By

Steven R. Pierce, SBB(ASCP)

Marion E. Reid, FIMBS, PhD, DSc (Hon.)

Additional Resources

AABB Press Bethesda, Maryland 2016 2 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 2—Karl Landsteiner, Father of Blood Groups

Bäumler E. Paul Ehrlich. Scientist for life (Translated by G. Edwards) New Hughes-Jones NC, Gardner B. Historical review: Red cell agglutination: The York: Holmes & Meier, 1984. first description by Creite (1869) and further observations made by Landois (1875) and Landsteiner (1901). Br J Haematol 2002;119:889-93. Bayne-Jones S. Dr. Karl Landsteiner. Nobel Prize laureate in medicine 1930. Science 1931;73:599-604. Lascaratos J, Kalantzis G, Skiadas P. Constantin Levaditi: An unknown pio- neer in immunology research. Arch Hellenic Med 2003;20:319-25. Bendiner E. Ehrlich: Immunologist, chemotherapist, prophet. Hosp Pract 1980;15:129-39. Lefrère JJ, Berche P. Karl Landsteiner découvre les groupes sanguins. [Karl Landsteiner discovered the blood groups.] Transfus Clin Biol 2010;17:1-8. Bendiner E. Karl Landsteiner: Dissector of the blood. Hosp Pract 1991;26:93-104. Lesky E. Viennese serological research about the year 1900: Its contribution to the development of clinical medicine. Bull NY Acad Med 1973;49:100- Book review of Billroth T. Über das Lehren und Lernen der medizinischen 11. Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen Nation, nebst allge- meinen Bemerkungen über Universitäten. Wien 1876. [On teaching and Lichtenthaler FW. Emil Fischer, his personality, his achievements and his learning medical sciences at German universities, with general remarks scientific progeny. Euro J Organic Chem 2002;24:4095-122. about universities. Vienna 1876.] Medical Times and Gazette 1876;2:553-5, Mackenzie GM. Paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. A review. Medicine 580-2. 1929;8:159-91. Bordet J. Les leucocytes et les properties actives du serum chez les vaccines. Manwaring WH. A critique of the Ehrlich theory, with an outline of the [Leukocytes and the active property of serum from vaccinated animals.] Ann enzyme theory of antibody formation. In: Jordan EO, Faulk IS, eds. The Inst Pasteur 1895:462-506. newer knowledge of bacteriology and immunology. Chicago: University of Bordet J, Gengou O. Sur l’existence de substances sensibilisatrices dans la Chicago Press, 1929:1078-85. plupart des sérum antimicrobiens. [On the existence of sensitizing substances Marquardt M. Paul Ehrlich. New York: Henry Schuman, 1951. in the majority of antimicrobial sera.] Ann Inst Pasteur 1901;15:289-302. Nuttall GHF. Blood immunity and blood relationships. A demonstration of Bordet J. Studies in immunity. English translation by FP Gay. New York: John certain blood-relationships amongst animals by means of the precipitin test Wiley & Sons, 1909. for blood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1904. Buchner H. Über bakterientodtende Wirkung des zellenfreien Blutserums. Oakley CL. Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet 1870-1961. Biogr Mem Fell [On the action of dead bacteria of cell-free blood serum.] Zentralbl Bakteriol Roy Soc 1962;8:18-25. Parasitenkd 1889;5:817-23. Pauli W. Physical chemistry in the service of medicine. (Translated by MH Buchner H. Über die nähere Natur der bakterientötenden Substanz in Blut- Fischer.) New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1907. serum. [On the immediate effects of the bactericidal substance in blood serum.] Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd 1889;6:561-72. Pfeiffer R. Weitere Untersuchungen über das Wesen der Choleraimmunität und über specifische bactericide Processe. [Further investigations on the Chase M. Karl Landsteiner. J Immunol 1944;48:1-16. nature of immunity to cholera and specific bactericidal processes.] Z Hyg Constantin Levaditi dies. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1954;42:539. Infektion 1894;18:1-16. Crist E, Tauber AI. Debating humoral immunity and epistemology: The Prüll C-R. Part of a scientific master plan? Paul Ehrlich and the origins of his rivalry of the immunochemists Jules Bordet and Paul Ehrlich. J Hist Biol receptor concept. Med Hist 2003;47:332-56. 1997;30:321-56. Ranganathan KS. Karl Landsteiner—versatile genius of medical research. Ehrlich P, ed. Gesammelte Arbeiten zur Immunitätsforschung. [Studies in The Hindu (Chennai, India), Sunday, January 9, 1968. immunity.] Berlin: August Hirschwald, 1904. Rubin LP. Styles in scientific explanation: Paul Ehrlich and Svante Arrhenius Gossel PP. Pasteur, Koch and American bacteriology. Hist Philos Life Sci on immunochemistry. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1980;35:397-425. 2000;22:81-100. Schorske CE. Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Politics and culture. New York: Alfred A. Gottleib AM. Karl Landsteiner, the melancholy genius: His time and his col- Knopf, 1908. leagues, 1868-1943. Transfus Med Rev 1998;12:18-27. Schwarz HP, Dorner F. Historical review: Karl Landsteiner and his major con- Groger H. Karl Landsteiner and medical science in Vienna around 1900. The tributions to haematology. Br J Haematol 2003;121:556-65. significance of laboratory medicine for clinical medicine. Vox Sang Sterling D, Sterling P. Polio pioneers. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co, 2000;78(Suppl 2):3-6. 1955. Heidelberger M. Karl Landsteiner. June 14, 1868-June 26, 1943. Biographi- Wiener AS. In commemoration of Karl Landsteiner, father of blood grouping cal Memoirs 1969;40:177-210. and immunochemistry. Haematologia 1969;3:3-8. Witebsky E. Ehrlich’s side-chain theory in the light of present immunology. Ann NY Acad Sci 1954;59:168-81. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 3

Chapter 3—ABO Grows Up

Harvey Obituary. James Blundell, MD Edin, FRCP Lond. Medical Times and Gazette 1878;1:156. Doby T. Discoverers of blood circulation. From Aristotle to the times of da Vinci and Harvey. New York: Abelard-Schuman Ltd, 1963. Pettigrew TJ. Medical portrait gallery. Biographical memoirs of the most cele- brated physicians, surgeons, etc, who have contributed to the advancement Graham JM. William Harvey and the early days of blood transfusion. Edin- of medical science. Vol. 1. London: Fisher, Son & Co, 1840. burgh Med J 1953;60:65-76. Welck M, Borg P, Ellis H. James Blundell MD Edin FRCP (1790-1877): Keynes G. The Life of William Harvey. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. Pioneer of blood transfusion. J Med Biograph 2010;18:194-7. Wright T. William Harvey. A life in circulation. New York: Oxford University Young JH. James Blundell (1790-1878), experimental physiologist and obste- Press, 2013. trician. Med Hist 1964;101:159-69. Denis and Lower Carrel and Crile

Brown H. Jean Denis and transfusion of blood, Paris, 1667-1668. Isis Blood transfusion often successful. Dr. Carrel tells French scientists of the 1948;39:15-29. improved method in use here. New York Times, Tuesday, June 25, 1912, Davis RB. Richard Lower: Anatomist and physiologist. Ann Intern Med p.7. 2000;132:1008-9. Crile G. George Crile. An autobiography. Vols. I and II. Philadelphia: Donovan AJ. Richard Lower, MD, physician and surgeon (1631-1691). JB Lippincott, 1947. World J Surg 2004;28:938-45. Five-day baby saved by blood transfusion. Washington Times (Washington, Farr AD. The first human blood transfusion. Med Hist 1980;24:143-62. DC) March 20, 1908, last edition, p. 6. Felts JH. Richard Lower: Anatomist and physiologist. Ann Intern Med Friedman SG. Alexis Carrel: Jules Verne of cardiovascular surgery. Am J Surg 2000;132:420-3. 1988;155:420-4. Franklin KJ. The work of Richard Lower (1631-1691). Proc R Soc Med Harrison SP. Origins of vascular surgery: The Carrel-Guthrie letters. Surgery 1931;25:113-18. 1962:52:406-18. Gotch F. Two Oxford physiologists. Richard Lower 1631 to 1691, John Hermann RE. George Washington Crile (1864-1943). J Med Biogr Mayow 1643 to 1679. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908. 1994;2:78-83. Hall AR, Hall MB. The first human blood transfusion: Priority disputes. Pool EH, McClure RD. Transfusion by Carrel’s end-to-end suture method, Med Hist 1980;24:461-5. with report of cases. Ann Surg 1910;52:433-56. Hoff EC, Hoff PM. The life and times of Richard Lower, physiologist and Walker LG Jr. Carrel’s direct transfusion of a five day old infant. Surg Gynecol physician (1631-1691). Bull Inst Hist Med 1936;4:517-35. Obstet 1973;137:494-6. Hoff HE, Guillemin R. The tercentenary of transfusion in man. Cardiovasc Ottenberg Res Cent Bull (Baylor University) 1967;6:47-57. Ottenberg R, Kaliski DJ. The modern blood tests before transfusion. Biochem Hollingsworth MW. Blood transfusion by Richard Lower in 1665. Ann Med Bull 1912;1:5-6. Hist 1928;10:213-25. Ottenberg R. Hereditary blood qualities: Statistical considerations. J Immunol Keynes G. The history of blood transfusion, 1628-1914. Science News III. 1923;8:11-17. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd, 1947. Ottenberg R. Medicolegal applications of human blood grouping. JAMA Keynes G. The history of blood transfusion. In: Keynes G, ed. Blood transfu- 1921;77:682-3. sion. Bristol: John Wright & Sons, 1949. Ottenberg R. Medicolegal applications of human blood grouping. Second Lower R. Tractatus de Corde Item de Motu et Colore Sanguinis et Chyli in communication. JAMA 1922;78:873-7. Eum Transitu. [A Treatise of the Heart, on the motion and color of the blood Ottenberg R. Medicolegal applications of human blood grouping. Third com- and of the passage of chyle.] London: Typis J. Redmayne, Impensis Jacobi munication. JAMA 1922;79:2137-9. Allestry, 1669. Munk W. Richard Lower. Munks Roll 2009;I:379. Moss Walton MT. The first transfusion: French or English? Med Hist 1974;18:360-4. Abney B. Doctors’ day honored. Athens (GA) Banner-Herald Sunday, April 1, 1979, p. 24. Blundell Hunt J. Dr. Moss is pioneer in research on blood. Athens (GA) Banner-Herald Jones HW, Mackmull G. The influences of James Blundell on the develop- March 30, 1952. ment of blood transfusion. Ann Med His 1928;10:242-8. Last rites today for Dr. W.L. Moss. Athens (GA) Banner-Herald August 13, Learoyd P. The history of blood transfusion prior to the 20th century—part 1957. 2. Transfus Med 2012;22:372-6. Special thanks to Mary Bondurant Warren, Mark Warren, and other mem- Myhre BA. James Blundell—pioneer transfusionist. Transfusion 1995;35:74- bers of the Moss family for their contributions and cooperation. 8. 4 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

General History of Transfusion and Immunohematology Benison S, Barger AC, Wolfe EL. Walter B. Cannon and the mystery of shock: A study of Anglo-American cooperation in World War I. Med Hist Buess H. Der Ausbau der bluttransfusion in neuester zeit. [The expansion of 1991;35:217-49. transfusion in recent times.] Bull Schweiz Akad 1953;9:248-69. Berg S. Emergency blood typing in the field during World War II: A personal Wood CS. A short history of blood transfusion. Transfusion 1967;8:299-303. narrative. Bull NY Acad Med 1966;62:778-83. De Moulin D. Some remarks on the early history of blood transfusion. Burton H. The “Blood Trinity”: Robertson, Archibald and MacLean – The Overgedrukt uit Archivum Chirurgicum Neerlandicum 1958;10:176-83. Canadian contribution to blood transfusion in World War I. Dalhousie Med J Denstedt OF. The evolution of the clinical use of preserved blood. Sympo- 2008;35:21-5. sum: The history of blood transfusion from the beginning of the present cen- Clymer G. History of US Base Hospital No. 6 and its part in the American tury to World War II. 3rd Quarterly meeting of the Montreal Physiological Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1918. Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital, Society, March 21, 1963. Can Med Ann J 1964;90:90-1. 1924. Diamond LK. A history of blood transfusion. In: Wintrobe MW. Blood, pure Coggeshall LT. Oswald Hope Robertson, June 2, 1886-March 23, 1966. and eloquent. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1980:658-88. Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci 1971;42:319-38. Friedenreich V, Zacho A. Die Differentialdiagnose zwischen den “Unter”- Cushing HW. The story of US Army Base Hospital No. 5. Cambridge, UK: Gruppen A1 und A2. [Differential diagnosis between the “sub”-groups A1 and Cambridge University Press, 1919. A2.] Z Rassenphysiologie 1931;4:164-91. Dr. O.H. Robertson, medical pioneer. Chicago professor, a blood bank origi- Garratty G, Dzik W, Issitt PD, et al. Terminology for blood group antigens nator, dies. New York Times, Friday, March 25, 1966, p. 41. and genes-historical origins and guidelines in the new millennium. Transfu- sion 2000;40:477-89. Hess JR, Schmidt PJ. The first blood banker: Oswald Hope Robertson. Trans- fusion 2000;40:110-13. [Note: The photograph identified in this paper as Giangrande PL. The history of blood transfusion. Br J Haematol 2000;110: O.H. Robertson is inaccurate.] 758-67. Hess JR. Blood use in war and disaster: The US experience. Scand J Trauma The history of blood transfusion. JAMA 1932;99:1717-20. Rescue Emerg Med 2005;13:74-81. Learoyd P. The history of blood transfusion prior to the 20th century—part Hoag CL. The world’s first blood banker—Oswald Hope Robertson. In: 1. Transfus Med 2012;22:308-14. Rymer MR, ed. AABB News Bulletin. 1958;11:95-7. Leikola J. Geschiedenis van de bloedtransfusie. [History of blood transfusion.] Hull AJ. Direct transfusion of blood. Br Med J 1917;2:683-4. In: Strengers PFW, van Aken WG, Kortbeek TJ, et al, eds. Bloed, van magie tot wetenschap. [Blood, from magic to science.] Maastricht: Natuur & Tech- Kaletzki CH, ed. Official history of USA Base Hospital No. 31 of Youngstown, niek,1994:1-9. Ohio and Hospital Unit “G” of Syracuse University. Syracuse NY: Charles H Kaletski, 1919. Lewisohn R. Remarks on the early use of sodium citrate. AABB News Bulle- tin 1956;9:7-9. Kovac A, Hulston N, Holmes G, Holmes F. “A brave and gallant company”: A Kansas City hospital in France during the First World War. Kansas History Maluf NS. History of blood transfusion. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1954;9:59-107. 2009;32:168-85. Miller LM. The unfolding miracle of blood. Hygeia 1944;22:502-3,535-6. Obituaries. Oswald Hope Robertson, MD—Medical pioneer. Transfusion Mollison PL. The introduction of citrate as an anticoagulant for transfusion 1966;6:223, 262. and of glucose as a red cell preservative. Br J Haematol 2000;108:13-18. Pelis K. Taking credit: The Canadian army medical corps and the British con- Moore SB. A brief history of the early years of blood transfusion at the Mayo version to blood transfusion in WWI. J Hist Med Allied Sciences Clinic: The first blood bank in the United States (1935). Transfus Med Rev 2001;56:238-77. 2005;19:241-5. Pelis K. Edward Archibald’s notes on blood transfusion in war surgery—a Perkins HA. Landmark perspective. Blood transfusion. JAMA 1983;250: commentary. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 2002;13:211-14. 1902-4. Pinkerton PH. Canada’s transfusion medicine pioneer: Lawrence Bruce Rob- Rosenfield RE. Early twentieth century origins of modern blood transfusion ertson. Transfusion 2001;41:283-6. therapy. Mt Sinai J Med 1974;41:626-35. Primrose A, Ryerson ES. The direct transfusion of blood: Its value in haemor- Rosenfield RE. The past and future of immunohematology. Philip Levine rhage and shock in the treatment of the wounded in war. Br Med J award lecture. Am J Clin Pathol 1975;64:569-79. 1916;2:384-6. Satterlee HA, Hooker RS. Transfusion of blood with special reference to the Rauer M. Yanks in the King’s forces. American physicians serving with the use of anticoagulants. JAMA 1916;66:618-24. British Expeditionary Force during World War I. Office of Medical History, Office of the Surgeon General, US Army, 2001. [Available at: http:// Sturgis CC. The history of blood transfusion. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1942;30: history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwi/americanarmymcofficersBEF.pdf 105-12. (accessed February 25, 2015).] Zimmerman LM, Howell KM. History of blood transfusion. Ann Med Hist Stansbury LG, Hess JR. Blood transfusion in World War I. The roles of Law- 1932;4(ns):415-33. rence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the “most important World War I Era Transfusions medical advance of the war.” Transfus Med Rev 2009;23:232-6. Stansbury LG, Hess JR. Putting the pieces together: Roger I. Lee and modern Allen JG. O.H. Robertson—an inquiring mind: From blood bank to cutthroat transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2005;19:81-4. trout. Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc 1985;48:25-7. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 5

Other Topics Madsen T. The scientific work of the health organization of the League of Nations. Bull NY Acad Med 1937;13:439-65. Beer E, Eggleston C. Major Richard Weil, M.O.R.C. J Immunol 1918;3: IN1-vii. Sebastain A. A dictionary of the history of medicine. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group, 1999. Brook-Shepard G. The Austrians. A thousand-year odyssey. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1966. Shampo KA. Luis Agote. JAMA 1974;228:860. Kaplan IV, Levinson SS. When is a heterophile antibody not a heterophile Thomsen O. Die Erblichkeitsverhältnisse der Menschlichen blutgruppen, mit antibody? When it is an antibody against a specific immunogen. Clin Chem besonderem hinblick auf zwei “neue” A’ und A’B genannte blutgruppen. 1999;45:616-18. [Inheritance of human blood groups with particular regard to two “new” so- called A’ and A’B blood groups.] Hereditas 1930;13:121-63. Klemperer P, Lewisohn M. In memoriam, Richard Lewisohn 1875-1961. J Mt Sinai Hosp 1962;29:1-4. Wain SL. The controversy of unmodified versus citrated blood transfusion in the early 20th century. Transfusion 1984;24:404-7. Kyle RA. The American Society of Hematology: A success at age 50; blood banking and sodium citrate. Blood 2008;111:4417-18. Wilson FC. Transfusion. Transactions KY State Medical Society. Paducah, KY: Martin & Co 1876:71-81. L. Landois, MD. Br Med J 1902;2:1975. Zuckerman H. Scientific elite. Nobel laureates in the United States. New York: The Free Press, 1977. 6 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 4—Genetics, Eugenics, and Blood Groups

Mendel Clarke C. Professor Sir Ronald Fisher, FRS. Br Med J 1990;310:1446-8.

Dunn LC. Mendel, his work and his place in history. Proc Am Philos Soc Edwards AW. R.A. Fisher. Twice professor of genetics: London and Cam- 1965;109:189-98. bridge or a “fairly well-known geneticist.” Biometrics 1990;46:897-904. Kemp M. Science in culture: Peas without pictures—Gregor Mendel and the Fisher RA. Letter to Eldon Moore, May 25, 1932. Fisher correspondence, mathematical birth of modern genetics. Nature 2002;417:90. R.A. Fisher Digital Archives, Adelaide Research and Scholarship, University Library Special Collection. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide, 1932. Keynes M, Cox TM. William Bateson, the rediscoverer of Mendel. J R Soc [Available at: https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/ Med 2008;101:104. 2440/67870/5/1932-05-25.pdf (accessed March 2, 2015).] Keynes M. The introduction of Mendelism into human genetics. In: Keynes Ford EB. R.A. Fisher: An appreciation. Genetics 2005;171:415-17. M, Edwards AWF, Peel R, eds. A century of Mendelism in human genetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004:3-12. Irwin JO, Barnard GA, Mather K, et al. Obituary. Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, 1890-1962. J R Stat Soc Ser A (Gen) 1963;126:159-78. [Note: The obituary Olby RC. Origins of Mendelism. New York: Schocken Books, 1966. begins with an unattributed introduction, followed by individually titled arti- Posner E, Skutil J. The great neglect: The fate of Mendel’s classic paper cles by five different authors. The final article is a bibliography.] between 1865 and 1900. Med Hist 1968;12:122-36. Obituary. Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, 1890-1962. J R Stat Soc Ser A (Gen) Galton 1962;125:668. Race RR. Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962). Transfusion 1963;3:7. Bulmer M. Galton’s theory of ancestral inheritance. In: Keynes M, Edwards AWF, Peel R, eds. A century of Mendelism in human genetics. Boca Raton, Race RR. Some notes on Fisher’s contributions to human blood groups. FL: CRC Press, 2004:13-18. Biometrics 1964;20:361-7. Crow JF. Francis Galton: Count and measure, measure and count. Genetics Skipper RA Jr. Sir Ronald Alymer Fisher. In: Matthen M, Stephens C, eds. 1993;135:1-4. Philosophy of biology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007:37-48. Galton F. Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. Todd London: Macmillan and Co, 1869. Andrewes CH. Charles Todd, 1869-1957. Biogr Mem F R Soc 1958;4:281- Galton F. Natural inheritance. London: Macmillan and Co, 1889. 90. Galton F. The possible improvement of the human breed under the existing Todd C. Cellular individuality in the higher animals, with special reference to conditions of law and sentiment. Nature (London) 1901;64:659-65. the individuality of the red blood corpuscles. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Gillham NW. A life of Sir Francis Galton. From African explorer to the birth 1930;106:20-44. of eugenics. Oxford: University Press, 2001. Todd CT, White RE. On the fate of red blood corpuscles when injected into Haldane the circulation of an animal of the same species; with a new method for the determination of the total volume of the blood. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Dronamraju KR. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964): Centennial appreciation of a 1911;84:255-9. polymath. Am J Hum Genet 1992;51:885-9. Snyder Dronamraju KR. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964). In: Dronamaraju KR, Arese P, ed. Malaria: Genetic and evolutionary aspects. New York: Springer, 2006:13- Muller HJ, Little CC, Snyder LH. Genetics, medicine and man. Ithaca, NY: 24. Cornell University Press, 1947. Lederberg J. Haldane’s biology and social insight. In: Dronamraju KR, ed. Snyder LH. Blood groups. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing, 1973. Haldane and modern biology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, Snyder LH. Fifty years of medical genetics. Science 1959;129:7-13. 1968:219-30. Snyder LH. Genetic analysis of racial traits (I). Concluding remarks of the Nachman MW. Haldane and the first estimates of the human mutation rate. chairman. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1950;15:159-64. J Genetics 2004;83:231-3. Snyder LH. Practical applications of recent advances in genetics to clinical Sarker S. Haldane and the emergence of modern evolutionary theory. In: problems. NY State J Med 1950;50:1582-6. Matthen M, Stephens C, eds. Philosophy of biology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007:49-86. Snyder LH. Recent advances in medical genetics. Ohio J Sci 1946;46:216- 19. Fisher Snyder LH. Studies in human inheritance. V. Multiple allelomorphs as Bodmer WF. Early British discoveries in human genetics: Contributions of opposed to linkage in blood group heredity. Am Naturalist 1931;65:332-42. R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane to the development of blood groups. Am J Snyder LH. The inheritance of the blood groups. Genetics 1924;9:465-78. Hum Genet 1992;50:671-6. Snyder LH. Human blood groups: Their inheritance and racial significance. Box JF. R.A. Fisher. The life of a scientist. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Am J Phys Anthropol 1926;9:233-63. 1978. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 7

Other Topics Secretion of blood group substances and Lewis system. Ft. Knox, KY: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, 1970:1-3.] Alexander DS, Iavernaro F, Rossa A, eds. Early days in complex dynamics: A history of complex dynamics in one variable during 1906-1942. Providence, Schneider WH. The history of research on blood group genetics: Initial dis- RI: American Mathematical Society, 2012:38. covery and diffusion. Hist Philos Life Sci 1996;18:277-303. Allen GE. Eugenics and modern biology: Critiques of eugenics, 1910-1945. Schneider WH. The eugenics movement in France 1890-1940. In: Adams Ann Hum Genet 2011;75:314-25. MB, ed. The wellborn science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990:8-68. Bateson P. William Bateson, Archibald Garrod and the nature of the “inborn.” In: Keynes M, Edwards AWF, Peel R, eds. A century of Mendelism Searle GR. Eugenics and politics in Britain 1900-1914. Leyden: Noordhoff in human genetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004:47-62. International, 1976. Bernstein F. Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen aus der Theorie der Blutgruppen. Shine I. Wrobel S. Thomas Hunt Morgan, pioneer of genetics. Lexington, KY: [Continued investigations in the theory of blood groups.] Zeitschrift Induk- University Press of Kentucky, 1976. tive Abstammungs Vererbungslehre 1930;56:233-73. [English translation in Stark A, Seneta E. Wilhelm Weinberg’s early contribution to segregation Camp FR Jr, Ellis FR, eds. Selected contributions to the literature of blood analysis. Genetics 2013;195:1-6. groups and immunology Vol. II, Part 2. Secretion of blood group substances and Lewis system. Ft. Knox, KY: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, Sturtevant AH. A history of genetics. New York: Harper & Row, 1965. 1970.] Wanscher JH. An analysis of Wilhelm Johannsen’s genetical term “genotype” Crow JF. Sewall Wright (1889-1988). Genetics 1988;119:1-4. 1909-26. Hereditas 1975;79:1-4. Dunn LC. Cross currents in the history of human genetics. Am J Hum Genet Weiss KM, Chakraborty R. Genes, populations, and disease, 1930-1980: A 1962;14:1-13. problem-oriented review. In: Spencer F, ed. A history of American physical anthropology 1930-1980. New York: Academic Press, 1982. Hektoen L. Isoagglutination of human corpuscles. J Infect Dis 1907;4:297- 303. Weiss KM. Evolution by phenotype: A biomedical perspective. Persp Biol Med 2003;46:159-82. Maas W. Gene Action. A historical account. Oxford: University Press, 2001. Weiss KM, Lambert BW. When the time seems ripe: Eugenics, the Annals, Plackett RL. Karl Pearson and the chi-squared test. Int Stat Rev 1983;51:59- and the subtle persistence of typological thinking. Ann Hum Genet 72. 2011:75:334-43. Schappacher N. De Felix Bernstein à Siegfried Koller: Des implications poli- Wiener AS. Analytical review: The blood groups. Three fundamental prob- tiques des statisticiens. [From Felix Bernstein to Siegfried Koller: Political lems—serology, genetics and nomenclature. Blood 1966;27:110-25. implications of statisticians.] In: Bonah C, Danion-Grilliat A, Olff-Nathan J, eds. Nazisme, sience et médecine. [Nazism, science and medicine.] Paris: Wiener AS. Tanemato Furuhata. Vox Sang 1976;31:77. Glyphe, 2006:15-40, 291-5. Wiener AS, Wexler IB. Heredity of the Blood Groups. New York: Grune & Schiff F. Zur Kenntnis blutgruppenspezifischer Antigene und AntiKörper. Stratton 1958. [Concerning blood-group-specific antigens and antibodies.] Klin Wochenschr Special thanks to William H. Schneider for sharing unpublished research on 1924;3:679. [English translation in Camp FR Jr, Ellis FR, eds. Selected contri- Felix Bernstein and for other assistance. butions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. Vol. II, Part 1. 8 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 5—Karl Landsteiner in New York

Landsteiner Levine

Bayne-Jones S. Dr. Karl Landsteiner. Nobel Prize laureate in medicine 1930. Diamond LK. A tribute to Dr. Philip Levine. Am J Clin Pathol 1980;74:368- Science 1931;73:599-604. 70. Durand JK, Willis MS. Karl Landsteiner, MD. Lab Med 2010;41:53-5. Flint PB. Dr. Philip Levine, 87, is dead; Discovered blood’s Rh factor. New York Times, October 20, 1987. Einstein vs Landsteiner. A character study of two Jewish Nobel Prize win- ners. Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh) 1937;89(23):7. Greenwalt T. Opening remarks. Special symposium on recent advances of immunohematology in honor of Philip Levine. N Y Acad Sci 1965;127:883. Jung M. A refreshing contrast. Karl Landsteiner, Sigmund Freud. American Jewish Outlook (Pittsburgh) 1937;6(13):47. Rosenfield RE. The William Allan memorial award presented to Philip Levine and Alexander S. Wiener at the annual meeting of the American Society for Kantha SS. Is Karl Landsteiner the Einstein of the biomedical sciences? Med Human Genetics. Baltimore, Maryland, October 10, 1975. Am J Hum Genet Hypotheses 1995;44:254-6. 1976;18:101-6. Lefrère JJ, Berche P. Karl Landsteiner découvre les groupes sanguins. [Karl Landsteiner discovered the blood groups.] Transfus Clin Biol 2010;17:1-8. Dahr Raju TN. The Nobel chronicles. 1930: Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943). Lancet Dahr P. Meine Lebenserinnerungen. [My life memories.] Stuttgart: FK Schat- 1998;352:1944. tauer Verlag, 1980. Ranganathan KS. Karl Landsteiner—versatile genius of medical research. Dahr P. Meine Lebenserinnerungen II. [My life memories II.] Stuttgart: FK The Hindu (Chennai, India) Sunday, January 9, 1968. Schattauer Verlag, 1981. Schorr DL. Dr. Karl Landsteiner. Jewish Criterion (Pittsburgh) 1943; Krüger U. Professor Peter Dahr—ein grosser sohn der Stadt Brühl. [Peter 102(10):5. Dahr—a great son of the city of Brühl.] Brühlr Heimatblätter 2004;2:9-14. Schwarz HP. Dorner F. Historical review: Karl Landsteiner and his major con- Reissigl H, Kolb H. Nachruf für Prof. Dr. med. Habil. Peter Dahr. [Obituary tributions to haematology. Br J Haematol 2003;121:556-65. for Dr. Peter Dahr.] Blut 1984;49:465-7. Weatherall DJ. Milestone book review. The specificity of serological reactions Rex-Kiss B. In memoriam Peter Dahr. Orv Hetil 1986;127:839-41. by Karl Landsteiner (1936). FASEB J 2011;25:2513-14. Other Topics Wiener AS. Dr. Karl Landsteiner. Sci Monthly 1943;36:280-3. Bendiner E. Simon Flexner: His “rock” was for the ages. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) Wiener AS. In commemoration of Karl Landsteiner, father of blood grouping 1988;23:213 passim. and immunochemistry. Haematologia 1969;3:3-8. Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada. New York: Wiener AS. Karl Landsteiner. Father of blood grouping and immunochemis- Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1910. try. Acta Genet Med Gemello (Roma) 1968;17:641-6. Rosenfield RE. Early twentieth century origins of modern blood transfusion Witebsky E. Dr. Karl Landsteiner. Program, 21st Annual Meeting, American therapy. Mt Sinai J Med 1974;41:626-35. Association of Blood Banks, Washington, DC, October 27-31, 1968. Chi- Van Epps HL. Peyton Rous: Father of the tumor virus. J Exp Med cago, IL: AABB, 1968:18-20. 2005;201:32. Landsteiner Publications

Landsteiner K, Witt DH. Observations on human isoagglutinins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1924;120:1288-92. Landsteiner K. Cell antigens and individual specificity. J Immunol 1928;15:589-600. Landsteiner K, Levine P. On the racial distribution of some agglutinable structures of human blood. J Immunol 1929;16:123-31. Landsteiner K, Levine P. On isoagglutination reactions of human blood other than those defining the blood groups. J Immunol 1929;17:1-28. Levine P, Landsteiner K. Immune isoagglutinins in rabbits. J Immunol 1929;17:559-64. Landsteiner K, Levine P. On the inheritance and racial distribution of aggluti- nable properties of human blood. J Immunol 1930;18:87-94. OUT, DAMNED SPOT! FORENSIC APPLICATIONS OF ABO 9

Chapter 6—Out, Damned Spot! Early Forensic Applications of ABO

Uhlenhuth Other Topics (and Some Fun Stories)

Uhlenhuth P. Weitere Mittheilungen über meine Methode zum Nachweise Andresen PH. The human blood groups utilized in disputed paternity cases von Menschenblut. [Additional reports on my method for the identification and criminal proceedings. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1952. of human blood.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1901;27:260-1. [English transla- Boyd WC. Forensic immunology. J Crim Law Criminol (1931-1951) tion in Gaensslen RE. Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology and bio- 1946;36:455-72. chemistry. Unit IX. Translations of selected contributions to the original literature of medicolegal examination of blood and body fluids. Washington, Culliford BJ. The examination and typing of bloodstains in the crime labora- DC: US Department of Justice, National institutes of Justice, 1983.] tory. Washington, DC: National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 1972. Uhlenhuth P. Weitere Mittheilungen über die praktische Anwendung meiner forensischen Methode zum Nachweis von Menschen und Thierblut. [Addi- Eckert WG. Historical development of forensic sciences. In: Eckert WG, ed. tional reports on the practical application of my forensic method for the iden- Introduction to forensic sciences. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, tification of human and animal blood.] Dtsch Med Wochenshr 1901;27:499- 1992:11-32. 501. [English translation in Gaensslen RE. Sourcebook in forensic serology, Eckert WG. Sir Bernard Spillsbury. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1981;2:179- immunology and biochemistry. Unit IX. Translations of selected contribu- 82. tions to the original literature of medicolegal examination of blood and body fluids. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National institutes of Jus- Gaensslen RE. Blood, guts and more. New York: Checkmark Books, 2009. tice, 1983.] Helpern M, Knight B. Autopsy. The memoirs of Milton Helpern, the world’s Uhlenhuth P. Über meine neue forensische Methode zum Nachweis von greatest medical detective. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977. Menschenblut. [Concerning my new forensic method to identify human Hirsel S. Review. Gerichtsärztliche Diagnostik und Technik, by Max Richter. blood.] Archiv fur Kriminal-Anthropologie und Kriminalistik 1901;6:317-20. Edinburgh Med J 1905;18(NS):548. [English translation in Gaensslen RE. Sourcebook in forensic serology, immu- nology and biochemistry. Unit IX. Translations of selected contributions to Laux DL. The detection of blood using luminal. In: James SH, Eckert WG, the original literature of medicolegal examination of blood and body fluids. eds. Interpretation of bloodstain evidence at crime scenes. 2nd ed. Boca Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National institutes of Justice, Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1999:153-75. 1983.] Nakatani Y. The birth of criminology in modern Japan. In: Becker P, Wetzell Uhlenhuth P. Zur Lehre von der Unterscheidung verschiedener Eiweissarten RF, eds. Criminals and their scientists. The history of criminology in interna- mit Hilfe spezifischer Sera. [The doctrine of the distinction between different tional perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. types of protein using specific sera.] In: Festchrift zum Sechzigsten Geburt- Blood grouping tests in evidence. Indiana Law J 1941;16:408-11. stage von Robert Koch. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1903:49-74. Blood tests in criminal cases no longer uncertain. New York Times, Sunday, Lattes March 26, 1911, Magazine Section, Part Five, p. SM8. Lattes L. Sulla tecnica della prova di isoagglutinazione per la diagnosi individ- Ottenberg R. Hereditary blood qualities. Medico-legal application of human uale del sangue. [On the technique of the isoagglutination test for the individ- blood grouping. J Immunol 1921;6:363-85. ual diagnosis of blood.] Archivio di Antropologia Criminale Psichiatria e Medicina Legale 1916;37:400-8. [English translation in Gaensslen RE. Prokop O, Uhlenbruck G. Human blood and serum groups. English transla- Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology and biochemistry. Unit IX. tion by JL Raven. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1969. Translations of selected contributions to the original literature of medicolegal Putkonen T. Über die gruppenspezifischen Eigenschaften Verschiedener Kor- examination of blood and body fluids. Washington, DC: US Department of perFlussigkeiten. [Group-specific characteristics of different body fluids.] Acta Justice, National institutes of Justice, 1983.] Soc Med Fenn Duodecim Ser A 1930;14:113. [English translation in Camp Lattes L. Praktische Erfahrungen über Blutgruppenbestimmung in Flecken. FR Jr, Ellis FR, eds. Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups [Practical experience concerning blood group determination in stains.] Dtsch and immunology. Vol. II, Part 1. Secretion of blood group substances and Z Gesamte Gerichtl Med 1927;9:402-10. [English translation in Gaensslen Lewis system. Fort Knox, KY: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, 1970.] RE. Sourcebook in forensic serology, immunology and biochemistry. Unit IX. Schütze H. Haemagglutination and its medico-legal bearing, with observa- Translations of selected contributions to the original literature of medicolegal tions upon the theory of isoagglutinins. Br J Exp Pathol 1921;2:26-33. examination of blood and body fluids. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National institutes of Justice, 1983.] Speiser P, Smekal FG. Karl Landsteiner. The discoverer of the blood-groups and a pioneer in the field of immunology. Biography of a Nobel Prize winner Schiff of the Vienna Medical School. Vienna: Brüder Hollinek, 1961. [English trans- lation by R Rickett. Vienna: Verlag Brüder Hollinek, 1975.] Schiff F. Die forensisch-medizinische Verwertbarkeit der Blutgruppendiag- nose nach deutschem Recht. [The usefulness in forensic medicine of blood Sussman LN. blood grouping tests. Medicolegal uses. Springfield, IL: Charles group diagnosis according to German law.] In: Lattes L. Die Individualität des C. Thomas, 1968. Blutes in der Biologie, in der Klinik und in der gerichtlichen Medizin. [The Verma RP, Arya E. Determination of serological markers (blood group mark- individuality of the blood in biology, in the clinic and in forensic medicine.] ers) of biological fluid (semen) obtained from crime scene for individualisa- Berlin: Springer 1925:180-90. tion of the donor(s). Int J of Sci Engineer Res 2014;5:2307-21. Schiff F. The medico-legal significance of blood groups. Lancet 1929;ii:921-2. Watkins WM. The ABO blood group system: Historical background. Transfus Med 2001;11:2243-65. 10 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Wecht C, Saitz G, Curriden M. Mortal evidence. The forensics behind nine Wolf RO, Taylor LL. The concentration of blood group substance in the shocking cases. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2003. parotid, sublinguinal and submaxillary salivas. J Dent Res 1964;43:272-5. Wilson C, Wilson D. Written in blood. A history of forensic detection. New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers, 2003. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 11

Chapter 7—Who’s Your Daddy? ABO and Paternity Testing

Schiff Blood groups and paternity. Lancet 1922;ii:285.

Schiff F. Zur Kenntnis blutgruppenspezifischer Antigene und AntiKörper. Blood-test results as conclusive proof of non-paternity. J Crim Law Criminol [Concerning blood-group-specific antigens and antibodies.] Klin Wochenschr 1954;44:472-7. 1924;3:679. [English translation in Camp FR Jr, Ellis FR, eds. Selected contri- Boyd WC. Use of blood in cases of disputed paternity. N Engl J Med butions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. Vol. II, Part 1. 1949;241:759-76. Secretion of blood group substances and Lewis system. Ft. Knox, KY: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, 1970:1-3.] Buchanan JA. Medicolegal application of the blood group. JAMA 1922;78:89-92. Schiff F. Die forensisch-medizinische Verwertbarkeit der Blutgruppendiag- nose nach deutschem Recht. [The usefulness in forensic medicine of blood Buchanan JA. Medicolegal application of the blood group. JAMA group diagnosis according to German law.] In: Lattes L. Die Individualität des 1922;79:180-1. Blutes in der Biologie, in der Klinik und in der gerichtlichen Medizin. [The Decide babies mixed, so two parents flee. Manitoba Free Press, Friday, July individuality of the blood in biology, in the clinic and in forensic medicine.] 25, 1930, p. 19. Berlin: Springer, 1925:180-90. Doubts child’s paternity. New York Times, Saturday, May 1, 1926, Section: Schiff F. Die Technik der Blutgruppenuntersuchung für Kliniker und Gerich- Sports, p. 17. tsärzte: nebst Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendung in der Anthropologie und der Vererbungs- und Konstitutionsforschung. [The technique of genetic test- Establishing paternity by blood tests. Literary Digest, January 27, 1934, p. ing for clinicians and medical examiners: Together with consideration of 17. their application in anthropology and the hereditary constitution and Feldman WM. Blood groups and paternity. Br Med J 1936;2:895. Research.] Berlin: Springer, 1926. Forbes G. Refresher course for general practitioners. Blood groups and dis- Wiener puted paternity. Br Med J 1951;2:227-31. Wiener AS. Blood grouping tests in disputed parentage. Qualification of Friedman DM. A mind of its own: A cultural history of the penis. New York: experts. J Forensic Med 1956;3:139-48. The Free Press, 2001. Wiener AS. Problems and pitfalls in blood grouping tests for non-parentage. Getten TF. The Uniform Act on Blood Tests: Disavowal and divorce. Louisi- III. Chances of proving non-paternity by blood grouping tests when the puta- ana Law Rev 1973;33:646-54. tive father is dead. Acta Genet Med Gemmell 1969;18:285-93. Harris AF. Some observation on the un-uniform act on blood tests to deter- Reid ME. Alexander S. Wiener: The man and his work. Transfus Med Rev mine paternity. Villanova Law Rev 1963;9:59-76. 2008;22:300-16. Mixing up babies. Manitoba Free Press, Thursday, July 31, 1930. p. 1. Sussman LN. Dr. Alexander Wiener 1906-1976. In: Silver H, ed. Paternity No foolproof method in paternity lawsuits. Winnipeg Free Press, Wednesday, testing. Washington, DC: AABB, 1978:v. September 9, 1959. Abrams Sussman LN. Blood grouping test. A review of 1000 cases of disputed pater- Brock P. Charlatan. America’s most dangerous huckster, the man who pur- nity. Am J Clin Pathol 1963;40:38-42. sued him, and the age of flimflam. New York: Crown Publishers, 2009. Sussman LN. Blood grouping tests for non-paternity. J Forensic Sci Freak medicine. Journal-Lancet (MN State Med Assoc) 1922;42:523-4. 1973;18:287-9. Paternity blood test finds Paris skeptical. Scientists await proofs of the claims Sussman LN. Pitfalls of paternity blood grouping tests. Am J Clin Pathol of Dr. Abram’s oscillospore method. New York Times, Saturday, February 19, 1960;33:406-15. 1921, p. 3. Taay WE. Blood tests to negative paternity. Marquette Law Rev Weinberg N. Society of forensic Medicine. Medico-Legal J 1921;38:94-5. 1939;23:126-30. Chaplin Thomas JC. Blood group tests in disputed paternity. Br Med J 1937;1:419. Thomas JC. Blood groups and legislation. Br Med J 1938;2:471-2. Actress files suit against Chaplin. Winnipeg Free Press, Friday, June 4, 1943, p. 1. Tunkel V. Blood tests in the establishment of paternity. Med Sci Law 1969;9:53-6. Expert asserts babe not Chaplin’s. Winnipeg Free Press, Thursday, December 28, 1944, p. 10. Unger LJ. Blood grouping tests for exclusion of paternity; results in one hun- dred eight cases. JAMA 1953;152:1006-10. Othman FC. Chaplin is cleared on paternity point. Winnipeg Free Press, Sun- day, February 6, 1944, p. 1 Waterbury IC. Blood as clue to parentage. New York Times, Sunday, January 15, 1922. Other Topics

Anderson KG. How well does paternity confidence match actual paternity? Evidence from worldwide nonpaternity rates. Curr Anthropol 2006;47:513- 20. 12 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 8—Blood and Race: Seroanthropology in the First Half of the 20th Century

The Hirszfelds Germany

Allan TM. Hirszfeld and the ABO blood groups. Br J Prev Soc Med Aly G, Chroust P, Pross C. Cleansing the fatherland. Nazi medicine and 1963;17:166-71. racial hygiene. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Gilsohn JW. Prof. Dr. Ludwig Hirszfeld. Munich: A. Schubert, 1965. Aly G. Hitler’s beneficiaries. Plunder, racial war, and the Nazi welfare state. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005. (English translation by J Chase.) Górski A. Nec Soli Cedit (article dedicated to Professor Ludwik Hirszfeld). Postepy Hig Med Dosw (online) 2005;59:570-2. Barkan E. Mobilizing scientists against Nazi racism, 1933-1939. In: Stocking GW Jr. Bones, bodies, behavior. Essays on biological anthropology. Madison, Heynick F. Jews and medicine: An epic saga. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Publishing WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988:180-205. House, 2002. Baumslag N. Murderous medicine. Nazi doctors, human experimentation, Hirszfeld H, Hirszfeld L, Brokman H. On the susceptibility to diphtheria and typhus. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005. (Schick test positive) with reference to the inheritance of blood groups. J Immunol 1924;9:571-91. Cornwell J. Hitler’s scientists. Science, war and the devil’s pact. New York: Viking, 2003. Keating P. Holistic bacteriology: Ludwick Hirszfeld’s doctrine of serogenesis between the two world wars. In: Lawrence C, Weisz G, eds. Greater than Gingrich A. The German-speaking countries. Ruptures, schools and nontradi- the parts. Holism in biomedicine, 1920-1950. Oxford: Oxford University tions: Reassessing the history of sociolcultural anthropology in Germany. Press, 1998:284-302. German anthropology during the Nazi period: Complex scenarios of collabo- ration, persecution and competition. In: Barth F, Gingrich A, Parkin R, et al, Kucharz EJ, Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Ludwik Hirszfeld—Polish immunologist, eds. One discipline, four ways: British, German, French and American microbiologist and hematologist. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:e35. anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. McCarthy LJ, Okroi M. The original blood group pioneers… the Hirszfelds. Gutman Y. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943. Ghetto, underground, revolt. Blood Bank Transfus Med 2004;2:25-6. Bloomimgton, IN: Indiana University Press, 1982. Mikanowski J. Dr Hirszfeld’s war: Tropical medicine and the invention of Krüger A. Horse breeder’s perspective: Scientific racism in Germany, 1870- sero-anthropology on the Macedonian front. Soc Hist Med 2011;25:103-21. 1933. In: Finzsch N, Schirmer D, eds. Identity and intolerance: Nationalism, Milgrom F. Fundamental discoveries in immunohematology and immunoge- racism, and xenophobia in Germany and the United States. Washington, DC: netics by Ludwig Hirszfeld. Vox Sang 1987;52:149-51. German Historical Institute and Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Okroi M, McCarthy LJ. The original blood group pioneers: The Hirszfelds. Transfus Med Rev 2010;24:244-6. Lenz F. Die Bedeutung der statistisch ermittelten Belastung mit Blutsver- wandtschaft der Eltern. [The meaning of statistically determined traits with Schneider WH. Ludwik Hirszfeld: A life in serology. Arch Immunol Ther Exp consanguinity of the parents.] Münch Med Wochenschr 1919;66:1340-2. (Warsz) 2002;50:355-9. (English translation in Boyer SH IV, ed. Papers on human genetics. Engle- Romania and Hungary wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.)

Hoensch JK. A history of modern Hungary 1867-1986. London: Longman, Müller-Hill B. Human genetics in Nazi Germany. In: Michalczyk JJ, ed. Med- 1988. (English translation by K Tryanor.) icine, ethics and the Third Reich: Historical and contemporary issues. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1994:27-34. Manuila S. Memorandum to Marshal Ion Antonescu, 15 October 1941. Jahrbuch des itlaiienisch-deutschen historischen in Trient 2001;27:S:609-17. Proctor R. Racial hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge, MA: Har- vard University Press, 1988. Molnár M. A concise history of Hungary. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1996. Proctor RN. Nazi biomedical policies. In: Caplan AL, ed. When medicine went mad. Bioethics and the holocaust. Towota, NJ: Humana Press, 1992. Turda M. “To end the degeneration of a nation”: Debates on eugenic steril- ization in inter-war Romania. Med Hist 2009;53:77-104. Proctor RN. Nazi medical ethics: Ordinary doctors? In: Beam TE, Sparacino LR, eds. Military medical ethics, Vol. 2. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Sur- Turda M. Entangled traditions of race: Physical anthropology in Hungary and geon General, 2003. Romania, 1900-1940. Focaal 2010;58:32-46. Proctor RN. Racial hygiene: The collaboration of medicine and Nazism. In: France Michalczyk JJ, ed. Medicine, ethics and the Third Reich: Historical and con- temporary issues. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1994:35-41. Schneider WH. Hérédité, sang et opposition à l’immigration dans la France des années trente. [Heredity, blood and opposition to immigration in France Reche O. Zur Blutgruppenuntersuchung der menschlichen Primitivrassen. during the 1930s.] Ethnologie Francaise 1994;24:104-17. [Blood grouping studies of primitive races.] Z Rassenphysiologie 1932;4:88- 90. Schneider WH. The eugenics movement in France 1890-1940. In: Adams MB, ed. The wellborn science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Reichardt E. Health, “race” and empire: Popular scientific spectacles and Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990:8-68. national identity in imperial Germany, 1871-1914. Dissertation. Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University, 2006. Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Roland CG. Creativity in the face of disaster: Medicine in the Warsaw Weindling PJ. Epidemics and genocide in Eastern Europe 1890-1945. ghetto. In: Michalczyk JJ, ed. Medicine, ethics and the Third Reich: Histori- Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. cal and contemporary issues. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1994:153-60. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 13

Says transfusion can’t alter race. Nazi expert holds recipient of alien blood Boyd WC. Critique of methods of classifying mankind. Am J Phys Anthropol will not be affected by operation. New York Times, Sunday, October 20, 1940;27:333-64. 1935, p. 28. Boyd WC. Gene frequencies and race mixtures. Am J Phys Anthropol Seidelman WE. Mengele medicus: Medicine’s Nazi heritage. Millbank Quar- 1949;7:587-93. terly 1988;66:221-39. Boyd WC. Systematics, evolution, and anthropology in the light of immunol- Steffan P. Die Beziehungen zwischen Blutgruppe, Pigment und Kopfform ogy. Quart Rev Biol 1949;24:102-8. (Mit 2 Karten und 13 Abbildungen). [The relationship between blood group, Boyd WC. Three general types of racial characteristics. Cold Spring Harb pigment and head shape (with 2 maps and 13 illustrations).] Z Rassenphysiol- Symp Quant Biol 1950;15:233-42. ogie 1928/29;1:72-9. Boyd WC. Gene frequencies in anthropology: Simple methods. Am J Phys Tenenbaum J. Nazi rule in Poland and the Jewish medical profession. In: Fal- Anthropol 1954;12:43-251. stein L, ed. The martyrdom of Jewish physicians in Poland. New York: Expo- sition Press, 1963:124-298. Boyd WC. Genetics and the races of man. An introduction to modern physi- cal anthropology. Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1955. Weindling P. Weimar eugenics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropol- ogy, human heredity and eugenics in social context. Ann Sci 1985;42:303- Boyd WC. Four achievements of the genetical method in physical anthropol- 18. ogy. Am Anthropol 1963;65:243-52. Weiss S. The race hygiene movement in Germany. Osiris (2nd series) Boyd WC. Genetics and the human race. Science 1963;140:1057-64. 1987;3:193-236. Burns F. Studies in blood show groupings hold in same range for all people all Weiss SF. Human genetics and politics as mutually beneficial resources: The times. Boston Daily Globe, Thursday, October 28, 1950. case of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Study in scarlet. American Magazine, November 1948. Eugenics during the Third Reich. J Hist Biol 2006;39:41-88. We are deeply indebted to Sylvia Boyd for significant information about her Wellisch S. Die Analyse der Dreirassentheorie. [Analysis of the three-race parents William and Lyle, including personal diaries, papers, letters, and theory.] Z Rassenphysiologie 1928/29;1:66-71. memorabilia. Wellisch S. “Blutsverwandtschaft” der Völker und Rassen. [“Blood-kinships” of peoples and races.] Z Rassenphysiologie 1928/29;1:21-34. Matson United States Matson A, Brady EO. A procedure for the serological determination of blood relationship of ancient and modern peoples with special reference to the Candela PB. Blood group determinations upon Minnesota and New York American Indians. I. A procedure for the determination of isoantigens in skeletal material. Am J Phys Anthropol 1937:23:71-8. saliva. J Immunol 1936;30:445-57. Coon CS. Human races in relations to environment and culture with special Matson A. A procedure for the serological determination of blood relation- reference to the influence of culture upon genetic change in human popula- ship of ancient and modern peoples with special reference to the American tions. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1950;15:247-58. Indians. II. Blood-grouping of mummies. J Immunol 1936;30:459-70. Constitution of the Immigration Restriction League. Boston, MA: Immigra- Matson A. Hereditary blood factors among American Indians. In: Soulier JP, tion Restriction League, 189-? Collection Development Department, Widen- ed. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Blood Transfusion. mer Library, Harvard University. [Available at: http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ Paris: ISBT, 1954:274-83. immigration/restrictionleague.html (accessed March 5, 2015).] Matson GA. The anthropological application of the blood groups with special Marks J. The legacy of serological studies in American physical anthropology. reference to the American Indians. Acta Chirg Belgica 1954(Suppl 1):149- Hist Philos Life Sci 1996;18:345-62. 59. Snyder LH. Blood grouping in relation to clinical and legal medicine. Balti- Matson GA, Swanson J. Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among more: Williams & Wilkins, 1929. American Indians in middle America: Lacabdón and other Maya. Am Anthropol 1961;63:1292-322. Boyd Matson GA, Swanson J. Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Abramson HA, Boyd WC, Hooker SB, et al. The specificity of the second Indians in middle America. II. In Guatemala. Am J Phys Anthropol stage of bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination. J Bacteriol 1963;21:301-17. 1945;50:15-22. Matson GA, Swanson J. Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Boyd WC, Hooker SB. The influence of the molecular weight antigen on the Indians in middle America. IV. In Honduras. Am J Phys Anthropol proportion of antibody to antigen in precipitates. J Gen Physiol 1934;17:341- 1963;21:319-33. 8. Matson GA, Swanson J. Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Boyd WC, Boyd LG. Sexual and racial variations in ability to taste phenyl- Indians in middle America. V. In Nicaragua. Am J Phys Anthropol thio-carbamide, with some data on the inheritance. Ann Eugenics 1963;21:545-59. 1937;38(8):46-51. Matson GA, Swanson J. Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Boyd WC, Hooker SB. The influence of the molecular weight of antigen on Indians in British Honduras. In: Holländer LP, ed. Proceedings of the Interna- the proportion of antibody to antigen in precipitates, II. Statistical examina- tional Society of Blood Transfusion 10th Congress. Paris: ISBT, 1964:320-6. tion of available data, including some previously unpublished. J Gen Physiol 1939;22:281-92. Matson GA, Swanson J. Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Indians in middle America. VIII. In Panama. Am J Phys Anthropol 1965;23:413-26. 14 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Central and South America Furuhata T, Tsuge K, Yokoyama M, et al. Racial difference of blood groups and blood types. Proc Jap Acad 1954;30:405-8. See Matson, above Furuhata T. Hereditary influence of blood group factors on the population England problem. I. Proc Jap Acad 1954;30:660-4. Abbie AA. Doctor Ruggles Gates and the aboriginal Australian. Nature Furuhata T. Hereditary influence of blood group factors on the population 1960;187:375-6. problem. II. Proc Jap Acad 1954;30:665-9. Gates RR. Heredity in man. New York: Macmillan Co, 1931. Furuhata T. The advancement in the studies on blood groups in Japan. In: Hollander L, ed. Proceedings of the Eighth Congress of the International Mourant AE, Kopec AC, Domaniewska-Sobczak K. The distribution of the Society of Blood Transfusion. Tokyo, 1960. Basel: Karger, 1962. human blood groups and other polymorphisms. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1976. Hammer MF, Horai S. Y chromosome DNA variation and the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet 1995;56:951-62. Roberts JAF. Obituary: Reginald Ruggles Gates 1882-1962. With a portrait. Man 1962;62:184-5. Horai S, Murayama K, et al. mtDNA polymorphism in East Asian popula- tions, with special reference to the peopling of Japan. Am J Hum Genet Roberts JAF. Reginald Ruggles Gates 1882-1962. Biogr Mem Fell R Soc 1996;59:579-90. 1964;10:83-106. Ikemoto S, Watanabe S, Ogawa R, et al. Frequencies of blood groups among South Africa Vietnamese. Proc Japan Acad 1966;42:975-9. Book notices: The blood groups of the Bantu of Southern Africa. JAMA Robertson J. Hemato-nationalism: The past, present and future of “Japanese 1937;109:531. Blood.” Med Anthropol 2012;31:93-112. Editorial. Blood groups in the South African Bantu. South Afr Med J Sofue T. Anthropology in Japan: Historical review and modern trends. Bien- 1951;25:163-4. nial Rev Anthropol 1961;2:173-214. Garlick JP. Blood group maps of Africa. J Afr Hist 1962;3:297-300. Yoshino K. The discourse on blood and racial identity in contemporary Japan. Parr LW. Blood studies on peoples of western Asia and north Africa. Am J In: Dikötter F, ed. The construction of racial identities in China and Japan. Phys Anthropol 1931;16:15-29. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997:199-212. Roberts DF. Serology and the history of the Northern Nilotes. J African Hist Anthropology and Seroanthropology 1962;3:301-5. Birdsell JB. Human evolution: An introduction to the new physical anthro- Soodyall H. Reflections and prospects for anthropological genetics in South pology. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing, 1975. Africa. In: Goodman A, Heath D, Lindee MS. Genetic nature/culture. Marks J. Contemporary bio-anthropology. Anthropology Today 2002;18:3-7. Anthropology and science beyond the two-culture divide. Berkeley, CA: Uni- versity of California Press, 2003:200-16. Marks J. What it means to be 98% chimpanzee. Apes, people and their genes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. Zoutendyk A. The blood groups of South African natives with particular ref- erence to a recent investigation of the Hottentots. In: Soulier JP, ed. Proceed- Montagu MFA. An introduction to physical anthropology. Springfield, IL: ings of the 5th International Congress on Blood Transfusion, Paris, Charles C. Thomas, 1945. 1954:247-9. Ryan W, Pitman W. Noah’s flood. The new scientific discoveries about the Australia and South Pacific event that changed history. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

Bais WJ, Verhoef AW. On the biochemical index of various races in the East Strandskov HH. Human genetics and anthropology. Science 1944;100:570-1. Indian archipelago. J Immunol 1924;9:383-6. Sykes B. The seven daughters of eve. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2001. Cortiula M. Banking on blood. A History of the Australian Red Cross New Weiss KM, Chakraborty R. Genes, populations, and disease, 1930-1980: A South Wales Transfusion Service. Walcha, NSW: Ohio Productions, 2001. problem-oriented review. In: Spencer F, ed. A history of American physical Eyes of world anthropologists on two Australian scientists. They’re tracing anthropology 1930-1980. New York: Academic Press, 1982. the racial story of man in blood. Courier-Mail, Brisbane, Monday, September Seroanthropology 22, 1952. Blood groups and anthropology. Nature 1951;167:705-6. Simmons RT, Graydon JS, Semple NM, et al. A collaborative genetical survey in Marshall Islanders. Am J Phys Anthropol 1952;10:31-54. Glass B. Blood groups in physical anthropology. Science 1956;123:927-8. Tobias PV. The biology of the South African Negro. In: Hammond-Tooke Mourant AE. Blood relations: Blood groups and anthropology. Oxford: WD, ed. The Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa. London: Routledge Oxford University Press, 1983. & Kegan Paul, 1974:3-45. Mourant AE. The use in anthropology of blood groups and other genetical Japan characters. J African Hist 1962;3:291-6.

Furuhata T, Kishi T. On the biochemical racial-index of the Japanese in the Schneider WH. Blood group research in Great Britain, France and the United Hokuriku district (northern part of middle Japan). J Immunol 1926;12:83-9. States between the World Wars. Am J Phys Anthropol 1995;38(S2):87-114. Furuhata T. A summarized review on the gen-hypothesis of the blood groups. Schneider WH. Blood transfusion between the wars. J Hist Med Allied Sci Am J Phys Anthropol 1929;13:109-30. 2003;58:187-224. The blood groups in genetics and anthropology. Br Med J 1932;2:26-7. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 15

On Race Haller JS Jr. Concepts of race inferiority in nineteenth-century anthropology. J Hist Med Allied Sci 1970;25:40-51. Cartmill M. The status of the race concept in physical anthropology. Am Anthropol 1999;100:651-60. Odom HH. Generalizations on race in nineteenth-century physical anthro- pology. Isis 1967;58:5-18. Duster T. Buried alive. The concept of race in science. In: Goodman AH, Heath D, Lindee MS, eds. Genetic nature/culture. (Rust’s repertorium). Wolpoff M, Caspari R. Race and human evolution. New York: Simon & Transfusion anthropology and science beyond the two-culture divide. Berke- Schuster, 1997. ley, CA: University of California Press, 2003:258-77. Young M. The problem of the racial significance of the blood groups. Man Fisher RA. “The coefficient of racial likeness” and the future of craniometry. 1928;28:153-9. J Roy Anthropol Inst 1936;66:57-63. Young M. The problem of the racial significance of the blood groups. Man 1928;28:171-6. 16 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 9—Sugars and Splice: The Biochemistry and Immunochemistry of ABO

Morgan and Watkins Kabat

Interview with Dr. Winifred Watkins and Professor Walter Morgan. BBTS Feizi T, Kabat EA, Vicari G, et al. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. Newsletter 1999;52:5-9. XLVII. The I antigen complex—precursors in the A, B, H, Lea, and Leb blood group system—hemagglutination-inhibition studies. J Exp Med Mallory D. In memorium: Professor Walter Morgan 1900-2003. Immunohe- 1971;133:39-52. matology 2003;19:141. Feizi T, Kabat EA, Vicari G, et al. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. Marshall RD. Carbohydrate antigens: Tribute to Walter Morgan. Biochem XLIX. The I antigen complex: Specificity differences among anti-I sera Soc Trans 1981;9:185-6. revealed by quantitative precipitin studies; partial structure of the I determi- Morgan WTJ. Occurrence and nature of human blood group substances. Br nant specific for one anti-I serum. J Immunol 1971;106:1578-92. Med Bull 1944;2:165-8. Kabat EA, Bendich A, Bezer AE, et al.. Immunochemical studies on blood Morgan WTJ. The human ABO blood group substances. Experientia groups. IV. Preparation of blood group A substances from human sources and 1947;3:257-300. a comparison of their chemical and immunochemical properties with those of the blood group A substance from hog stomach. J Exp Med 1947;85:685- Morgan WTJ. Nature and relationships of the specific products of the human 99. blood groups and secretor genes. Nature 1950;166:300-2. Kabat EA. Immunochemical studies of blood groups substances. Bacteriol Morgan WTJ. The chemical basis of human blood group specificity. In: Sou- Rev 1949;13:189-202. lier JP, ed. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Blood Transfu- sion. Paris: ISBT, 1954:285-95. Kabat EA. Structural concepts in immunology and immunochemistry. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968. Morgan WTJ. Some aspects of the biochemistry of the human blood-group substances. Br Med Bull 1959;15:109-12. Marcus DM, Schlossman SF. In memoriam. Elvin Abraham Kabat September 1, 1914-June 16, 2000. J Immunol 2001;166:3635-6. Morgan WTJ. The Croonian Lecture: A contribution to human biochemical genetics: The chemical basis of blood-group specificity. Proc R Soc London Moreno C, Lundblad A, Kabat EA. Immunochemical studies on blood

Ser B. Biol Sci 1960;151:308-47. groups. LI. A comparative study of the reactions of A1 and A2 blood group glycoproteins with human anti-A. J Exp Med 1971;134:439-57. Morgan WTJ. A tribute to Winifred M. Watkins. Biochem Soc Trans 1987;15:591-2. Paul WE, Mage RG. Obituary: Elvin A. Kabat (1914-2000). Nature 2000;407:316. Pusztai A, Morgan WTJ. Studies in immunochemistry. 19. Further observa- tions on the preparation and properties of human blood-group-specific muco- Schlossman SF, Benacerraf B. Dr. Elvin Kabat: An appreciation of his scien- polysaccharides. Biochem J 1961;80:107-21. tific contributions. Mol Immunol 1984;21:1009-10. Pusztai A, Morgan WTJ. Studies in immunochemistry. 20. The action of Lectins papain and ficin on blood-group-specific substances. Biochem J 1961;81:639- 47. Bird GWG. The Dolichos biflorus and peanut lectins. Vox Sang 1989;56:288-9. Pusztai A, Morgan WTJ. Studies in immunochemistry. 22. The amino acid composition of the human blood-group A, B, H and Lea specific substances. Boyd WC, Shapleigh E. Diagnosis of subgroups of blood groups A and AB by Biochem J 1963;88:546-55. use of plant agglutinins (lectins). J Lab Clin Med 1954;44:235-7. Watkins WM. Relationship between structure, specificity and genes within Boyd WC, Shapleigh E. Separation of individuals of any blood group into the ABO and Lewis blood-group systems. Bibl Haematol. 1965;23(part 2): secretors and non-secretors by use of a plant agglutinin (lectin). Blood 443-52. 1954;9:1195-8. Watkins WM. Blood-group specific substances. In: Gottschalk A, ed. Glyco- Boyd WC, Everhart DL, McMaster MH. The anti-N lectin of Bauhinia pur- proteins, their composition, structure, and function. New York: Elsevier, purea. J Immunol 1958;81:414-18. 1966:462-515. Boyd WC, Bhatia HM, Diamond MA, et al. Quantitative study of the combi- Watkins WM. Genetics and biochemistry of some human blood groups. nation of lima bean lectin with human erythrocytes. J Immunol Proc R Soc London. Ser B Biol Sci 1978;202:31-53. 1962;89:463-70. Watkins WM. Biochemistry and genetics of the ABO, Lewis, and P blood Boyd W. Lectins. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970;169:168-90. group systems. Adv Hum Genet 1980;10:1-136. Boyd WC. Three contributions of lectins to the understanding of specific Watkins WM. A tribute to Walter TJ Morgan. Transfus Med 2001;11:239- agglutination and precipitation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1974;234:396-408. 41. Chattoraj A, Boyd WC. A specific anti-B lectin for routine diagnostic pur- Watkins M, Contreras M. Obituary. Professor Walter Morgan (1900-2003). poses. J Immunol 1966;96:898-900. Transfusion Today, 2003;54:12-13. Kilpatrick DC. Animal lectins: A historical introduction and overview. Bio- Watkins WM, Schachter H. Walter Thomas James Morgan, 1900-2003. chim Biophys Acta 2002;1572:187-97. Glycoconjugate J 2004;20:1-3. Lis H, Sharon N. Lectins: Their chemistry and application to immunology. In: Sela M, Arnheim N, eds. The antigens, Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press, 1977:79-140. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 17

Matsubara S, Boyd WC. Alteration of the specificity of lectin by chemical Sneath JS, Sneath PHA. Transformation of the Lewis groups of human red modifications. III. Phenylazobenzoylation of lima bean and Sophora japonica cells. Nature London 1955;176:172. lectins. J Immunol 1966;96:829-31. Other Topics Wiener AS, Moor-Jankowski J, Gordon EB. The specificity of hemagglutinat- ing bean and seed extracts (lectins). Int Arch Allergy 1969;36:582-91. Arrhenius S. Immunochemistry. New York: Macmillan Co, 1907. Lewis and Secretor Feizi T. Blood group antigens. Ii antigens. Proc R Soc Med 1975;68:799-802. Garratty G. A tribute to Georg Springer MA, MD, Dsc (Hon)—who laid a Andersen J. Modifying influence of the secretor gene on the development of foundation for using the relationship of blood groups to disease as a basis for the ABH substance. Vox Sang 1958;3:251-61. the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Tranfus Med Rev 2000;14:289-90. Andresen PH. Relations between the ABO, secretor/non-secretors, and Hakomori S, Schachter H, Desai PR. In memoriam: Georg Springer, MA, Lewis systems with particular reference to the Lewis system. Am J Hum MD, DSc (Hon). Glycobiology 1999;9:iii-iv. Genet 1961;13:396-412. Kyle RA, Shampo MA. Arne Tiselius—father of electrophoresis. Mayo Clin Furuhata T, Nakajima H. Studies on the secretor and non-secretor. Proc Japan Proc 2005;80:302. Acad 1956;32:778-82. Lloyd KO. Philip Levine award lecture. Blood group antigens as markers for Grubb R. Interaction between immunology and genetics—blood group sys- normal differentiation and malignant change in human tissues. Am J Clin tems as important early models and as tools. In: Mazumdar PMH, ed. Immu- Pathol 1987;87:129-39. nology 1930-1980. Essays on the history of immunology. Toronto: Wall & Thompson, 1989:131-41. Lloyd KO. The chemistry and immunochemistry of blood group A, B, H, and Lewis antigens: Past, present and future. Glycoconj J 2000;17:531-41. Grubb R. Observations on the human group system Lewis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1951;28:61-81. Marcus DM. My career as an immunoglycobiologist. Proc Jpn Acad Sci Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2013;89:257-69. Levine P. Recent observations on the Lewis system. In: Hollander L, ed. Pro- ceedings of the Eighth Congress of the International Society of Blood Trans- Sneath PHA. Planets and Life. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970. fusion. Basel: Karger, 1962:29-36. Marcus DM. Discussion: The nature of the Lea and Leb antigens in human plasma. Ann NY Acad Sci 1970;169:161-3. 18 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 10—Monkey Business: The Discovery of Rh

Biographical Zallen DT, Christie DA, Tansey EM, eds. The rhesus factor and disease pre- vention. Transcript of a witness seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre Gottleib AM. Karl Landsteiner, the melancholy genius: His time and his col- for the History of Medicine at University College London, June 3, 2003. Lon- leagues, 1868-1943. Transfus Med Rev 1998;12:18-27. don: Wellcome Trust, 2004. Biography of Alexander S. Wiener, MD. Hematologia 1972;6:11-16. Primate Blood Ranganathan KS. Alexander Wiener and the Landsteiner tradition. Haemato- Wiener AS, Moor-Jankowski J, Gordon EB. Blood group antigens and cross- logia (Budap) 1972;6:31-8. reacting antibodies in primates including man. I. Production of antisera for Diamond LK. A tribute to Dr. Philip Levine. Am J Clin Pathol 1980;74:368- agglutinogen M by immunization with blood other than human type M 70. blood. J Immunol 1964;92:391-6. Flint PB. Dr. Philip Levine, 87, is dead; discovered blood’s Rh factor. New Wiener AS, Moor-Jankowski J, Gordon EB. Blood group antigens and cross- York Times, October 20, 1987. reacting antibodies in primates including man. II. Studies on the M-N types of orangutans. J Immunol 1964;93:101-5. Obituary of Dr. Philip Levine: The Rhesus factor in blood. Times (London England) October 21, 1987. Moor-Jankowski J, Wiener AS. Sero-primatology: A new discipline. In: Starck D, Schneider R, Kuhn H-J, eds. Progress in primatology. Proceedings of the Rosenfield RE. In memoriam: Philip Levine, 1900-1987. Transfusion 1988;28:97. 1st Congress of the International Primatological Society, Frankfurt Germany July 26-30, 1966. Stuttgart: G. Fisher Publications, 1967:373-81. Singher HO. Philip Levine. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965;127:879-82. Moor-Jankowski J, Wiener AS. Blood groups of apes and monkeys. Human- Rufus E. Stetson, surgeon, is dead. New York Times, Wednesday, November type and simian-type. In: Starck D, Schneider R, Kuhn H-J, eds. Progress in 15, 1967. primatology. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of the International Primatolog- Dr. Silik H. Polayes, pathologist, was 63. New York Times, Sunday, August ical Society, Frankfurt Germany July 26-30, 1966. Stuttgart: G. Fisher Publi- cations, 1967:382-410. 26, 1962, p. 83. Moor-Jankowski J, Wiener AS. Blood group antigens in primate animals and Other Historical Aspects their relation to human blood groups. Primates Med 1969;3:64-77. Greenwalt TJ. An autobiographical perspective of blood banking, 1946- LW 1988. Transfusion 1989;29:248-58. Beck ML. The LW system: A review and current concepts. In: Walker RH, Landsteiner K, Wiener AS. Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies. J Exp Med Block UT, eds. A seminar on recent advances in immunohematology. Wash- ington, DC: AABB, 1973:83-100. 1941;74:309-19. Levine P. Letter to Alexander Wiener, July 27, 1943. In: The Joseph Leder- Levine P, Polayes SH. An atypical hemolysin in pregnancy. Ann Intern Med berg Papers, Box 6, Folder 29, Unique Identifier BBAQZE. Bethesda, MD: 1941;14:1903-8. National Library of Medicine. [Available at: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/ Potter EL. Rh. Its relation to congenital hemolytic disease and to intragroup A/Q/Z/E/_/bbaqze.pdf (accessed April 23, 2015).] transfusion reactions. Chicago: The Year Book Publishers, 1947. Moulds MKG. The LW blood group system: A review. Immunohematology Stetten D. The Blood Transfusion Betterment Association of New York City. 2011;27:136-42. JAMA 1935;110:1248-52. Swanson J, Polesky HF, Matson GA. The LW antigen of adult and infant Wiener AS. History of the Rhesus blood types. J Hist Med Allied Sci erythrocytes. Vox Sang 1965;10:560-6. 1952;7:369-83. Wiener AS, Moor-Jankowski J, Brancato GJ. LW factor. Haematologia Wiener AS. Karl Landsteiner, his work, and the Rhesus blood factor. Part I. 1969;3:385-93. Curr Med Dig 1951;18:1-4. Wiener AS. Two new myths: One-unit transfusions and LW factor. Am J Clin Wiener AS. Karl Landsteiner, his work, and the Rhesus blood factor. Part II. Pathol 1968;49:108-10. Curr Med Dig 1951;18:5-8. Wiener AS. The human LW factor. J Hong Kong Med Tech Assoc 1975;2:19. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 19

Chapter 11—Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: Cause and Treatment

Biographical and Historical Aspects Wiener

Bowman JM. Historical overview: Hemolytic disease of the fetus and new- Wiener AS, Brody M. Pathogenesis of kernicterus. Science 1946;103:570. born. In: Kennedy MS, Wilson S, Kelton JG, eds. Perinatal transfusion medi- Wiener AS, Brody M. The encephalopathy (kernicterus) of erythroblastosis cine. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1990:1-52. fetalis, its serologic diagnosis and pathogenesis. J Mental Defic 1946;51:1- Farnes P. Women in medical science. In: Kass-Simon G, Farnes P, eds. 14. Women of science. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1990. Wiener AS. Diagnosis and treatment of anemia of the newborn caused by Hansen TWR. Pioneers in the scientific study of neonatal jaundice and ker- occult placental hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1948;56:717-22. nicterus. Pediatrics 2000;106:e15. Wiener AS. Treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis by exchange transfusion. Maclennan H. A gynaecologist looks at the Tudors. Med Hist 1967;11:66-74. Postgraduate Med 1950;7:1-10. Obituary. John William Ballantyne MD, FRCPE, FRSE. Br Med J 1923;1:213- Wiener AS. Aetiology of physiological jaundice in the newborn. Br Med J 15. 1951;1:435. O’Sullivan JF. The Rhesus story in Northern Ireland. Ulster Med J 1983;52: Wiener AS, Wexler IB, Brancato GJ. Treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis by 94-100. exchange transfusion. J Pediatr 1954;45:546-68. Pochedly C. History of the exchange transfusion; its use in treatment of HDN and Exchange Transfusion erythroblastosis. Bull Hist Med 1970;44:450-60. Blood group antigens and antibodies as applied to hemolytic disease of the Santavy J. Hemolytic disease of the newborn—history and prevention in the newborn. Raritan, NJ: Ortho Diagnostics, 1968. world and the Czech Republic. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Czech Repub 2010;154:147-51. Brancato GJ. Exchange transfusion in erythroblastosis fetalis and other condi- tions. Am J Dis Child 1950;80:1-9. Saxon W. Harry Wallerstein, 87, a pioneer in transfusions to save newborns. New York Times, July 2, 1993. Kariher DH, Miller DI. On the prophylaxis of hemolytic disease of the new- born. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1947;54:1-17. Diamond Levine P, Vogel P, Rosenfield RE. Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Adv Diamond LK. The clinical importance of the Rh blood type. N Engl J Med Pediatr 1953;6:97-156. 1945;232:447-50, 475-80. Mollison PL, Walker W. Controlled trials of the treatment of haemolytic dis- Diamond LK. Oral history interview conducted by Eric Hoffman, November ease of the newborn. Lancet 1952;i:429-33. 17-18, 1986. New York, NY: Columbia University Oral History Research Pearson HA. Commentary: Replacement transfusion as a treatment of eryth- Office, 2008. [Available at: http://www.hematology.org/About/History/ roblastosis fetalis, by Louis K. Diamond, MD. Pediatrics 1948;2:520-34. Legends/1598.aspx (accessed April 29, 2015).] Rh in prognosis and treatment of haemolytic disease of the newborn. Br Med Mentzer WC. Louis Diamond and his contribution to haematology. Br J J 1943;2:303-4. Haematol 2003;123:389-95. Rosse WF. Clinical immunohematology: Basic concepts and clinical applica- tions. Boston: Blackwell Scientific, 1990. 20 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 12—Britain, Blood, and Bombs (1930-1945)

Transfusion in World War II Era of Medicine, 2015. [Available at: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ ResourceMetadata/BGBBFB (accessed June 10, 2015).] Berg S. Emergency blood typing in the field during World War II: A personal narrative. Bull NY Acad Med 1966;62:778-83. Drew LR. Unforgettable Charlie Drew. Reader’s Digest, March, 1978, p. 135-40. Cowdrey AE. Fighting for life: American military medicine in World War II. New York: Free Press, 1994. Love S. One blood. The death and resurrection of Charles R. Drew. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996. DeKleine W. The blood plasma reservoir. Am J Nursing 1941;41:572-3. Miller I. Charles Drew, father of blood bank. Los Angeles Sentinel, February Fisher RA, Taylor GL. Blood groups in Great Britain. Br Med J 1939;2:826. 6, 2003, p. A16. Greenwalt TJ. Book Reviews. Blood Program in World War II. Transfusion Minutes, Meeting of the Board of Medical Control, Blood Transfusion Better- 1966;6:84-5. ment Association, January 8, 1941. Profiles in science, Charles R. Drew Krishna S. How did blood transfusion in Britain work during WWII and its Papers. Available at: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Resource significance. J Archeology Hist Anthropol 2009;1. (ejournal) Metadata/BGBBCJ (accessed June 10, 2015).] Miller LM. The unfolding miracle of blood. Hygeia 1944;22:502-3,535-6. Parks D. Charles Richard Drew, MD 1904-1950. J Nat Med Assoc 1979;71:893-5. Pinkerton PH. Norman Bethune and transfusion in the Spanish civil war. Vox Sang 2002;83(Suppl 1):117-20. Wilson BA, O’Connor WG, Willis MS. The legacy of Charles R. Drew, MD, CM, MDSc. Immunohematology 2011;27:94-100. Sise H. The work of Dr. Norman Bethune’s Canadian Transfusion Service in the Civil War in Spain. Symposum: The history of blood transfusion from the Yancey AG Sr. US postage stamp issued in honor of Charles R. Drew, MD, beginning of the present century to World War II. 3rd Quarterly meeting of MDSc. J Natl Med Assoc 1982;74:561-5. the Montreal Physiological Society, March 21, 1963. Can Med Assoc J Durán-Jordà 1964;90:91-2. Broggi i Vallès M. Sobre Frederic Durán-Jordà. [About Frederic Durán-Jordà] Solandt OM. The Blood Transfusion Service in London, England during World War II. Symposum: The history of blood transfusion from the begin- Gimbernat 1997;27:185-91. ning of the present century to World War II. 3rd Quarterly meeting of the Durán Jordà F. The Barcelona blood-transfusion service. Lancet 1939;1:773- Montreal Physiological Society, March 21, 1963. Can Med Assoc J 5. 1964;90:92. Ellis RWB. Blood transfusion at the front. Film by Dr. Frederic Durán-Jordà. Starr D. Again and again in World War II, blood made the difference. Smith- Proc R Soc Med 1938;31:684-6. sonian Magazine 1995;25:124-38. Frederic Durán-Jordà, MD. BMJ 1957;1:953. The Cocoanut Grove Fire. Boston, MA: Cocoanut Grove Coalition, 2015. Hervàs i Puyal C, Cahisa i Mur M. Notas historicas sobre el hospital de san- [Available at: http://www.cocoanutgrovefire.org (accessed May 31, 2015).] gre numero 18 de Barcelona (1936-1939). [Historical notes on hospital of Tuckwell L. “30 Minutes of Your Time.” An examination of the British blood blood number 18 in Barcelona (1936-1939).] Gimbernat 1997;27:173-84. transfusion services during World War II. Dissertation. London: University Lozano Molero M. Passat I actualitat de l’obra de Frederic Durán-Jordà. [The College London, 2010. work of Frederic Durán-Jordà, past and present.] Rev R Acad Med Catalunya Vaughn JM. War wounds and air raid casualties. Br Med J 1939;1:933-6. 2006;21:66-7. Winegarden HM. Human blood: Life saver 1 in World War II. Eng Sci Obituary. Frederic Durán-Jordà, MD. BMJ 1957;1:1128. Monthly, February 1945, p. 4-12. Palfreeman L. Spain bleeds. The development of battlefield blood transfusion Biographical and Historical Aspects during the Civil War. Chicago, IL: Sussex Academic Press, 2015. Cohn Mollison

Diamond LK. Edwin J Cohn memorial lecture. The fulfillment of his proph- Garratty G. Obituary. Patrick Loudon Mollison. Transfusion 2012;52:684-5. ecy. Vox Sang 1971;20:433-40. Richmond C. Patrick Mollison obituary. Blood transfusion pioneer and Scatchard G. Edwin J. Cohn lecture. Edwin J. Cohn and protein chemistry. author of a classic textbook. The Guardian (London) Wednesday, January 4, Vox Sang 1969;17:37-44. 2012. Drew Whitby

Craft PP. Charles Drew: Dispelling the myth. South Med J 1992;85:1236-40, Neumark E. Necrologia. Sir Lionel Whitby. 1895-1956. Acta Haematol 1246. 1957;17:64. Drew C. American Human Serum Association Symposium, June 2-3, 1941. Obituary. Sir Lionel Whitby. Chair of Physic at Cambridge. Times (London) Profiles in science, Charles R. Drew Papers. Bethesda, MD: National Library November 26, 1956, p. 14. Whitby L. Fifty years of clinical pathology. Br Med J 1950;1:21-5. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 21

Hill Others

Hill JM, Pfeiffer DC. A new and practical desiccating process particularly Drummond R. John Loutit’s advance in collecting blood. Br Med J 1992; suitable for the preparation of concentrated plasma or serum for intravenous 305:958. use: The ADTEVAC process. Ann Intern Med 1940;14:201-14. Gillam S. Geoffrey Harold Tovey. Munks Roll 2009;XII:web. [Available at: Muirhead EE, Hill JM. The advantages and clinical uses of desiccated plasma http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/5903 (accessed June prepared by the ADTEVAC process. Ann Intern Med 1942;16:286-302. 2, 2015).] Pirtle C III. Baylor milestones: Remembering the past, embracing the future. Guy LR. Obituary: Sol Haberman. Blood 1969;33:144-5. The first 100 years 1903-2003. Dallas, TX: Baylor Health Care System, Mourant AE. Obituary (R.R. Race). Biotest Bulletin 1985;2:188. 2003. Rollin HR. Dermot Henry Graham MacQuaide. Munks Roll 2000;XI:369. Race GJ, Tillery GW, Dysert PA. A history of pathology and laboratory medi- [Available at: http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/5008 cine at Baylor University Medical Center. BUMC Proceedings 2004;17:42- (accessed June 2, 2015).] 55. Weatherall DJ. Dame Janet Maria Vaughn (1899-1993). Transfus Med Rev Ramsay MAE, Wilsey HL, Russell B, Race GJ. History of research activities at 2008;22:243-4. Baylor University Medical Center. BUMC Proceedings 2004;17:292-303. 22 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 13—A Rh-ose by Any Other Name: Rh Specificity and Terminology

Special thanks to Joyce Poole and Paul Schmidt for sharing various letters, Strandskov HH. Recent views on the genetics of the Rh-Hr blood factors. Bull pamphlets, and other unpublished ephemera. Additional material related to NY Acad Med 1949;25:249-55. the 1946 Rh Conference in Dallas and Mexico City was provided by Dr. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. Minimum requirements: Schmidt and by Dr. Guillermo J. Ruiz-Arguelles. Anti-Rh typing serums. May 25, 1949. 2nd revision. Washington, DC: US Bangham J. Writing, printing, speaking: Rhesus blood-group genetics and Department of Health and Human Welfare, 1949. nomenclatures in the mid-twentieth century. Br J Hist Sci 2014;47:335-61. Wiener AS. Rh-Hr blood types. Applications in clinical and legal medicine Clarke CA. A.E. Mourant. Br Med J 1994;309:801. and anthropology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1954. Fisher RA. Note on the calculation of the frequencies of Rhesus allelo- Wiener AS. Teaching of Rh nomenclature as responsibility of directors of morphs. Ann Eugen 1946-47;13:223-4. blood banks. Bull AABB 1956;9:104. Fisher RA. The fitting of gene frequencies to data on Rhesus reactions. Ann Wiener AS. Advances in blood grouping. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1961. Eugen 1946-47;13:150-5. Wiener AS. Advances in blood grouping. Vol II. New York: Grune & Stratton, Khanolkar VR, Sanghvi LD. Genetic theories of Rh blood types. Ann Eugen 1965. 1946-47;13:7-14. Wiener AS. Elements of blood group nomenclature with special reference to Mazumdar PMH. Species and specificity. An interpretation of the history of the Rh-Hr blood types. JAMA 1967;199:985-9. immunology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Wiener AS. Final results of Rh-Hr nomenclature questionnaire. Trans NY Moor-Jankowski J. Contributions of A.S. Wiener to blood group serology and Acad Sci 1967;29:892-902. immunology. Haematologia (Budap) 1972;6:39-45. Wiener AS. Modern blood group nomenclature. J Am Med Technol Mourant AE. Blood groups. Br Med J 1954;2:971-2. 1968;30:174-9. Mourant AE. Rh notation. Br Med J 1957;2:461-4. Wiener AS. Solution of the Rh-Hr nomenclature problem. Exp Med Surg 1969;27:308-15. Race GJ, Tillery GW, Dysert PA. A history of pathology and laboratory medi- cine at Baylor University Medical Center. BUMC Proceedings 2004;17:42- Wiener AS, ed. Advances in blood grouping. Vol III. New York: Grune & 55. Stratton, 1970. Ranganathan KS. The chronic problem of the Rh nomenclature. Antiseptic 1968;50:1-6. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 23

Chapter 14—Detecting Rhand Beyond

Dodd BE. Early work on the Rh factor including the finding of anti-E. Vox Kay AB. Robert Royston Amos Coombs. Munks Roll 2009;XII:web. [Avail- Sang 1984;47:449-51. able at: http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/5561 (accessed June 11, 2015).] Lincoln P. Obituaries: Professor Barbara E. Dodd, MSc, PhD, DSc and Miss Kathleen E. Boorman, CBiol, MIBiol. BBTS Newsletter 2000;57:26, 28. Kay B. Obituary. Robin Coombs. The Guardian (London), Wednesday March 8, 2006. [Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/mar/08/ Lyon M, Mollison PL. John Freeman Loutit. 19 February 1910-11 June guardianobituaries.health (accessed June 11, 2015).] 1992. Biogr Mem Fell R Soc 1994;40:238-52. Konugres AA. In memoriam. Robert Royston Amos (Robin) Coombs. Immu- Mollison PL. Blood transfusion in clinical medicine. 7th ed. Oxford: Black- nohematology 2006;22:148-9. well Scientific Publications, 1983. Mourant AE. The versatile Coombs test. Br Med J 1961;2:1481-2. Rosenfield RE. Early twentieth century origins of modern blood transfusion therapy. Mt Sinai J Med 1974;41:626-35. Pamphilon DH, Scott ML. Robin Coombs: His life and contributions to hae- matology and transfusion medicine. Br J Haematol 2007;137:401-8. Speiser P, Smekal FG. Karl Landsteiner: The discoverer of the blood-groups and a pioneer in the field of immunology. Biography of a Nobel Prize winner Professor Robin Coombs. The Telegraph (London), March 30, 2006. [Avail- of the Vienna Medical School. Vienna, Austria: Brüder Hollinek, 1961. [Eng- able at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1514293/Professor- lish translation by R. Rickett. Vienna, Austria: Verlag Brüder Hollinek, 1975.] Robin-Coombs.html (accessed June 11, 2015).] Taylor JF. The trypsinized cell method for the detection of incomplete anti- Tuller D. Robin Coombs, 85, inventor of a diagnostic blood test, dies. New bodies. Am J Med Technol 1950;16:235-8. York Times March 27, 2006. Thompson AM, Lawder J, Rymer MR. The detection of Rh antibodies by the Dacie trypsinated erythrocyte technic. Am J Med Technol 1951;17:68-77. Dacie JV. Acquired haemolytic anaemias. Br Med Bull 1959;15:67-73. Zallen DT, Christie DA, Tansey EM, eds. The Rhesus factor and disease pre- vention. Transcript of a witness seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias. Congenital and acquired. Part I. The for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 3 June 2003. Vol. 22. Lon- congenital anaemias. 2nd ed. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1960. don: Wellcome Trust, 2004. Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias. Congenital and acquired. Part II. The Polyagglutination auto-immune haemolytic anaemias. 2nd ed. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1962. Chorpenning FW, Hayes JC. Occurrence of the Thomsen-Friedenreich phe- Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias. Congenital and acquired. Part III. Sec- nomenon in vivo. Vox Sang 1959;4:210-24. ondary or symptomatic haemolytic anaemias. 2nd ed. New York: Grune & Reepmaker J. The relation between polyagglutinability of erythrocytes in Stratton, 1967. vivo and the Hübener-Thomsen-Friedenreich phenomenon. J Clin Pathol Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias. Congenital and acquired. Part IV. The 1952;5:266-70. congenital anaemias. Drug-induced haemolytic anaemias, paroxysmal noc- Coombs turnal haemoglobinuria, haemolytic disease of the newborn. 2nd ed. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1967. Coombs RAA. Immunohaematology: Reminiscences and reflections. Trans- fus Med 1994;2:185-93. Dacie J. The immune hemolytic anaemias: A century of exciting progress in understanding. Br J Haematol 2001;114:770-85. Coombs RR. The first Carl Prausnitz memorial lecture. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1973;45:1-22. De Worms CGM. J.V. Dacie: An appreciation of his interests in entomology. Br J Haematol 1972;23(Suppl):243-7. Coombs RRA, Mourant AE. On certain properties of antisera prepared against human serum and its various protein fractions: Their use in the Pitney WR. Professor Dacie’s contribution to Australian haematology. Br J detection of sensitisation of human red cells with “incomplete” Rh antibody, Haematol 1972;23(Suppl):235-7. and on the nature of this antibody. J Pathol Bacteriol 1947;59:105-11. Vaughn J. John Dacie. Br J Haematol 1972;23(Suppl):7. Coombs RRA, Roberts F. The antiglobulin reaction. Br Med Bull 1959;15: Wright P. Sir John Vivian Dacie. Lancet 2005;365:1382. 113-18. Worlledge Dunsford I, Grant J. The anti-globulin (Coombs) test in laboratory practice. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1959. Obituary. Sheila Margaret Worlledge. Lancet 1980;i:270. Kay AB. Obituary. Professor Robin Coombs FRS (1921-2006). Vox Sang Worlledge SM, Blajchman MA. The autoimmune haemolytic anaemias. Br J 2008;91:93-4. Haematol 1972;23(Suppl):61-9. 24 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 15—There A-Rh-ose Such a Clatter: More Rh Antigens!

Stratton and Du Tippett P. Rh blood group system: The D antigen and high- and low-fre- quency Rh antigens. In: Veneglen-Tyler V, Pierce SR, eds. Blood groups sys- Gunson HH. Fred Stratton. The Guardian (Manchester) Wednesday, May tems: Rh. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1987:25-53. 30, 2001. Wiener AS, Unger LJ. Further observations on the blood factors RhA, RhB, Gunson HH. Obituary. Professor Fred Stratton, 1913-2001. Transfus Med RhC and RhD. Transfusion 1962;2:230-3. 2001;11:223-4. Other Rh Antigens Renton PH, Stratton F. Rhesus type Du. Ann Eugenics 1949;15:189-209. Case J. Compound and complex Rh antigens. In: Vengelen-Tyler V, Pierce Schmidt PJ, Klein RE, Sherwood WC. Du confirmation. Transfusion 1986;26:364-5. SR, eds. Blood group systems: Rh. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1987:55-75. Stratton F. The inheritance of the allelomorphs of the Rh gene with special Issitt PD, Tessel JA. On the incidence of antibodies to the Rh antigens G, rh (Ce), C, and CG in sera containing anti-CD or anti-C. Transfusion reference to the Rh and Rh genes. Ann Eugenics 1943-45;12:250-60. i 1981;21:412-18. Partial and Weak D Lenkiewicz B, Zupanska B. Clinical significance of anti-G. Transfus Med Daniels G, Lomas-Francis C, Wallace M, et al. Epitopes of Rh D: Serology 2002;12:221. and molecular genetics. In: Silberstein LE, ed. Molecular and functional Moores P, Smart E. Serology and genetics of the red blood cell factor Rh34. aspects of blood group antigens. Bethesda, MD: AABB, 1995;193-228. Vox Sang 1991;61:122-9. Daniels G, Poole G, Poole J. Partial D and weak D: Can they be distin- Moores P. Rh18 and hrS blood groups and antibodies. Vox Sang guished? (letter) Transfus Med 2007;17:145-6. 1994;66:225-30. Denomme GA, Drake LR, Vilensky D, et al. Rh discrepancies caused by vari- Race RR, Sanger R. Anti-f and the Rh groups. Proceedings of the Fifth Con- able reactivity of partial and weak D types with different serological tech- gress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, Paris, September 13- niques. Transfusion 2008;48:473-8. 19, 1954. Paris: ISBT, 1954:119-25. Engelfriet CP, Reesink HW, et al. International forum. Testing for weak D. Rosenfield Vox Sang 2006;90:140-53. Judd WJ, Mould M, Schlanser G. Reactivity of FDA-approved anti-D reagents Rosenfield RE, Allen FH Jr, Swisher SN, et al. Rh nomenclature. (letter) Transfusion 1979;19:487. with partial D red blood cells. Immunohematology 2005;21:146-8. Rosenfield RE, Haber GV, Schroeder R, et al. Problems in Rh typing as Kumar H, Mishra DK, Sarkar RS, et al. Difficulties in immunohematology: revealed by a single negro family. Am J Hum Genet 1960;12:147-59. The weak D antigen. Med J Armed Forces India 2005;61:348-50. Rosenfield RE, Haber GV. An Rh blood factor, rh (Ce), and its relationship to Lomas C, Tippett P, Thompson KM, et al. Demonstration of seven epitopes i on the Rh antigen D using human monoclonal anti-D antibodies and red cells hr (ce). Am J Hum Genet 1958;10:474-80. from D categories. Vox Sang 1989;57:261-4. Rosenfield RE, Kochwa S. Time and action: The kinetics of Rh nomenclature. (letter) Am J Hum Genet 1965;17:458. Scott ML, Voak D, Liu W, et al. Using monoclonal antibodies and site directed mutagenesis to map the epitopes for the blood group Rh D antigen. Rosenfield RE. Immunohematology syllabus. New York: Intercontinental In: Eibl M, Mayr WR, Thorbecke GJ, eds. Epitope recognition since Land- Medical Book Corp., 1974. steiner’s discovery. Berlin: Springer, 2002:83-102. Kochwa Sussman LN, Wiener AS. An unusual Rh agglutinogen lacking blood factors RhA, RhB, RhC and RhD. Transfusion 1964;4:50-1. Deaths. Kochwa, Shaul, PhD. The New York Times, April 4, 1997. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 25

Chapter 16—Preventing HDN: RhIG

Obituaries Wile SA. Hemolytic disease of the newborn. Its present status and manage- ment. Obstet Gynecol 1955;5:17-26. Freed DLJ. Obituaries. Ronald Finn. One of the team that solved the riddle of Rh haemolytic disease. Br Med J 2004;328:1501. Additional Reports

Goldsmith J. Ronald Finn. Munks Roll 2009;XI.195. [Available at: http:// Branch DR, Scofield TL, Moulds JJ, et al. Unexpected suppression of anti-Fya munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/5320 (accessed June 16, and prevention of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn after adminis- 2015).] tration of Rh immune globulin. Transfusion 2011;51:816-19. McKusick VA. Persisting memories of Cyril Clarke in Baltimore. J Med Genet Brinc D, Denomme GA, Lazarus AH. Mechanisms of anti-D action in the 2002;39:782. prevention of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: What can we learn from rodent models? Curr Opin Hematol 2009;16:488-96. Oransky I. Obituary. Vincent J. Freda. Lancet 2003;362:669. Kumpel BM. Lessons learnt from many years of experience using anti-D in Philip Macdonald Sheppard. Lancet 1976;ii:977. humans for prevention of RhD immunization and haemolytic disease of the Saxon W. Dr. Cyril Clarke, 93, British Rh disease geneticist, dies. New York fetus and newborn. Clin Exp Immunol 2008;154:1-5. Times, December 5, 2000. Bowman JM, Chown B, Lewis M, at al. Rh isoimmunization, Manitoba, Wright P. Ronald Finn. Lancet 2004;363:2195. 1963-75. Can Med Assoc J 1977;16:282-4. Historical Reviews and Reminiscences Bowman JM, Friesen AD, Pollock JM, et al. WinRho: Rh immune globulin prepared by ion exchange for intravenous use. Can Med Assoc J 1980;123: Bowman JM. RhD hemolytic disease of the newborn. N Engl J Med 1123- 5. 1998;339:1775-7. Bowman JM. Suppression of Rh isoimmunization. A review. Obstet Gynecol Carr I, Beamish RE. Manitoba medicine: A brief history. Winnipeg: Univer- 1978;52:385-93. sity of Manitoba Press, 1999. Bowman JM. The prevention of Rh immunization. Transfus Med Rev Clarke C. Historical annotation: Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn 1988;2:129-50. and its prevention. Br J Haematol 1982;52:525-35. Carter BB. Maternal Rh sensitization and the clinically normal child. Am J Martlew V. The conquest of Rh (D) haemolytic disease of the new born— Obstet Gynecol 1947;54:879-82. Reminiscences of the Liverpool group. BBTS Newsletter 1999:53. Clarke CA, Finn R. Prevention of Rh hemolytic disease: Background of the Mittendorf R, Williams MA. Rho(D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM): How it Liverpool work. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:538-9. came into being. Obstet Gynecol 1991;77:301-3. Clarke CA, Finn R. Towards the prevention of Rhesus haemolytic disease. In: Tovey LAD. Towards the conquest of Rh haemolytic disease: Britain’s contri- Vermylen C, ed. Proceedings of the International symposium: Foeto-mater- bution and the role of serendipity. Transfus Med 1992;2:99-109. nal incompatibility, Brussels, July 2, 1966. Heverlee: Excelsior, 1966. HDN Clarke CA. Practical effects of blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus. Br Med J 1972;1:90-5. Blood group antigens and antibodies as applied to hemolytic disease of the newborn. Raritan, NJ: Ortho Diagnostics, 1968. Working Party of the Medical Research Council on the Use of Anti-D Immu- noglobulin for the Prevention of Isoimmunization of Rh-negative Women Boggs TR Jr. Mortality and morbidity from hemolytic disease of the newborn. During Pregnancy. Controlled trial of various anti-D dosages in suppression Rh factor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1964;7:933-44. of Rh sensitization following pregnancy. Br Med J 1974;2:75-80. Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias. Congenital and acquired. Part IV. The Finn R, Clarke CA. The prevention of Rhesus haemolytic disease. Bibl Hae- congenital anaemias. Drug-induced haemolytic anaemias, paroxysmal noc- matol 1968;29(part 1):225-30. turnal haemoglobinuria, haemolytic disease of the newborn. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton, 1967. Finn R, Clarke CA. The timing of sensitization and its relevance to the pre- vention of Rh-haemolytic disease. Bibl Haematol 1968;29(part 1):267-72. Gold ER, Butler NR. ABO haemolytic disease of the newborn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1972. Finn R. Rh haemolytic disease. Recent advances in Rh isoimmunization pre- vention. Br Med J 1970;1:219-20. Pickles MM. Haemolytic disease of the newborn, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1949. Freda V, Robertson JG, Gorman JG. Antepartum management and preven- tion of Rh isoimmunization. Ann NY Acad Sci 1965;127:909-25. Pollack W. Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn: Its cause and prevention. In: Gleicher N, ed. Reproductive immunology. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Freda VJ, Gorman JG, Pollack W, et al. Prevention of Rh isoimmunization. 1981:185-203. Progress report of the clinical trials in mothers. JAMA 1967;199:390-4. Roberts GF. Comparative aspects of haemolytic disease of the newborn. Freda VJ, Gorman JG, Pollack W. Successful prevention of experimental Rh London: William Heineman Medical Books, 1957. sensitization in man with an anti-Rh gamma-globulin antibody. Transfusion 1964;4:26-32. Treacy M. Advances in blood group antigens and antibodies. Managing changes in Rh immune globulin utilization. Raritan, NJ: Ortho Diagnostic Freda VJ, Gorman JG. Current concepts: Antepartum management of Rh Systems, 1981. hemolytic disease. Bull Sloane Hosp Women 1962;8:147-58. 26 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Gorman JG. Prevention of immunization to the Rh factor. Jewish Mem Hosp Wiener AS, Belkin RB. Group-specific substances in the saliva of the new- Bull 1965;10:142-51. born. J Immunol 1943;47:467-70. Krevans JR, Woodrow J, Nosenzo C, et al. Patterns of Rh immunisation. Bibl Woodrow JC, Clarke CA, McConnell RB, et al. Prevention of Rh-haemolytic Haematol 1965;23(part 4):781. disease: Results of the Liverpool “low-risk” clinical trial. Br Med J 1971;2: 610-12. Mollison PL, Hughes-Jones NC, Lindsay M, et al. Suppression of primary Rh immunization by passively-administered antibody: Experiments in volun- Woodrow JC. Effectiveness of Rh prophylaxis. Paper given at Bonn Working teers. Vox Sang 1969;16:421-39. Party. Haematologia 1974;8:281-90. Nevanlinna H, Vainio T. An attempt to calculate the probability of Rh immu- Woodrow JC. Prevention of Rh immunization. Bibl Haematol 1965;23(part nization during pregnancy. In: Hollander L, ed. Proceedings of the Eighth 4):944-8. Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Tokyo, Septem- Zipursky A, Israels LG. The pathogenesis and prevention of Rh isoimmunisa- ber 12-15, 1960. Basel: Karger, 1962:281-3. tion. Can Med Assoc J 1967;97:1245-57. Nevanlinna H. Observations on the haemolytic disease of the newborn Zipursky A, Pollack J, Neelands P, et al. The transplacental passage of foetal caused by Rh immunization. In: Hollander L, ed. Proceedings of the Eighth red blood-cells and the pathogenesis of Rh immunization during pregnancy. Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Tokyo, Septem- Lancet 1963;ii:489-93. ber 12-15, 1960. Basel: Karger, 1962:284-6. Zipursky A. The conquest of Rh disease. Can Med Assoc J 1978;118:609-10. Osborn DA. The question of Rh hapten. J Clin Pathol 1951;4:470-7. Pollack W, Ascari WQ, Kochesky RJ, et al. Studies on Rh prophylaxis: 1. Rela- Masouredis and Hughes-Jones tionship between doses of anti-Rh and size of antigenic stimulus. Transfusion Frommel D, Grob PJ, Masouredis SP, et al. Studies on the mechanism of 1971;11:333-9. immunoglobulin binding to red cells. Immunology 1967;13:501-8. Pollack W, Gorman JG, Freda VJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of Rh immuno- Hughes-Jones NC. Lecture notes on haematology. Oxford: Blackwell Scien- globulin in the prophylaxis of immunization to the Rh factor. Bibl Haematol tific Publications, 1970. 1968;29(part 1):231-6. Hughes-Jones NC. Quantitation and the Rh blood group system. Transfus Prevention of Rh-haemolytic disease. Med J Aust 1967;2:1035-6. Med 1991;1:69-76. Prevention of Rh-haemolytic disease—1969. Med J Aust 1969;1:1034-6. Masouredis SP. Editorial review. Quantitative isotopic immunohematology. Treacy M, ed. Antepartum use of Rh immune globulin: A physician’s forum. Transfusion 1964;4:69-76. Raritan, NJ: Ortho Diagnostic Systems, 1982. Masouredis SP. Quantitative and ultrastructural aspects of red cell membrane Rh antigens. Emily Cooley Memorial Lecture. In: Seminar on recent advances in immunohematology. Washington, DC: AABB, 1973:41-62. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 27

Chapter 17—Blood Bank Organizations

Biographical Standardization in Haematology joint working party report. Vox Sang 1999;77:121-7. Alexi-Meskishvili V. Sergei S. Yudin: An untold story. Surgery 2006;139:115- 22. Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Report on the second ses- sion. March 18-23, 1948. WHO.IC/198. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, Cordero AA. The man behind the eponym. Arnault Tzanck, his work and 1948. times. Am J Dermatopathol 1985;7:121-3. Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Report on the third session. Greenwalt TJ. Antibodies, antigens, and anticoagulants: A historical review London, May 2-7, 1949. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, of a lifetime in transfusion medicine—the Landsteiner Lecture 2004. Trans- No. 2. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1950. fusion 2005;45:1531-9. Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Report on the fourth ses- In memoriam. Joghem van Loghem, MD. AABB News 2005;7(6):56. sion. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, No. 36. Geneva, Lefrère JJ, Berche P. Arnault Tzanck (1886-1954), founder of the first blood Switzerland: WHO, 1951. centre worldwide. J Med Biogr 2013;21:211-19. Maaløe O, Jerne NK. The standardization of immunological substances. News and announcements. 1964 AABB award recipients. Transfusion Annu Rev Microbiol 1952;6:349-66. 1964;4:400. Report of the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. First session, Sir Henry Dale—Biographical. Nobel prize in physiology or medicine, 1936. held at Geneva, 9-13 June 1947. Bull World Heath Organ 1948;1:7-20. Stockholm, Sweden: Nobel Media AB. [Available at: http://www.nobel Review and Update of the WHO International Standards for Blood Grouping prize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/dale-bio.html (accessed Reagents. World Health Organization, Blood Safety and Clinical Technology. June 29, 2015).] Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1999. Various Nations WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, 59th Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2012. Ash A. Observations on some Middle East blood banks, 1957-1958. AABB Bulletin 1959;12:189-91. Philosophical

Bryce LM. An abiding gladness. Melbourne: Georgian House, 1965. Fontaine P. Blood, politics, and social science. Richard Titmuss and the Insti- Meissner FM. The development of the blood donation and blood transfusion tute of Economic Affairs, 1957-1973. Isis 2002;93:401-34. service in Germany with special consideration of the methods used at the Plant R. Gifts, exchange and the political economy of health care. blood bank of the University of Tuebingen, West Germany. AABB Bulletin J Med Ethics 1977;3:166-73. 1952;5(11):2-6. Titmus RM. The gift relationship: From human blood to social policy. New Rymer MR. The editor looks at European blood banks. AABB Bulletin York: Pantheon Books, 1971. 1955;8:326-35. American Red Cross There is good news for patients in India with rare blood groups and badly needing transfusions. ABC Newsletter July 13, 2007, p 15. Belliston CF. Reciprocity in the Red Cross blood program. AABB Bulletin 1955;8:9-12. Verma MP. Blood bank organization of India. In: Soulier JP, ed. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Blood Transfusion, Paris, September 13- Blood donor service of American Red Cross. JAMA 1946;132:882. 19, 1954. Paris: ISBT 1954:1067-9. Hurd C. The compact history of the American Red Cross. New York, NY: WHO Hawthorn Books, 1959.

Chisholm B. The World Health Organization. Br Med J 1950;1:1021-7. Kelman K. Red Cross blood donor service is melodrama of scientific achieve- ment. Washington Post, Sunday, August 30, 1942, p. B3. Goodman HC. Immunodiplomacy: The story of the World Health Organiza- tion’s Immunology Research Program, 1961-1975. In: Mazumdar PMH, ed. Robinson GC. Wartime medicine: Activities of the American Red Cross. In: Immunology 1930-1980. Essays on the history of immunology. Toronto, Fishbein M, ed. Doctors at war. New York, NY: EP Dutton & Co, 1945: Canada: Wall & Thompson, 1989:253-72. 337-59. Hollan SR, Wagstaff W, Leikola J, et al, eds. Management of blood transfusion Yost PW. The basic role of an American Red Cross blood program. AABB Bul- services. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1990. letin 1960;13:491-3. Madsen T. The scientific work of the health organization of the League of AABB Clearinghouse Nations. Bull NY Acad Med 1937;13:439-65. Babcock B. Advance deposit plan for groups or communities. AABB Bulletin The first ten years of the World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: 1955;8:267-71. WHO, 1958. Distribution of blood. ‘Clearinghouse’ plan adopted for supply over nation. Standardization New York Times, Sunday, October 21, 1956, p. 28.

Case J, Ford DS, et al. International reference reagents: Antihuman globulin. Hemphill BM. Blood bank reciprocity through the National Clearing House An International Society of Blood Transfusion/International Committee for Program. AABB Bulletin 1955;8:70-3. 28 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Jennings ER. The role of the American Association of Blood Banks in peace US Blood Banks and war. AABB Bulletin 1960;13:413-15. Hanzlik BS. The Peninsula Memorial Blood Bank, Inc. of Burlingame, Cali- Jennings WC. Adequate blood coverage for the nation in time of peace and fornia. AABB Bulletin 1955;8:45-7. war. AABB Bulletin 1960;13:415-18. Matson GA, Koucky RW. History of the Minneapolis War Memorial Blood Kelley KK. The donor as an economic factor in blood banking. AABB Bulletin Bank. AABB Bulletin 1956;9:344-7. 1956;9:141-7. Rand MM. Central Florida Blood Bank, Inc. Orlando, Florida. AABB Bulletin Report on the status of negotiations for a national reciprocity agreement 1956;8:100-3. between the American Association of Blood Banks and the American National Red Cross. AABB Bulletin 1959;12:137-42. The birth of a blood bank. A short history of the Belle Bonfils Memorial Blood Bank of Denver, Colorado. Denver, CO: Belle Bonfils Memorial Blood Texas City Explosion Center, 1977.

Blasts and fire wreck Texas City of 15,000. 300 to 1,200 dead; thousands Walter CW. Development of blood banks. Hygeia 1941;19:542-5. hurt, homeless; wide coast area rocked, damage in millions. New York Other Times, April 17, 1947. MacKaye M. Death on the water front. Saturday Evening Post, October 26, Bates LE. The Joint Blood Council. AABB Bulletin 1960;13:418-20. 1957, p.19-21, 95-101. Darling GB. How the National Research Council streamlined medical Minutaglio B. City on Fire: The forgotten disaster that devastated a Texas research for war. In: Fishbein M, ed. Doctors at war. New York: EP Dutton & town and ignited a historic legal battle. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, Co, 1945:363-98. 2003. Gibson JG. Plastic blood equipment. AABB Bulletin 1956;9:133-7. Stephens HW. The Texas City disaster, 1947. Austin, TX: University of Texas Wilson FE. Newer developments on blood. Mil Med 1956;119:120-1. Press, 1997. van Loghem JJ. Editorial. The International Society of Blood Transfusion. The past, the present, and the future. Vox Sang 1963;8:129-32. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 29

Chapter 18—Medical Technologists to the Fore

Clinical Laboratory Kenney JC. Workshop problems of education of medical technologists. How shall we keep them educated? Am J Med Technol 1951;17:77-9. Atwater EC. Women, surgeons, and a worthy enterprise: The general hospi- tal comes to upper New York State. In: Long DE, Golden J. The American Lindberg DS, Britt MS, Fisher FW. Williams’ introduction to the profession of hospital. Communities and social contexts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University medical technology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1984. Press, 1989:40-66. Lynaugh JE. From respectable domesticity to medical efficiency: The chang- Berger D. A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical ing Kansas City Hospital, 1875-1920. In: Long DE, Golden J. The American laboratory. Part 2—Laboratory science and professional certification in the hospital. Communities and social contexts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University 20th century. MLO Med Lab Observ 1999;31:32-8. Press, 1989:21-39. Berger D. A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical lab- MacCready RA. The problem of the medical laboratory technologist. N Engl J oratory. Part 3—Medicare, government regulation, and competency certifi- Med 1951;244:204. cation. MLO Med Lab Observ 1999;31:40-4. Nickerson DA. Problems in the maintenance of adequate laboratory staffs. Brinkhous K, Endicott KM. History of the American Association of Patholo- N Engl J Med 1951;244:207-9. gists. Fed Proc 1987;46:232-5. Reiser SJ. Medicine and the reign of technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Medical Technologists University Press, 1978. Richardson PM. Educational requirements of medical technologist. N Engl J ASCP Board of Registry celebrates 80th anniversary: Around the world in Med 1951;244:204-5. 80 years. Part 2. BOR Newsletter. Fall 2008, p. 3-4, 9. Rosenberg CE. Community and communities: The evolution of the Ameri- Block I. Orientation of new medical technologists in a hospital blood bank. can hospital. In: Long DE, Golden J. The American hospital. Communities Lab Med 1970;1:35. and social contexts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989:3-17. Breitweiser E. Medical technologist. In: Grady RI, Chittum JW, et al. The Rossiter ME. Women Scientists in America. Struggles and strategies to 1940. chemist at work. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education, 1940;17:29- Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. 34. Rymer MR. What can a medical technologist do about the hazards of blood Careers for men and women in medical technology. Two degree courses. transfusion? Am J Med Technol 1961;27:337-40. University of Kansas Newsletter December 13, 1957:58(17). The profession of medical technology. A career of service in science. A pam- Detro MS. The role of a registered medical technologist in a physician’s phlet for guidance counselors, science teachers and students. Chicago, IL: office. Am J Med Technol 1955;21:217-21. Board of Registry (no date given). Eilers RJ. Medical technology. Past, present and future. J Kansas Med Soc 1961;62:116-19. Fantus First MLT certificates presented. Lab Med 1970;1:22-3. “Father of blood banking.” Dr. Bernard Fantus, is feature of Chicago Exhibit. AABB News 2005;7:46. French EL. A survey of the training and placement of women chemistry majors in women’s and coeducational colleges. In: Grady RI, Chittum JW, 1st US blood bank. Fantus transformed Cook County lab. AABB News et al. The chemist at work. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education, 2003;5:42. 1940;17:351-61. Lewis S. Hospital: An oral history of Cook County Hospital. Comments by Gilstrap MA. Medical technology training: A follow-up study of graduates. Dr. Robert Freeark. New York, NY: New York Press, 1994:109-15. Am J Med Technol 1961;27:101-11. Telischi M. Evolution of Cook County Hospital Blood Bank. Transfusion Greenfield HI. Allied health manpower: Trends and prospects. New York, 1974;14:623-8. NY: Columbia University Press, 1969. Reagent Companies Haley L. Comments made at the National Conference on Education and Gamma celebrates 25 years. Gamma chronicles. Houston, TX: Gamma Bio- Career Development. Manpower for the medical laboratory. PHS Publication No. 1833. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967:42. logicals, March 1995. Hatcher OL. Occupations for women. Richmond, VA: Southern Woman’s Hatcher DE, Moulds JJ. Blood banking: The niche market of immunohema- tology. Houston, TX: Gamma Biologicals, 1995. Educational Alliance, 1927. Hyland reference manual of immunohematology. A concise review of princi- Hunt EB. Some aspects of medical technology in Canada and in the United ples and procedures. 4th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Hyland Laboratories, 1966. States. Am J Med Technol 1955;21:198-203. Issitt PD. Applied blood group serology. 3rd ed. Miami, FL: Montgomery Sci- Ikeda K. The present trends in medical technology. Am J Med Technol 1951;17:81-8. entific Publications, 1985. Jardine E. Organization and curriculum schools for medical technologists. Letwin L. In the beginning… Gamma chronicles. Houston, TX: Gamma Bio- logicals, 1995. Am J Med Technol 1950;16:321-2. Murphy L. John J. Moulds Reference and Scientific Support Laboratories ded- Judd E. Training of the medical technologist. N Engl J Med 1951;244:206-7. ication. LBC Today (LifeShare Blood Centers) March-April 2011. 30 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

State and Regional Camp FR Jr, Conte NF, Ellis FR. Military blood banking. Immunohematology for the reference and forensic testing laboratory. A monograph. Ft. Knox, KY: Florida Association of Blood Banks. Blood banks observe anniversary. Sara- US Army Medical Research Laboratory, 1971. sota Herald-Tribune May 10, 1959, 35. Camp FR Jr. Forensic serology in the United States. I. Blood grouping and News and announcements. Michigan Association of Blood Banks holds two- blood transfusion. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1980;1:47-55. day workshop in conjunction with annual meeting. Transfusion 1961;1:410- 11. Camp FR, Jr, Conte NF, Ellis FR. Military blood banking. Genetics for the ref- erence and forensic testing laboratory. A monograph. Ft. Knox, KY: US Army Rymer MR, Kelley KK. The workshop program of Southwest Blood Banks. Medical Research Laboratory, 1971. Transfusion 1963;3:286-9. Cohen BM, Neel JV. Accuracy of World War II blood typing. Am J Hum SCABB: 20 years in the making. AABB News Briefs 1978;8:25. Genet 1962;14:238-9. Military Dr. Carl W. Walter; inventor of blood bag. Los Angeles Times May 10, 1992. Camp FR Jr, Coley VR, Sepulveda P. The origins of blood bank directors, Lambert B. Dr. Carl W. Walter, an inventor of medical equipment, dies at 86. supervisors, and staff for military and civilian blood bank operations, training, New York Times May 9, 1992. and research. Mil Med 1980;145:461-9. Watson NA. Colonel Joseph H. Akeroyd: Leader in army blood transfusion. Camp FR Jr, Conte NF, Brewer JR. Military blood banking 1941-1973. Les- AMEDD Historian 2014;6:1-2. sons learned applicable to civil disasters and other considerations. Ft. Knox, KY: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, 1973. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 31

Chapter 20—Rare Donor Programs and Immunohematology Reference Laboratories

Demerjian A, Kliman A. A red blood cell freezing program for Massachusetts. Rare blood to be stored in New York by Red Cross. Adirondack Daily Enter- Transfusion 1972;12:333-8. prise, Tuesday, June 6, 1961. Giles CM. Three decades of reference serology. Transfus Med 1991;1:145- Reid M, Shine I. The discovery and significance of the blood groups. Cam- 53. bridge: SBB Books, 2012. Huggins CE. Frozen blood. Ann Surg 1964;160:643-9. Revelli N. A regional rare blood donor registry and bank of frozen blood units in Italy. Transfusion Today 2008;76:25. Mallory D. Letter from the outgoing editor-in-chief. Changing of the guard. Immunohematology 2005;21:167. Revelli N, Villa MA, Paccapelo C, et al. The immunohematology reference laboratory: The experience of the Policlinico Maggiore Hospital, Managiagalli Nance S. Meeting difficult transfusion needs: Provision of rare donor blood. and Regina Elena Foundation, Milan. Blood Transfus 2009;7:94-9. Transfusion Today 2010;83:10. Subcommittee for the Reference Laboratory Conference, AABB. Correspon- Nance SJ, Meny G, Westhoff C. Letter from the incoming editorial staff. With dence. To the editor. Transfusion 1972;12:292-3. special thanks to Delores. Immunohematology 2005;21:168. Valeri CR, Brodine CE, Moss GE. Use of frozen blood in Vietnam. Proceed- Nance ST. How to find and maintain rare blood donors. Curr Opin Hematol ings of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, 11th Congress, 2009;16:503-8. Sydney, August 24-29, 1966. Bibl. Haematol 1968;29:735-8. Pierce SR. Pioneers of blood group serology in the United States: 1950-1990. Woodfield G, Poole J, Nance ST, Daniels G. A review of the ISBT rare blood Immunohematology 2009;25:90-4. donor program. Immunohematology 2004;20:244-8. 32 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 21—In a Fine and Nobel Tradition: Blood Groupers on Parade

Christie DA, Tansey EM, eds. Witnesses to twentieth century medicine. Niar V, Chatterjee T, Biswas AK, et al. Padmashree Lt Col George William Vol. 17. Genetic testing. London, UK: Wellcome Trust, 2001. Gregory Bird. In: Agarwal MB, ed. Indian legends in haematology. Mumbai: Indian Society of Haematology and Blood Transfusion 2013:14-16. McIntosh I, Dunston JA, Liu L, et al. Nail patella syndrome revisited: 50 years after linkage. Ann Hum Genet 2005;69:349-63. Issitt PD, Haber JM, Allen FH Jr. Tm and Sj, two “new” blood-group anti- gens. Transfusion 1966;6:513-14. Lawler SD, Sanger R. Xg blood-groups and clonal origin theory of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Lancet 1970;i:584-5. Issitt PD. From kill to overkill: 100 years of (perhaps too much) progress. Immunohematology 2000;16:18-24. Lawler SD, Lawler LJ. Human blood groups and inheritance. 3rd ed. London, UK: Heinemann Educational Books, 1971. Petz LD, Garratty G. Antiglobulin sera—past, present and future. Transfu- sion 1978;18:257-68. Beal R. Obituary – Ruth Sanger. Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion Newsletter, February, 2002, p. 7-9. Trending today: George Garratty. South Central Association of Blood Banks (Lexington KY) August-October 2012. [Available at http://scabb.org/scabb- Pierce SR. Ruth Sanger, a rare early photograph. Transfusion 2008;48:799- membership/trending-today-george-garratty (accessed January 5, 2016).] 800. Lund N, Olsson ML, Ramkumar S, et al. The human Pk histo-blood group Tippett P. Depressed Rh phenotypes. Rev Fr Transfus Immunol 1978;21:135- antigen provides protection against HIV-1 infection. Blood 2009;113:4980- 50. 91. John Barbara and Geoff Daniels received the ISBT Award 2005. Transfusion Beck ML. Polyagglutination series. Glendale, CA: Hyland Therapeutics Divi- Today 2005;64(Sept):16. sion, Travenol Laboratories, 1979. Daniels G, Reid ME. Blood groups: The past 50 years. Transfusion Marsh WL, Reid ME, Kuriyan M, et al. A handbook of clinical and laboratory 2010;50:281-9. practices in the transfusion of red blood cells. Moneta, VA: Moneta Medical Reid ME, Lomas-Francis C. Molecular approaches to blood group identifica- Press, 1993. tion. Curr Opin Hematol 2002;9:152-9. Marsh WL. Anti-Lu5, anti-Lu6, and anti-Lu7. Three antibodies defining high Lomas-Francis C, DePalma H. DNA-based assays for patient testing: Their frequency antigens related to the Lutheran blood group system. Transfusion application, interpretation and correlation of results. Immunohematology 1972;12:27-34. 2008;24:180-90. Marsh WL. Molecular biology of the blood groups: Cloning the Kell gene. The 1993 Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award Recipient. Professor Dr. C. Paul Transfusion 1992;32:98-101. Engelfriet. Program. American Association of Blood Banks 46th Annual The Ivor Dunsford Memorial Award. W. Laurence Marsh, FIMLS, MiBiol. Meeting, Miami Beach, FL, October 23-28, 1993, p. 21-22. Program. American Association of Blood Banks 28th Annual Meeting, Chi- Dacie JV, Crookston JH, Christenson WN. Incomplete cold antibodies: Role cago, IL, November 11-14, 1975, p. 28-29. of complement in sensitization to antiglobulin serum by potentially haemo- The 1988 Emily Cooley Memorial Lecturer; W. Laurence Marsh, PhD, FRC- lytic antibodies. Br J Haematol 1957;3:77-87. Path, FIBiol, FIMLS. In: Moore, SB, ed. Progress in immunohematology. Obituaries. John H. Crookston. Can Med Assoc J 1988;138:656. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1988, p. xiii-xiv. Crookston JH, Crookston MC. HEMPAS: Clinical, hematologic, and serologi- The 1990 Morten Grove-Rasmussen Memorial Award Recipient. W. Lau- cal features. In: Salmon C, ed. Blood groups and other red cell surface mark- rence Marsh, PhD, FRCPath, FIBiol, FIMLS. Program. Joint Congress Inter- ers in health and disease. New York, NY: Masson Publishing, 1982:29-38. national Society of Blood Transfusion and American Association of Blood Banks, Los Angeles, CA, November 10-15, 1990, p. 30-31. Giblett ER. A critique of the theoretical hazard of inter vs intra-racial transfu- sion. Transfusion 1961;1:233-8. The 1995 Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award Recipient. W. Laurence Marsh, PhD, FRCPath, FIBiol, FIBMS. Program. American Association of Blood Gell PGH, Coombs RRA, Lachmann PJ. Clinical aspects of immunology. Banks 48th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, November 11-15, 1995, 3rd ed. Oxford. UK: Blackwell Scientific, 1975. p. 26. Coombs RR. Historical note: Past, present and future of the antiglobulin test. Judd WJ, Barnes BA, Steiner EA, et al. The evaluation of a positive direct Vox Sang 1998;74:67-73. antiglobulin test (autocontrol) in pretransfusion testing revisited. Transfusion Coombs RR. History and evolution of the antiglobulin reaction and its appli- 1986;26:220-4. cation in clinical and experimental medicine. Am J Clin Pathol 1970;53:131- The 1982 Ivor Dunsford Memorial Award Recipient. John Judd, FIMLS, 5. MIBiol. Program. American Association of Blood Banks 35th Annual Meet- Bird GWG. Haemagglutinins in seeds. Br Med Bull 1959;15:165-8. ing, Anaheim, CA, November 6-11, 1982, p. 22. Bird GWG. Lectins: A hundred years. Immunohematology 1988;4:45-8. Report of faculty retirement, W. John Judd, The University of Michigan Regents Communication. July 17, 2008. (Ann Arbor, MI) [Available at The 1989 Karl Landsteiner Memorial Award Recipient. George W.G. Bird, http://www.regents.umich.edu/meetings/07-08/2008-07-VI-Judd.pdf DSc, PhD, MBBS, FRCPath. Program. American Association of Blood Banks (accessed January 5, 2016).] 42nd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, October 21-26, 1989, p. 20-21. Reid ME. International Woman in Transfusion Award lecture: Selected les- Bird GWG. Landsteiner award. Some aspects of serological specificity. Trans- sons learnt from blood groups. ISBT Science Series 2006;1:112-19. fusion 1990;30:390-400. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 33

Reid ME. Emily Cooley lecture 2012. Emily Cooley and techniques that Crawford MN. A review of micromethods for blood bank laboratories. Lab have been applied to characterize DO and JR blood groups. Transfusion Med 1987;18:149-52. 2013;53:1876-83. The Emily Cooley Memorial Lecturer. (Dr. Mary N. Crawford). In: Bell CA, The 1980 Emily Cooley Memorial Lecturer (Kathryn Beattie). In: Bell CA, ed. A seminar on perinatal blood banking. Washington, DC: AABB, 1978:v. ed. A seminar on antigens on blood cells and body fluids. Washington, DC: AABB, 1980:vii. 34 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 23—Clump Together Now: Improving Antibody Detection

Cameron JW, Diamond LK. Chemical, clinical and immunological studies on Judd WJ. Elution of antibody from red cells. In: Bell CA, ed. A seminar on the products of human plasma fractionation. XXIX. Serum albumin as a dilu- antigen-antibody reactions revisited. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1982:175-221. ent for Rh typing reagents. J Clin Invest 1945;24:793-801. Judd WJ. Modern approaches to pretransfusion testing. Immunohematology Crosby WH. Historical review: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A 1999;15:41-52. classic description by Paul Strübing in 1882, and a bibliography of the dis- Lee S. Russo D, Redman CM. The Kell blood group system: Kell and XK ease. Blood 1951;6:270-84. membrane proteins. Semin Hematol 2000;37:113-21. Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias: Congenital and acquired. Part II. The Mollison PL. Blood transfusion in clinical medicine. 7th ed. Oxford: Black- auto-immune haemolytic anaemias. 2nd ed. New York: Grune and Stratton, well Scientific Publications, 1983. 1962. Neber J, Dameshek W. The improved demonstration of circulating antibodies Dunsford I, Bowley CC. Techniques in blood grouping. Vols I and II. 2nd ed. in hemolytic anemia by the use of a bovine albumin medium. Blood Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1967. 1947;2:371-80. Giles CM. The role of complement in immunohematology. Transfusion Parker CJ. Historical aspects of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: 1989;29:803-11. ‘Defining the disease.’ Br J Haematol 2002;117:3-22. Grove-Rasmussen M. The necessity for adding albumin to serum in cross- Petz LD, Garratty G. Acquired immune hemolytic anemias. New York: matching. N Engl J Med 1953;248:149-51. Churchill Livingstone, 1980. Hurtibise PE. Monoclonal antibodies: A new tool to probe the biologic mem- Pondman KW, Rosenfield RE, Tallal L, et al. The specificity of the comple- brane. In: Bell CA, ed. A seminar on antigen-antibody reactions revisited. ment antiglobulin test. Vox Sang 1960;5:297-319. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1982:15-21. Sosler SD. Enhancement media for transfusion testing. In: Ellisor SS, Wallace Issitt PD. From kill to overkill: 100 years of (perhaps too much) progress. ME, eds. Blood bank reagents: What to use and when. Arlington, VA: AABB, Immunohematology 2000;16:18-24. 1985:11-48. Issitt PD, Anstee DJ. Applied blood group serology. 4th ed. Durham, NC: Westhoff CM, Reid ME. Review: The Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood groups sys- Montgomery Scientific Publications, 1998. tems. Immunohematology 2004;20:37-49. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 35

Chapter 24—Beyond the Tube

Automation (General) Groupamatic

Sosler SD. Automation in immunohematology. Lab Med 1985;16:761-2. Salmon C, Gener J, Muller A, et al. Détermination du groupe ABO: Bilan de cinq ans d’utilisation quotidienne et évaluation sur des échantillons sélec- Taswell HF, Grina JH, Sweatt MA. Automated Duffy typing using a multi- tionnés. [ABO group determination: Five years of routine use and evaluation channel blood grouping machine. Transfusion 1969;9:89-92. on selected specimens.] Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol 1978;2:279-93. Forrester RH, Shields CE, Camp FR Jr, et al. Report No. 830. Evaluation of an Pirkola A, Leikola J, Nevanlinna HR. ABO group determination with the use automated method for blood grouping in the military service—A system of four channels on Groupamatic. Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol analysis. Ft. Knox, KY: US Army Medical Research Laboratory, 1969. 1978;2:305-9. Tovey GH. Automated blood group serology. J Clin Path Suppl Coll Pathol Högman C. General motivations of automated phenotyping on blood donors 1969;3:34-8. on Groupamatic: Actual possibilities. Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol Skeggs LT Jr. An automated method for colorimetric analysis. Am J Clin 1978;2:357-62. Pathol 1975;28:311-22. Nordhagn R. Rh (D) typing and phenotyping on Groupamatic. Rev Fr Trans- Skeggs LT Jr, Hochstrasser H. Multiple automatic sequential analysis. Clin fus Immunohematol 1978;2:363-70. Chem 1964;10:918-36. Leblanc J, David MF, Muller A, et al. Réflexions sur les sérums-tests de Unger P, Ramgren O. Automated techniques in blood group serology. In: Hol- groupage érythrocytaire destinés aux équipements Groupamatic. [Consider- länder L, ed. Proceedings, 11th Congress of the International Society of ations on red-cell group test sera to be used on Groupamatic equipment.] Rev Blood Transfusion, Sydney, Part 3, 1966, p.1033-43. Fr Transfus Immunohematol 1978;2:397-406. Plapp FV, Rachel JM. Automation in blood banking: Machines for clumping, Rubinstein P, Walker ME, Allen FH Jr. Detection of Duffy and Kidd antibod- sticking, and gelling. Am J Clin Pathol 1992;98(Suppl 1):S17-S21. ies by Groupamatic 360. Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol 1978;2:451-5. Shields CE, Camp FR Jr, Damas J, et al. Evaluation of automated multichan- Matté C, Lacroix Y, Jarricot A. Un laveur rapide d’hématies pour tests à nel blood-grouping apparatus. I. Use in mass blood grouping, including com- l’antiglobuline sur Groupamatic. [An automatic red cell washer for antiglobu- parison with “card” typing methods. Transfusion 1969;9:348-54. lin reaction processing on Groupamatic.] Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol 1978;2:479-84. Solid Phase Messeter L. Some factors, influencing the sensitivity of the antibody screen- Scott ML. Principles of solid-phase serology. Proceedings, 20th Congress of ing in the Groupamatic 360 system. Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol the International Society of Blood Transfusion, in association with the British 1978;2:485-94. Blood Transfusion Society, London, 1989 (educational book), p.42-55. AutoAnalyzer Beck ML. Application of solid-phase. Proceedings, 20th Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, in association with the British Moore BPL. Automation in the blood transfusion laboratory. I. Antibody Blood Transfusion Society, London, 1989 (educational book), p.56-63. detection and quantitation in the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. Can Med Assoc J 1969;100:381-7. Ross DW. Automation of solid phase. Proceedings, 20th Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, in association with the British Blood Transfusion Society, London, 1989 (educational book), p.64-5. 36 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Chapter 25—Applications of Serological Tests

Crossmatch Dybkjær E. Irregular blood group antibodies: A screening test including a two-stage papain technique. Dan Med Bull 1966;13:188-92. Amberg E. Evaluation of crossmatch technics. AABB Bulletin 1960;13:335- 6. Park TS, Oh H, et al. The clinical significance of antibody screening test including Dia panel cells in Asian-Mongoloid populations. J Korean Med Sci Cole R. Crossmatching. AABB Bulletin 1955;8:167-71. 2003;18:669-72. Garratty G. Abbreviated pretransfusion testing. Transfusion 1986;26:217-19. Ridley E. Atypical hemagglutinins in routine blood bank donors: Experience Grove-Rasmussen M, Dreisler N, Shaw RS. A serologic study of 8 samples of with a screening technique. AABB Bulletin 1959;12:230-2. anti-Kell serum: With special emphasis on crossmatching technics that will Panel detect incompatibility due to anti-Kell antibodies as well as anti-A, anti-B and Rh antibodies. Am J Clin Pathol 1954;24:1211-19. Burgess BJ, Vos GH. The preservation of laboratory panel cells. Vox Sang 1971;21:109-14. Grove-Rasmussen M. The necessity for adding albumin to serum in cross- matching. N Engl J Med 1953;248:149-51. Ruspino B. The use of a simplified cell panel. AABB Bulletin 1960;13:333-4. Guy LR. The crossmatch: Is it here to stay? Am J Med Technol 1982;48:878. Frozen Blood

Heddle NM. A prospective study to determine the safety of omitting the anti- Burnie KL. The recovery of red cells from blood samples stored in liquid globulin crossmatch from pretransfusion testing. Br J Haematol nitrogen. Can J Med Technol 1965;27:141-55. 1992;81:579-84. Chaplin H, Mollison PL. Improved storage of red cells at –20°C. Lancet Isbister JP. To crossmatch or not to crossmatch. Pathology 1987;19:113-14. 1953;1:215-18. Lange J, Selleng K, Heddle NM, et al. Coombs’ crossmatch after negative Dawson RB, ed. Clinical and practical aspects of the use of frozen blood. antibody screening—A retrospective observational study comparing the tube Washington, DC: AABB, 1977. test and the microcolumn technology. Vox Sang 2010;98:e269-75. Meryman HT. Red cell freezing: A major factor in the future of blood bank- Oberman HA. The crossmatch: A brief historical perspective. Transfusion ing. In: Dawson RB, ed. Clinical and practical aspects of the use of frozen 1981;21:645-51. blood. Washington, DC: AABB, 1977:1-21. Panel discussion. The minor crossmatch. Transfusion 1961;1:239-47. Mohn JF, Bowman HS, Cunningham RK. A method for the preservation of Peterson DM, Roxby DJ, Seshadri R. Is the indirect antiglobulin crossmatch human blood group erythrocyte antigens in liquid nitrogen for a test cell justified? Pathology 1987;19:121-3. panel. Vox Sang 1970;19:508-21. Sandler SG, Abedalthagafi MM. Historic milestones in the evolution of the Monoclonal Reagents crossmatch. Immunohematology 2009;25:147-51. Cambrosio A, Keating P. Exquisite specificity: The monoclonal antibody revo- Wallis JP. Is it time to give up the crossmatch? J Clin Pathol 2000;53:673-5. lution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Wiener AS. Crossmatching tests before blood transfusion. New York: Wiener Issitt PD. Monoclonal antibodies in blood group serology. Conroe, TX: Laboratories, 1954. Murex Biologicals Scientific Publications Series 1991;6:1-18. Antibody Screen Moulds MK. Review: Monoclonal reagents and detection of unusual or rare phenotypes or antibodies. Immunohematology 2006;22:52-63. Busch S. The role of antibody screening as a safeguard in selecting blood for transfusion. AABB Bulletin 1958;11:261-6. Rolih SD. New frontiers in serologic testing. In: Wallas C, McCarthy LJ, eds. New frontiers in blood banking. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1986:127-56. Coluzzi S, DeNicolo C, Quattrocchi L, et al. Should pre-transfusion screen- ing RBC panels contain Wr(a+) cells? Transfus Med 2010;20:337-40. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 37

Chapter 26—Beyond ABO—Medicolegal and Anthropological Applications of Other Blood Groups

Forensics Lincoln PJ, Dodd BE. The detection of the Rh antigens C, CW, c, D, E, e and the antigen S of the MNSs system, in bloodstains. Med Sci Law 1968;8:288- Anderson WR. Forensic sciences in clinical medicine: A case study approach. 95. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998. Lincoln PJ. Blood group evidence for the defence. Med Sci Law Camp FR Jr. Forensic serology in the United States. I. Blood grouping and 1980;20:239-45. blood transfusion. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1980;1:47-55. Lincoln PJ. Disclosing the bewitched by serological methods. Med Sci Law Cooper P. The medical detectives. New York: David McKay Co., 1973. 1975;15:163-6. Fridell R. Solving crimes: Pioneers of forensic science. Danbury, CT: Franklin Lincoln PJ. Serological investigation of a faith healer’s patient. Nurs Times Watts, 2000. 1975;71:2011-2. Gonzales TA. Legal medicine and toxicology. New York: Appleton-Century Parentage Testing Co., 1940. Standards Committee. Standards for parentage testing laboratories. 1st ed. Guy LR. Application of blood stain analyses in forensic science. In: A seminar on polymorphisms in human blood. Washington, DC: AABB, 1975:1-12. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1990. Andresen PH. The human blood groups utilized in disputed paternity cases Hansen HE. Forensic aspects of HLA serology. Copenhagen: Alma, 1989. and criminal proceedings. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1952. Owen D. Hidden evidence: 40 true crimes and how forensic science helped solve them. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. 2000. Blakesley CL. Scientific testing and proof of paternity: Some controversy and key issues for family law counsel. Louisiana Law Rev 1996;57:379-437. Stolorow MD. From crime scene to laboratory. In: Rolih SD, Judd WJ, eds. Bowen LR. Blood tests and disputed parentage. Maryland Law Rev Serological methods in forensic science. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1985:1-17. 2012;18:111-27. Thorwald J. Crime and science: The new frontier in criminology. New York: Geserick G, Wirth I. Genetic kinship investigations from blood groups to Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966. DNA markers. Transfus Med Hemother 2012;39:163-75. Wiener AS. Cases from the files of the serological laboratory of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York City. J Forensic Med 1962;9:127- Polesky HF, Krause HD. Blood typing in disputed paternity cases. Capabilities of American laboratories. Transfusion 1977;17:521-4. 33. Shaw MW. Paternity determination: 1921 to 1983 and beyond. JAMA Wiener AS. Forensic blood group genetics: Critical historical review. N Y 1983;250:2536-7. State J Med 1972;72:810-15. Silver H, Schoppmann A. Limitations of paternity testing calculations. Trans- Wilson C, Wilson D. Written in blood: A history of forensic detection. New York: Carrol and Graf Publishers, 2003. fusion 1987;27:288. Sussman LN. Medicolegal blood grouping tests (parentage exclusion tests). Camps Prog Clin Pathol 1973;5:143-58. Camps FE. Recent advances in forensic pathology. London: J and A Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Using blood tests to establish Churchill, 1969. paternity: Condensed report. Center for Policy Research, Inc. Washington, Camps FE, Cameron JM. Practical forensic medicine. 2nd ed. London: DC: Office of Child Support Enforcement, 1977. Hutchinson Medical Publications, 1971. Wiener AS, Socha WW. Methods available for solving medicolegal problems Dodd and Lincoln of disputed parentage. J Forensic Sci 1976;21:42-64. Wiener AS. Parentage and blood groups. Sci Am 1954;191:78-82. Dodd BE, Lincoln PJ. An analysis of 1,556 cases of doubtful paternity submit- ted for blood group investigation. Med Sci Law 1978;18:185-90. Non-Red-Cell Markers Dodd BE, Lincoln PJ. Blood group topics. London: Edward Arnold, 1975. Smithies Dodd BE, Lincoln PJ. The use of antigen-antibody techniques in forensic Smithies O, Connell GE, Dixon GH. Chromosomal rearrangements and the serology. In: Bell CA, ed. A seminar on antigen-antibody reactions revisited. evolution of haptoglobin genes. Nature 1962;196:232-6. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1982:223-39. Smithies O, Connell GE. Biochemical aspects of the inherited variations in Dodd BE. The scope of blood grouping in the elucidation of problems of human serum haptoglobin and transferrin. Ciba Foundation Symposium, Bio- paternity. Med Sci Law 1969;9:56-60. chemistry of Human Genetics. London: J and A Churchill, 1959:178-9. Dodd BE. When blood is their argument. Med Sci Law 1980;20:231-8. Giblett Lincoln PJ, Dodd BE. The application of a micro-elution technique using anti- human globulin for the detection of the S, s, K, Fya, Fyb and Jka antigens in Giblett E, Chen S-H. Human blood genetic polymorphisms. In: Schmidt PJ, stains. Med Sci Law 1975;15:94-101. ed. Progress in transfusion and transplantation 1972. Washington, DC: AABB, 1972:61-80. Giblett ER. Back to the beginnings: An autobiography. Transfus Med Rev 2006;20:318-21. 38 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Giblett ER. Genetic research in a blood bank laboratory: The Philip Levine Anthropology and Population Studies Award lecture. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;71:1-9. Mourant HLA Misson GP, Bishop AC, Watkins WM. Arthur Ernest Mourant: 11 April 1904 – Reisner EG. Detection of HLA antigens in bloodstains. In: Rolih SD, Judd WJ, 29 August 1994. Biogr Mem Fellows Roy Soc 1999;45:331-48. eds. Serological methods in forensic science. Arlington, VA: AABB, 1985:49- Mourant AE, Kope AC, Domaniewska-Sobczak K. The ABO blood groups: 61. ć Comprehensive tables and maps of world distribution. Oxford: Blackwell Sci- Soulillou JP. An interview with Jean Dausset. Am J Transplant 2004;4:4-7. entific, 1958. Hodge DG, Wolf E, Lincoln PJ, et al. The detection of the HLA-A1 antigen in Mourant AE. Achievements and unsolved problems of blood group anthro- bloodstains. Med Sci Law 1980;20:213-20. pology. Transfusion 1961;1:128-32. Sex Chromatin Mourant AE. Blood groups and anthropology. Br Med Bull 1959;15:140-4.

Klinger HP. Susumu and Swiss horses. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998;80:20-2. Mourant AE. The use of blood groups in the study of populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970;169:194-8. Knudson AG. Susumu Ohno: Remembrance of things past. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998;80:18-19. Lewontin

Murray L. Barr and the discovery of sex chromatin. Triangle 1969;9:114-16. Lewontin R. The triple helix: Gene, organism, and environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. DNA and PCR Lewontin RC, Hubby JL. A molecular approach to the study of genic hetero- Duncan GT, Tracey ML. Serology and DNA typing. In: Eckert WG, ed. Intro- zygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of hetero- duction to forensic sciences. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1992:233- zygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 93. 1966;54:595-609. Fridell R. DNA fingerprinting: The ultimate identity. New York: Franklin Lewontin RC. The interaction of selection and linkage. I. General consider- Watts, 2001. ations; heterotic models. Genetics 1964;49:49-67. Hue-Roye H, Vege S. Principles of PCR-based assays. Immunohematology Singh RS, Lewontin RC. Thinking about evolution: Historical, philosophical, 2008;24:170-4. and political perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Kaye DH. The double helix and the law of evidence. Cambridge, MA: Marks Harvard University Press, 2010. Marks J. The legacy of serological studies in American physical anthropology. Lee HC, Tirnady F. Blood evidence: How DNA is revolutionizing the way we solve crimes. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2003. Hist Philos Life Sci 1996;18:345-62. Lincoln PJ, Thomsen J, eds. Forensic DNA profiling protocols. Totowa, NJ: Marks J. Contemporary bio-anthropology. Anthropol Today 2002;18:3-7. Humana Press, 1998. Marks J. New information, enduring questions. Genewatch 2005;18:11-16. Lincoln PJ. From ABO to DNA… Med Sci Law 2000;40:3-7. Other Anthropology Mukherjee S. The gene: An intimate history. New York: Scribner, 2016. Glass B. Blood groups in physical anthropology. Science 1956;123:927-8. Rabinow P. Making PCR: A story of biotechnology. Chicago: University of Stocking GW Jr, ed. Bones, bodies, behavior: Essays on biological anthropol- Chicago Press, 1996. ogy. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Van der Heide HM, Magnée W, von Loghem JJ. Blood group distribution in Basques. Am J Hum Genet 1951;3:356-61. Zelinski T, Coghlan G, Mauthe J, et al. Molecular basis of succinylcholine sensitivity in a prairie Hutterite kindred and genetic characterization of the region containing the BCHE gene. Mol Genet Metab 2007;90:210-16. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 39

Chapter 27—Some Historical Highlights of the Blood Group Systems

ABO, H, Lewis P1PK, Globoside, FORS and I Systems [ABO, MNS System [MNS] H, LE, PIPK, GLOB, FORS, I] Albrey JA, Simmons RT. Anti-s of the MNSs blood group system. Med J Aust Booth PB, Jenkins WJ, Marsh WL. Anti-IT: A new antibody of the I blood- 1958;45:630-3. group system occurring in certain Melanesian sera. Br J Haematol 1966;12:341-4. Heathcote DJ, Carroll TE, Flower RL. Sixty years of antibodies to MNS sys- Booth PB. Anti-ITP : An antibody showing a further association between the I 1 tem hybrid glycophorins: What have we learned? Transfus Med Rev and P blood group systems. Vox Sang 1970;19:85-90. 2011;25:111-24. Combs MR. Lewis blood group system: Review. Immunohematology Heymann GA, Salama A. Sequence-specific primers for MNS blood group 2009;25:112-18. genotyping. Blood Transfus 2010;8:159-62. Cooling L. Polyactosamines, there’s more than meets the “Ii”: A review of Issitt PD. The MN blood group system. Cincinnati, OH: Montgomery Scien- the I system. Immunohematology 2010;26:133-55. tific Publications, 1981. Feizi T, Kabat EA, Vicari G, et al. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. Metaxas MN, Metaxas-Buhler M, Romanski Y. The inheritance of the blood XLIX. The I antigen complex: Specificity differences among anti-I sera group gene Mk and some considerations on its possible nature. Vox Sang revealed by quantitative precipitin studies; partial structure of the I determi- 1971;20:509-18. nant specific for one anti-I serum. J Immunol 1971;106:1578-92. Palacajornsuk P. Review: Molecular basis of MNS blood group variants. Feizi T, Kabat EA, Vicari G, et al. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. Immunohematology 2006;22:171-82. XLVII. The I antigen complex—Precursors in the A, B, H, Lea, and Leb blood group system—Hemagglutination-inhibition studies. J Exp Med Poole J. Red cell antigens on band 3 and glycophorin A. Blood Rev 1971;133:39-52. 2000;14:31-43. Feizi T. The blood group Ii system: A carbohydrate antigen system defined by Reid ME. Contribution of MNS to the study of glycophorin A and glycopho- naturally monoclonal or oligoclonal autoantibodies of man. Immunol Com- rin B. Immunohematology 1999;15:5-9. mun 1981;10:127-56. Sanger R, Race RR. The MNSs blood group system. Am J Hum Genet Hellberg A. Studies on the genetic basis of Pk,P and P1 blood group antigen 1951;3:332-43. expression. Doctoral thesis. Lund, Sweden: Lund University, 2007. Springer GF. Importance of blood-group substances in interactions between Hellberg A, Westman JS, Olsson ML. An update on the GLOB blood group man and microbes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970;169:134-51. system and collection. Immunohematology 2013;29:19-24. Tomita M, Furthmayer H, Marchesi VT. Primary structure of human erythro- Hellberg A, Westman JS, Thuresson B, et al. P1Pk: The blood group system cyte glycophorin A: Isolation and characterization of peptides and complete that changed its name and expanded. Immunohematology 2013;29:25-33. amino acid sequence. Biochemistry 1978;17:4756-70.

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Flegel WA. Molecular genetics and clinical applications for RH. Transfus Zimring JC, Johnsen JM. Keeping the Kell away from immunity. Blood Apher Sci 2011;44:81-91. 2012;119:5346-8. Huang C-H, Liu PZ, Cheng JG. Molecular biology and genetics of the Rh blood group system. Semin Hematol 2000;37:150-65. Duffy System [FY] Le Van Kim C, Colin Y, Cartron JP. Rh proteins: Key structures and functional Duffy Loci and Glycoprotein components of the red cell membrane. Blood Rev 2006;20:93-110. Afenyi-Annan A, Kali M, Combs MR, et al. Lack of Duffy antigen expression Mollison PL. The genetic basis of the Rh blood group system. Transfusion is associated with organ damage in patients with sickle cell disease. Transfu- 1994;34:539-41. sion 2008;48:917-24. Moulds J. Rh : Amorphs and regulators. In: A seminar on recent advances null In memoriam Heinz-Joachim Pettenkofer. Blut 1969;19:128. in immunohematology. Washington, DC: AABB, 1973:63-82. Marsh WL. Mapping assignment of the Rh and Duffy blood group genes to Moulds MKG. The LW blood group system: A review. Immunohematology chromosome 1. Mayo Clin Proc 1977;52:145-9. 2011;27:136-42. Oberdorfer CE, Kahn B, Moore V, et al. A second example of anti-Fy3 in the Wagner FF, Flegel WA. Review: The molecular basis of the Rh blood group Duffy blood group system. Transfusion 1974;14:608-11. phenotypes. Immunohematology 2004;20:23-36. Parasol N, Reid M, Rios M, et al. A novel mutation in the coding sequence of Lutheran System [LU] the FY*B allele of the Duffy chemokine receptor gene is associated with an Beck ML. The Lutheran blood group system: A review. Immunohematology altered erythrocyte phenotype. Blood 1998;92:2237-43. 1998;14:94-100. Race RR, Holt HA, Thompson JS. The inheritance and distribution of the Daniels G. Lutheran. Immunohematology 2009:25:152-9. Duffy blood groups. Heredity 1951;5:103-10. Daniels GL, Anstee DJ, Cartron JP, et al. Blood group terminology 1995. 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Transfu- ian Amazon region. Malaria J 2007;6:167-74. sion 1990;30:158-67. Chitnis CE, Chaudhuri A, Horuk R, et al. The domain on the Duffy blood Symmans WA, Shepherd CS, Marsh WL, et al. Hereditary acanthocytosis group antigen for binding Plasmodium vivax and P. Knowlesi malarial para- associated with the McLeod phenotype of the Kell blood group system. Br J sites to erythrocytes. Blood 1996;184:1531-6. Haematol 1979;42:575-83. Cooling L. Blood groups in infection and host susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Symmans WA, Shepherd CS, Marsh WL, et al. Hereditary acanthocytosis Rev 2015;28:801-70. associated with the McLeod phenotype of the Kell blood group system. Br J Garratty G. Association of blood groups and disease: Do blood group anti- Haematol 1979;42:575-83. gens and antibodies have a biologic role? Hist Philos Life Sci 1996;18:321- Westhoff CM, Reid ME. Review: The Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood groups sys- 44. tems. Immunohematology 2004;20:37-49. Garratty G. Blood groups and disease: A historical perspective. Transfu Med Yu LC, Twu YC, Chang CY, et al. Molecular basis of the Kell-null phenotype: Rev 2000;14:291-301. A mutation at the splice site of the human KEL gene abolishes the expression Grimberg BT, Udomsangpetch R, Xainli J, et al. Plasmodium vivax invasion of of Kell blood group antigens. J Biol Chem 2001;276:10247-52. human erythrocytes inhibited by antibodies directed against the Duffy bind- Zhu X, Rivera A, Golub MS, et al. Changes in red cell ion transport, reduced ing protein. PloS Med 2007;4:1940-8. intramural neovascularization, and some mild motor function abnormalities Hamblin MT, DiRienzo A. Detection of the signature of natural selection in accompany targeted disruption of the mouse Kell gene (Kel). Am J Hematol humans: Evidence from the Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet 2009;84:492-8. 2000;66:1669-79. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 41

Hamblin MT, Thompson EE, DiRienzo A. Complex signatures of natural Byrne KM, Byrne PC. Review: Other blood group systems—Diego, Yt, Xg, selection at the Duffy blood group locus. Am J Hum Genet 2002;70:369-83. Scianna, Dombrock, Colton, Landsteiner-Wiener, and Indian. Immunohema- tology 2004;20:50-8. He W, Neil S, Kulkarni H, et al. Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines medi- ates trans-infection of HIV-1 from red blood cells to target cells and affects Dacie JV. The haemolytic anaemias: Congenital and acquired. Part IV. The HIV-AIDS susceptibility. Cell Host Microbe 2008;4:52-62. congenital anaemias: Drug-induced haemolytic anaemias, paroxysmal noc- turnal haemoglobinuria, haemolytic disease of the newborn. 2nd ed. New Kulkami H, Marconi VC, He W, et al. The Duffy-null state is associated with York: Grune and Stratton, 1967. a survival advantage in leukopenic HIV-infected persons of African ancestry. Blood 2009;114:2783-92. George MR. Cartwright blood group system review. Immunohematology 2012;28:49-54. Lentsch AB. The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC) and pros- tate cancer: A role as clear as black and white? FASEB 2002;16:1093-5. Zelinski T, White L, Coghlan G, Philipps S. Assignment of the YT blood group locus to chromosome 7q. Genomics 1991;11;165-7. Livingstone FB. The Duffy blood groups, vivax malaria, and malaria selection in human populations: A review. Hum Biol 1984;56:413-25. Xg System [XG]

Mercereau-Puijalon O, Ménard D. Plasmodium vivax and the Duffy antigen: Byrne KM, Byrne PC. Review: Other blood group systems—Diego, Yt, Xg, A paradigm revisited. Transfus Clin Rev 2010;17:176-83. Scianna, Dombrock, Colton, Landsteiner-Wiener, and Indian. Immunohema- Pogo AO, Chaudhuri A. The Duffy protein: A malarial and chemokine recep- tology 2004;20:50-8. tor. Semin Hematol 2000;37:122-9. Clark JI, Puite RH, Marczynski R, et al. Evidence for the absence of detect- Rot A, Horuk R. The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Methods Enzy- able linkage between the genes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the mol 2009;461:191-206. Xg blood group. Am J Hum Genet 1963;15:292-7. Shen H, Schuster R, Stringer KF, et al. The Duffy antigen/receptor for che- Fialkow PJ, Lisker R, Giblett ER, et al. Xg locus: Failure to detect inactivation mokines (DARC) regulates prostate tumor growth. FASEB J 2006;20:59-64. in females with chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Nature 1970;226:367-8. Kidd System [JK] Fialkow PJ. X-chromosome inactivation and the Xg locus. Am J Hum Genet 1970;4;460-3. Hamilton J. Kidd blood group system: A review. Immunohematology Frøland A, Sanger R, Race RR. Xg blood groups of 78 patients with Klinefel- 2016;31:29-35. ter’s syndrome and of some of their parents. J Med Genet 1968;5:161-4. Spearing R. David Cargill Heaton: July 1943- May 2009. N Z Med J Johnson NC. XG: The forgotten blood group system. Immunohematology 2009;122:94-5. 2011;27:68-71. Westhoff CM, Reid ME. Review: The Kell, Duffy and Kidd blood groups sys- Lawler SD, Sanger R. Xg blood-groups and clonal origin theory of chronic tems. Immunohematology 2004;20:37-49. myeloid leukaemia. Lancet 1970;1:584-5. Diego System [DI] Marty Y, Sanger R, Race RR. Xg and X chromosome inactivation. Lancet Bégat C, Bailly P, Chiaroni J, et al. Revisiting the Diego blood group system in 1971;2:219-20. Amerindians: Evidence for gene-culture comigration. PLoS One 2015 Jul Passarge E. The Xg blood group and genetics. Am J Dis Child 1966;111:341- 6;10:e0132211. 2. Byrne KM, Byrne PC. Review: Other blood group systems—Diego, Yt, Xg, Sanger R, Race RR, Tippett P, et al. The X-linked blood group system Xg: Scianna, Dombrock, Colton, Landsteiner-Wiener, and Indian. Immunohema- More tests on unrelated people and on families. Vox Sang 1962;7:571-8. tology 2004;20:50-58. Sanger R, Tippett P, Gavin J. Xg groups and sex abnormalities in people of Figueroa D. The Diego blood group system: A review. Immunohematology Northern European ancestry. J Med Genet 1971;8:417-26. 2013;29:73-81. Scianna System [SC] Jarolim P, Rubin HL, Zakova D, et al. Characterization of seven low-inci- dence blood group antigens carried by erythrocyte band 3 protein. Blood Brunker PAR, Flegel WA. Scianna: The lucky 13th blood group system. 1998;92:4836-43. Immunohematology 2011;27:41-57. Poole J. Red cell antigens on band 3 and glycophorin A. Blood Rev Byrne KM, Byrne PC. Review: Other blood group systems—Diego, Yt, Xg, 2000;14:31-43. Scianna, Dombrock, Colton, Landsteiner-Wiener, and Indian. Immunohema- tology 2004;20:50-8. Zelinski T, Coghlan G, White L, et al. The Diego blood group locus is located on chromosome 17q. Genomics 1993;17:665-6. Devine P, Dawson FE. Motschman TL, et al. Serologic evidence that Scianna null (Sc:–1,–2) red cells lack multiple high-frequency antigens. Transfusion Zelinski T. Erythrocyte band 3 antigens and the Diego blood group system. 1988;28:346-9. Transfus Med Rev 1998;12:36-45. Noades JE, Corney G, Cook PJ, et al. The Scianna blood group lies distal to Yt System [YT] uridine monophosphate kinase on chromosome 1p. Am J Hum Genet Bartels CF, Zelinski T, Lockridge O. Mutation at codon 322 in the human 1979;43:121-32. acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) gene accounts for YT blood group polymor- phism. Am J Hum Genet 1993;52:928-36. 42 BLOODY BRILLIANT!

Dombrock System [DO] Reid ME, Sullivan C, Taylor M, et al. Inheritance of human-erythrocyte Gerbich blood group antigens. Am J Hum Genet 1987;41:1117-23. Byrne KM, Byrne PC. Review: Other blood group systems—Diego, Yt, Xg, Scianna, Dombrock, Colton, Landsteiner-Wiener, and Indian. Immunohema- Reid ME. Biochemistry and molecular cloning analysis of human red cell tology 2004;20:50-8. sialoglycoproteins that carry Gerbich blood group antigens. In: Unger PJ, Laird-Fryer B, eds. Blood groups systems: MN and Gerbich. Arlington, VA: Lewis M, Kaita H, Giblett ER, et al. Genetic linkage analysis of the Dom- AABB, 1989:73-103. brock (Do) blood group locus. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1978;22:313-18. Schawalder A, Reid ME, Yazdanbakhsh K. Recombinant glycophorins C and Lewis M, Kaita H, Philipps S, et al. Genetic linkage data for the Dombrock D as tools for studying Gerbich blood group antigens. Transfusion blood group locus relative to chromosome 1 and chromosome 4 loci. Ann 2004;44:567-74. 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Giles CM. ‘Partial inhibition’ of anti-Rg and anti-Ch reagents. II. Demonstra- Karpasitou K, Frison S, Longhi E, et al. A silenced allele in the Colton blood tion of separable antibodies for different determinants. Vox Sang group system. Vox Sang 2010;99:158-62. 1985;48:1667-73. King LS, Choi M, Fernandez PC, et al. Defective urinary concentrating abil- Giles CM. Antigenic determinants of human C4, Rodgers and Chido. Exp ity due to a complete deficiency of aquaporin-1. N Engl J Med Clin Immunogenet 1988;5:99-114. 2001;345:175-9. Middleton JI. Anti-Chido: A crossmatching problem. Can J Med Technol Rumsey DM, Mallory DA. GIL: A blood group system review. Immunohema- 1972;34:41-62. tology 2013;29:141-4. Mougey R. A review of the Chido/Rodgers blood group. Immunohematol- Saison C, Peyrard T, Landre C, et al. A new AQP1 null allele identified in a ogy 2010;26:30-8. Gypsy woman who developed an anti-CO3 during her first pregnancy. Vox Sang 2014;103:137-44. 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Cromer System [CROM] Sda Antigen

Lublin DM, Mallinson G, Poole J, et al. Molecular basis of reduced or absent Donald AS, Soh CP, Yates AD, et al. Structure, biosynthesis and genetics of expression of decay-accelerating factor in Cromer blood group phenotypes. the Sda antigen. Biochem Soc Trans 1987;51:606-8. Blood 1994;84:1276-82. Malagolini N, Santini D, Chiricolo M, et al. Biosynthesis and expression of Lublin DM. Review: Cromer and DAF: Role in health and disease. Immuno- the Sda and sialyl Lewis x antigens in normal and cancer colon. Glycobiology hematology 2005;21:39-47. 2007;17:688-97. Marsh WL. Biological roles of blood group antigens. Yale J Biol Med Rausch P, Steck N, Suwandi A, et al. Expression of the blood-group-related 1990;63:455-60. gene B4galnt2 alters susceptibility to Salmonella infection. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005008. Rios M, Bianco C. The role of blood group antigens in infectious diseases. Semin Hematol 2000;37:177-85. Indian System [IN]

Storry JR, Reid ME, Yazer MH. The Cromer blood group system: A review. Badakere SS, Parab BB, Bhatia HM. Further observations on the Ina (Indian) Immunohematology 2010;26:109-18. antigen in Indian populations. Vox Sang 1974;26:400-3. Storry JR. Serology and genetics of the Cromer blood group system. In: Telen M, Udani M, Washington MK, et al. A blood group-related polymor- Moulds JM, Laird-Fryer B, eds. Blood groups: Chido-Rodgers, Knops-McCoy- phism of CD44 abolishes a hyaluronan-binding consensus sequence without York, Cromer. Bethesda, MD: AABB, 1992:31-43. preventing hyaluronan binding. J Biol Chem 1996;271:7147-53. Wang L, Uchikawa M, Tsuneyama H, et al. Molecular cloning and character- Telen MJ, Rao N, Udani M, et al. Relationship of the AnWj blood group anti- ization of decay-accelerating factor deficiency in Cromer blood group Inab gen to expression of CD44. Transfusion 1993;33(Suppl):48S. phenotype. Blood 1998;91:680-4. Lan and Jr Systems [LAN, JR] JMH System [JMH] Castilho L, Reid ME. A review of the JR blood group system. Immunohema- Johnson ST. JMH blood group system: A review. Immunohematology tology 2013;29:63-8. 2014;20:18-23. Peyrard T. The LAN blood group system: A review. Immunohematology Richard M, St. Laurent J, Perreault J, et al. A new SEMA7A variant found in 2013;29:131-5. Native Americans with alloantibody. Vox Sang 2011;100:322-6. Vel System Seltsam A, Strigens S, Levene C, et al. The molecular diversity of Sema7A, the semaphorin that carries the JMH blood group antigens. Transfusion Dybkjær E. Anti-Vel, an irregular blood-group antibody directed against a 2007;47:133-46. “public” antigen. Dan Med Bull 1965;112:19-21.