost resulting in different forms of discomfort. Yoga is a science as well an art of healthy living physically, mentally, morally and spiritually. Yoga has its origin in the Vedas, and its philosophy is an art and science of living in tune with the universe. Naturopathy points that all the diseases arise due to accumulation of morbid matter in the body and if scope is given for its removal, it provides cure or relief. It also believes that the human body possesses inherent self-constructingand self-healing powers. Unani system of medicine believes that the body is made up of four basic elements viz., earth, air, water and fire, which have different temperaments i.e. cold, hot, wet and dry. Unani system of medicine believes in promotion of health, prevention of diseases and cure. Homeopathy system is based on the belief that the body can cure itself with the use of such plants extracts and minerals that stimulates the healing process.
Health Infrastructure in India The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is instrumental and responsible for implementation of various programmes on a national scale in the areas of Health & Family Welfare, prevention and control of major communicable diseases and promotion of traditional and indigenous systems of medicines. Apart from these, the Ministry also assists States in preventing and controlling the spread of seasonal disease outbreaks and epidemics through technical assistance. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare incurs expenditure either directly under Central Schemes or by way of grants–in–aids to the autonomous/ statutory bodies etc. and NGOs. In addition to the 100% centrally sponsored family welfare programme, the Ministry is implementing several World Bank assisted programmes for control of AIDS, Malaria, Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Blindness in designated areas. Besides, State Health Systems Development Projects with World Bank assistance are under implementation in various states. The projects are implemented by the respective State Governments and the Department of Health & Family Welfare only facilitates the States in availing of external assistance. All these schemes aim at fulfilling the national commitment to improve access to Primary Health Care facilities keeping in view the needs of rural areas where the incidence of disease is high. India’s Fight Against COVID-19 The global pandemic COVID-19 has thrown open India’s health systems to multifarious challenges, which the country is combating with ground-breaking synergies
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Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021 among industry, civil society and different levels of the government. There are more than 1 crore COVID-19 cases reported in India, with recovery of more than 95 per cent12. COVID-19 demonstrated the importance of investing and strengthening public health system. By investing in health infrastructure recently, India came up as second biggest manufacture of PPE kits and made significant strides in production of N-95 masks and ventilators and become self reliant13. India now has more than 11,000 COVID-19 facilities and more than 11 lakh isolation beds14. To check the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the expedited development of a contact and tracing application called ‘Aarogya Setu’, is one such outcome of India’s efforts to exponentially increase capacity through the use of digital platforms15. Apart from developing the physical infrastructure, the country has also managed to swiftly ramp up its human resources including paramedics, ASHA workers and Anganwadis, who have played a significant part in controlling the spread of the pandemic. Further, a 1,000 bed hospital, including 250 ICU beds, dedicated to treating patients of corona virus disease outbreak was built in record time of 12 days in the Delhi. Located in Mumbai, Dharavi, Asia’s largest slum followed aggressive screening strategy in which around 7 lakh people were screened and 14,000 tests were done. This screening and testing of individuals checked the spread of infection to a great extent and WHO whole heartedly praised the Dharavi Model for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak16.
India is running the biggest vaccination programme in the world against COVID-19. Covaxin and Covisheild are the two vaccines rolled out under COVID-19 vaccination programme are produced indigenously by Bharat Biotech International Limited in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and National Institute of Virology (NIV), and the Serum Institute of India respectively. By making lakhs of corona vaccine doses and supply to several countries India has fulfilled its obligation towards humanity in these times of difficulty. The accolades being showered on India globally for this work along with the essence of our age-old cultural tradition of ‘Sarve Santu Niramayaha’ and is imparting strength to our efforts17. The response of Government of India to contain the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigate its impact was officially assessed by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health in which committee recommended that the Government to
12 Economic Survey 2020-21, Vol-II, Chapter 10, Page 352 13 Prime Minister Speech ; 27 July, 2020 14 Prime Minister Speech ; 27 July, 2020 15 Government of India; India VNR 2020 Decade of Action: Taking SDG from Global to Local; 2020 16 COVID-19 Global and National Response Lessons for the Future; Independent Commisiion on Development and Health in India; Ch: 13, COVID-19 Testing: Indian Scenario 17 President’s Address to both of the Houses of the Parliament, 29 January 2021 - 4 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021 make all out efforts for the integration of Allopathy with Indian traditional system of medicine18. Aspirational Districts and Health of Tribal Populace Improvement in healthcare delivery for India’s 104 million tribal people poses a major challenge to the country’s ability to meet the health and nutrition targets. As evident from data in the tribal policy brief, compared to India’s overall population, tribal communities suffer from higher maternal and under-five mortality; stunted, wasted, and underweight children; higher incidence of malaria and tuberculosis; and a high and growing burden of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. 19 Aspirational Districts attempts to mainstreaming the overall well being of the tribal population in which ‘health and nutrition’ is maintained as one of the prime indicators in the overall assessment of these districts.20 Efforts in these districts have been largely successful in attaining better health outcomes through co-operation at all the levels of administration, real time e-monitoring of the health indicators and public participation. Unique initiatives like mamta brigade, birth companion programme, birth waiting homes, saas bahu sammelan, kilkari: tablet based IEC, lifeline express and siraha guniya sammelan have been taken up in these districts to spread awareness about health issues and encourage public participation21. Some of the key high impact interventions include complete and quality ANC and tracking of the high risk pregnancies, neonatal care, promotion of labour room practices, encouragement to breastfeeding which acts as the first vaccine to the new born, improved access to First Referral Units (FRUs), and focused anaemia management22. Convergence of government peogrammes, implementation of the schemes as jan andolan mission involving local bodies and field workers, intensification of the health and nutrition services for the first 1000 days are some of the success mantra of these districts. Some of the success story include inter alia Suposhit Bastar Abhiyan; Dastak and Lalima Abhiyan in Guna to address malnutrition and immunization and reduce anaemia respectively; and Jan Andolan in Gonj23.
18 COVID-19 Global and National Response Lessons for the Future; Independent Commission on Development and Health in India; Ch: 11, Response of Government of India to the Pandemic 19 Dr. Shailendra Kumar, B. Hedge and P. Venkatchalam; Are India Healthcare Goals Inclusive of Tribal Peoples?; Times of India; 14 Feb 2020 20 NITI Aayog; Aspirational Districts Unlocking Potentials 21 NITI Aayog; Health Strategy: Aspirational District Transformation 2022; Health and Nutrition Group; January 2018 22 Ibid 23 ibid - 5 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
Health of Rural India Rural Health care is one of biggest challenges facing the Health Ministry of India. With more than 70 percent population living in rural areas and low level of health facilities, mortality rates due to diseases are on a high. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) is an Indian health programme for improving healthcare delivery across rural India. NRHM was launched to address the infirmities and problems, prevailing across the primary healthcare system in the country. The mission aims to provide universal access to equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare that is accountable and at the same time responsive to the needs of the people. A lot of policies and programs are being run by the Government but the success and effectiveness of these programs is questionable due to gaps in the implementation. Given the number of marginalize and vulnerable individuals in rural India there is a dire need of new practices and procedures to ensure that quality and timely healthcare reaches the deprived corners of the Indian villages. Efforts are needed to develop innovative technology suiting rural healthcare requirements besides, improving the prevailing health care system on the ground and running campaigns for healthcare accountability. Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) The PMJAY is a landmark initiative of the Government which has tremendously helped the poor and the marginalized groups in the country. It provides cash less and paper less benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per annum per family on floater basis in the impaneled hospitals across India. At present, AB-PMJAY targets to cover 10.79 Crore families (covering more than 50.00 crore population) in India24. Through this scheme the poor are now able to avail the benefits of healthcare facilities with ease and their expenditure on treatment of diseases is progressively reducing. 1.5 crore poor people in the country have received free treatment of up to Rs 5 lakh. As a result, the poor have been able to save over Rs 30,000 crore25. It can be a game changer for reducing the out of pocket expenditure on heath in India. Across all the states, the proportion of households with health insurance increased by 54 % for the states that implemented PMJAY while falling 10% in states that did not26.
Center Staging of Health and Well Being in the Union Budget 2021-22 By placing health and well being at the core of the Union Budget 2021-22 the Government has ushered in a revolutionary paradigm shift in the pattern of Budget allocation. This Budget has acknowledged health and wellbeing as the topmost of the six fundamental
24 Uniob Budget 2021-22 25 President’s Address to both of the Houses of the Parliament, 29 January 2021 26 Economic Survey 2020-21, Vol-I, Chapter 09, Page 286 - 6 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021 pillars of growth and development and has prominently positioned health along with the holistic sector of wellness. The Health sector has witnessed an overall hike of 137 percent in the Budget allocation this year with Rs. 2,23,846 crores from Rs. 94,452 crores the previous year (BE 2020-21)27.
Bifurcation of the Overall Allocation in Health Sector in Union Budget 2021-2228
Ministry/Department Actuals 2019-20 (In BE 2020-21 BE 2020-21 Rs crores) (In Rs crores) (In Rs crores) D/o Health & Family 62,397 65,012 71,269 Welfare D/o Health Research 1,934 2,100 2,663 M/o AYUSH 1,784 2,122 2,970 CoVID related Special Provisions Vaccination 35,000 D/o Drinking Water & 18,264 21,518 60,030 Sanitation Nutrition 1,880 3,700 2,700 FC Grants for Water 36,022 and Sanitation FC Grants for Health 13,192 TOTAL 86,259 94,452 2,23,846
Government Initiatives The Government is simultaneously working on multiple fronts to strengthen the healthcare system in the country. Its focus is on achieving self reliance and modernization of the health sector. Initiatives are taken towards improving facilities for health management, developing health infrastructure, promoting health education and awareness, disease management, health insurance, and digitisation of medical services. Initiatives like Fit India Movement, Eat Right India and Khelo India Abhiyan have helped in creating awareness about health within the country. Several people-centric initiatives lunched by the Government during the last six years have established the vision and commitment of the government towards holistic health and wellness. Some of the landmark initiatives29 of the government include:
Rashtriya Aarogya Nidhi The Scheme provides for financial assistance to patients, living below
27 PIB, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, dated 15 Feb 2021; https://pib.gov.in 28 PIB, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, dated 15 Feb 2021; https://pib.gov.in 29 Union Budget 2021-22 - 7 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
poverty line and who is suffering from major life threatening diseases, to receive medical treatment at any of the super specialty Government hospitals / institutes. Ayushman Bharat Yojana The benefits of the Yojana availed at more than 24,000 hospitals across the country not only provides primary health care facilities through Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) but also provides insurance cover of Rs 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalisation. It is supposed to provide healthcare facilities to over 10 crore families covering both urban and rural poor across the country. So far, approvals for more than 1 lakh HWCs have been accorded to the States/UTs (except Delhi) and 50,927 HWCs have been operationalized30.
Saksham Anganwadi and It is an umbrella scheme subsuming Anganwadi Services Scheme which POSHAN 2.0 (Umbrella provides a package of six services, viz., supplementary nutrition, non- ICDS - Anganwadi formal pre-school education, nutrition & health education, immunization, Services, Poshan Abhiyan, health check-up and referral services. It also includes addressing Scheme for Adolescent malnutrition holistically through life cycle concept (Poshan Abhiyan), Girls, National Creche improving the nutritional and health status of out of school adolescent Scheme) girls of age 11-14 years and to provide day care facilities to children of working mothers and other eligible women belonging to families etc.
SAMARTHYA (Beti It is an umbrella scheme under which various schemes like cash Bachao Beti Padhao, incentives in form of direct benefit transfer to pregnant women and Creche, Pradhan Mantri lactating mothers for partial compensation of wage loss, promoting Matru Vandana Yojana/ community participation of women to empower them, mass campaign to Gender address the issue of declining sex ratio and education of girls and Budgeting/Research/ promoting gender equality and ensuring continued investments through Skilling/ Training etc.) Government planning and budgeting etc.
Pradhan Mantri With an outlay of Rs. 64,180 crore over 6 years, this newly announced Atmanirbhar Swasth centrally sponsored Scheme will develop capacities of primary, Bharat Yojana31 secondary and tertiary care, strengthen delivery health care systems, develop institutions for detection & cure of new and emerging diseases and strengthen the existing National Health Mission independent of it. The scheme will strengthen 17000 rural and 11000 urban health and wellness centres, set up integrated public health labs in all districts and 3,382 block public health units in 11 States, establish critical care hospital blocks in 602 districts and 12 central institutions.
Rashtriya Kishor It was launched to reach out to more than 25 crore adolescents, male and Swasthya Karyakram female, rural and urban, married and unmarried, in and out-of-school. The programme initially being limited to Sexual and Reproductive Health, now includes interventions aimed at Nutrition, Injuries and Violence (including Gender-Based Violence), Non-Communicable Diseases, Mental Health and Substance Misuse, as well. National AIDS and STD It give grants to the State/UT/Municipal AIDS Control Societies for Control Programme: implementing strategies such as Targeted Intervention among High Risk Groups and Bridge population, Blood safety and quality assurance and Counselling etc. of National AIDS and STD Control Programme.
30 Annual Report 2020-21; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India 31 PIB, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, dated 15 Feb 2021; https://pib.gov.in - 8 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
Pradhan Mantri National The Programme provides free dialysis to such kidney patients in district Dialysis Programme hospitals as to protect them from financial catastrophic consequences. Family Welfare Schemes The scheme provides for Swastha Nagrik Abhiyan (SNA), Population Research Centres, Health Surveys & Research Studies, procurement of Contraceptives for Social Marketing and Free Distribution, Training of Doctors in NSV/Recanalisation Technique etc. National Rural Health It provides for transfer to state to support decentralized planning and Mission flexible programming by the States including development of State and district level Project Implementation Plans (PIPs) with a focus on outcomes particularly relating to vulnerable sections, and community based monitoring & evaluation.
National Urban Health It provides for transfer to state to address healthcare needs of the urban Mission population with focus on urban poor and vulnerable sections of society. The scheme has been launched as a sub-mission of National Health Mission. Tertiary Care Programs It provides for transfer to states for implementation of Tertiary Care Programme/Schemes viz Tobacco Control, National Mental Health Programme, Assistance for Capacity Building for Trauma Centres, National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke etc. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima It provides for social security to workers in the unorganized sector. To Yojna (RSBY) meet the requirement of health security, the scheme has been launched for BPL workers and their family members.
Senior Citizens Health The Scheme implemented from 2016 till the launch of a new-Scheme in Insurance Scheme the name of Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) subsuming RSBY and SCHIS into PMJAY Scheme. The scheme covered senior citizens aged 60 years and above that were already covered under RSBY. This enabled coverage of senior citizens belonging to BPL and 11 other defined categories of unorganized workers. Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya This provides medicines to the poor at extremely affordable rates. At Janaushadhi Yojana, present, 7000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras are functional across the country. Lakhs of patients are purchasing medicines from these Kendras daily and due to their reasonable prices, are able to save Rs 3600 crore annually. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan It has insured about 9.5 crore people for a premium of just 90 paise a day Jyoti Bima Yojana so that in case of death of the bread earner, the family may receive some support. Pradhan Mantri More than 21 crore poor are linked to the Yojana for a premium just Re 1 Suraksha Bima Yojana a month, to ensure that in the eventuality of an accident, poor families do not have to run from pillar to post32. Pradhan Mantri Swasthya It endeavours to correct regional imbalances in the availability of Suraksha Yojana affordable/reliable tertiary healthcare services and to also augment facilities for quality medical education in the country. Under the Scheme 22 new AIIMS have been sanctioned. Human Resources for It provides for transfer to states/UTs with legislature for establishing new Health and Medical medical colleges (upgrading District Hospitals), Education Programme Upgradation/Strengthening of Nursing Services, Pharmacy Schools/College, Paramedical Institutions and provision increase of UG & PG seats in existing medical colleges etc.
32 Ibid - 9 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
Rashtriya Digital Health Through it the Government has given fillip to the digitisation of health Mission services which provides for creating a National Digital Health Eco- System that supports universal health Coverage in an efficient, accessible, inclusive, affordable, timely and safe manner through provision of a wide range of data, information and infrastructure services etc.
Summing up At the end, it is pointed out that the Economic Survey 2020-21 has strongly recommended an increase in public spending on healthcare services from 1 percent to 2.5-3 percent of GDP, as envisaged in the National Health Policy 2017. It notes that this can significantly reduce the Out-of-Pocket-Expenditure (OOPE) to 35 per cent of the overall healthcare spend 33 . It cannot be denied, despite all challenges India has some marked achievements in the health sector both in the urban and the rural sector and is committed to provide the best medical facilities to the people living in far-flung areas.
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Economic Survey 2020-21 Union Budget 2021-22 Government of India; Annual Report 2020-21; Department of Health & Family Welfare, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare President’s Address to both of the Houses of the Parliament, 29 January 2021 Lok Sabha Starred Questions 2000 Lok Sabha Starred Question 2006 Lok Sabha Debates dated 20. 9. 2020, Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Health Minister while participating in the Short Duration Discussion under Rule 193 regarding the Covid 19 Pandemic in the country Lok Sabha Debates dated 23.9.2020 Government of India; India VNR 2020 Decade of Action: Taking SDG from Global to Local; 2020; Prime Minister’s Speech at the launch of high Throughput COVID-19 testing facilities at 3 ICMR Labs; 27 July 2020 Dr. Harshvardhan Address at the Convocation Ceremony of Shri Ramchandra Medical College, Chennai, 4 January 2021; https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1686007 NITI Aayog; Aspirational Districts Unlocking Potentials NITI Aayog; Health Strategy: Aspirational District Transformation 2022; Health and Nutrition Group; January 2018 National Health Mission https://nhm.gov.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=150&lid=226 PM Matru Vandana Yojana https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/women-and-child-development/women-development-1/pradhan- mantri-matru-vandana-yojana PIB, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, dated 15 Feb 2021; https://pib.gov.in PIB; Setting up AIIMS Like Institutions; dated 29 November 2019; https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1594176 R. Srinivasan; Healthcare in India: Vision 2020 (Issues and Prospects); https://niti.gov.in/planningcommission.gov.in/docs/reports/genrep/bkpap2020/26_bg2020.pdf
33 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693225 PIB Press release dated 29 Jan 2021. - 10 -
Status of Health in India LARRDIS E and F wing; March 2021
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