DOCSLIB.ORG

Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine WELLCOME WITNESSES TO TWENTIETH CENTURY MEDICINE _______________________________________________________________ TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN BRITAIN: THE CASE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ______________________________________________ SELF AND NON-SELF: A HISTORY OF AUTOIMMUNITY ______________________ ENDOGENOUS OPIATES _____________________________________ THE COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF DRUGS __________________________________ WITNESS SEMINAR TRANSCRIPTS EDITED BY: E M TANSEY P P CATTERALL D A CHRISTIE S V WILLHOFT L A REYNOLDS Volume One – April 1997 CONTENTS WHAT IS A WITNESS SEMINAR? i E M TANSEY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN BRITAIN: THE CASE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES EDITORS: E M TANSEY AND P P CATTERALL TRANSCRIPT 1 INDEX 33 SELF AND NON-SELF: A HISTORY OF AUTOIMMUNITY EDITORS: E M TANSEY, S V WILLHOFT AND D A CHRISTIE TRANSCRIPT 35 INDEX 65 ENDOGENOUS OPIATES EDITORS: E M TANSEY AND D A CHRISTIE TRANSCRIPT 67 INDEX 100 THE COMMITTEE ON SAFETY OF DRUGS EDITORS: E M TANSEY AND L A REYNOLDS TRANSCRIPT 103 INDEX 133 WHAT IS A WITNESS SEMINAR? Advances in medical science and medical practice throughout the twentieth century, and especially after the Second World War, have proceeded at such a pace, and with such an intensity, that they provide new and genuine challenges to historians. Scientists and clinicians themselves frequently bemoan the rate at which published material proliferates in their disciplines, and the near impossibility of ‘keeping up with the literature’. Pity, then, the poor historian, trying to make sense of this mass of published data, scouring archives for unpublished accounts and illuminating details, and attempting throughout to comprehend, contextualize, reconstruct and convey to others the stories of the recent past and their significance. The extensive published record of modern medicine and medical science raises particular problems for historians: it is often presented in a piecemeal but formal fashion, sometimes seemingly designed to conceal rather than reveal the processes by which scientific medicine is conducted. As Sir Peter Medawar suggested, in his famous article, ‘Is the scientific paper a fraud’, much scientific literature ‘misrepresents the processes of thought that accompanied or gave rise to the work that is described ...’,1 not deliberately intended to deceive, but structured and arranged in a rigid format that allows for little individual expression or amplification. Recourse to unpublished archives for elucidation can introduce additional difficulties. Official archives may have limitations on access: in the UK public records are subject to a restriction that keeps papers hidden for at least 30 years. Equally, specialist archives can present problems: the survival of personal papers can be erratic, many are lost during the lifetime of an individual, as space constraints or relocation demand the jettisoning of material without proper regard for its significance. Probably even more papers are wrongly discarded as worthless and uninteresting by their owners, or by relatives acting immediately after a bereavement.2 Thus historians of contemporary medicine and science are increasingly turning, or returning, to the traditional technique of oral history to supplement, or extend, existing records, and to create new resources.3 Recognizing that many of the principal sources of contemporary medical history are still walking around, although on increasingly elderly and fragile legs, they are attempting to hear, and record, their accounts. A particularly specialized form of oral history is the Witness Seminar, where several people associated with a particular set of circumstances or events are invited to meet together to discuss, debate, and even disagree about their reminiscences. Originally developed by the Institute of Contemporary British History (ICBH), this format attracted the attention of the History of Twentieth 1 Medawar P. (1990) Is the scientific paper a fraud? In Pyke D. (ed.), The Threat and the Glory: Reflections on Science and Scientists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 228–233. 2 See Booth C C, Sheppard J G, Tansey E M. (1990) Archives of contemporary medicine and science. British Medical Journal 301: 1408. 3 See Tansey E M. (1995) Telling it like it was. New Scientist 148(2008): 49. i What is a Witness Seminar? Century Medicine Group, which was inaugurated by the Wellcome Trust in 1990, to bring together clinicians, scientists, historians and others interested in contemporary medical history. An initial experiment was to organize a meeting with the ICBH on the subject of ‘Monoclonal Antibodies’, which was held in September 1993. The response from those taking part or attending that meeting, and subsequent requests for the transcript, convinced the Steering Committee of the History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group that this forum should be developed. During the following summer a meeting on ‘Renal Transplantation’ was organized, and in the academic year 1994–1995 a number of smaller ‘mini’ Witness Seminars were included as part of the routine programme of the group. Since then Witness Seminars have become a regular feature of the Group’s activities, and subjects are usually proposed by, or through, members of the Steering Committee of the Group. From 1990–1995 this comprised Sir Christopher Booth (Chair), Dr Tilli Tansey (Secretary), Professor Bill Bynum and Dr Stephen Lock. They were joined in 1995 by Dr Lara Marks and Professor Tom Treasure, and in the following year by Dr David Gordon. Meetings already held or planned for the current academic year are listed opposite. Once a suitable subject has been agreed, we try to identify and invite participants, and to plan, in conjunction with the meeting’s chairman, a flexible outline plan for the progress of the meeting. Occasionally we have had to abandon or postpone meetings at this stage if key people are unable to attend. This is a constant problem when many we invite are elderly. Similarly, some meetings can be disrupted at the last minute by accidents or ill-health: sadly the late Professor Charles Fletcher suffered a bad and incapacitating fall just days before he was due to join Dr Philip D’Arcy Hart as one of the two principal witnesses at the ‘Pneumoconiosis’ meeting. Invitations inevitably lead to further contacts, further suggestions of people to invite, and we rely heavily on such recommendations. As the organization of the meeting progresses, we ask some participants to be principal witnesses; to speak for a short period of time to initiate and stimulate further discussion. Again, these arrangements differ from meeting to meeting, although all speakers are asked not to prepare formal presentations or to show slides, as these disrupt informal interchange. Thus by the time each meeting is held, it has already developed its own particular shape determined by the participants. For example, no one could dispute that ‘Endogenous Opiates’ would undoubtedly have been a different kind of seminar, not necessarily better or worse but different, if Hans Kosterlitz had been able to attend; or that ‘Monoclonal Antibodies’ would have been markedly different if the National Research Development Corporation had sent a representative who had been personally involved with the patenting issues that were raised. As each meeting proceeds it also develops its own kinetics, largely dependent on the personalities of the chairman and the participants, and the relationships among those taking part. No two meetings have ever been the same. Each meeting is fully recorded, and the tapes are transcribed. The Steering Committee then decides whether the transcript should be edited for publication. This decision is informed by two main factors – the overall coherence of the meeting, and whether the transcript will contribute new material to the published ii What is a Witness Seminar? History of Twentieth Century Medicine Witness Seminars, 1993–1997 1993 Monoclonal antibodies Organizers: Dr E M Tansey and Dr Peter Catterall 1994 The early history of renal transplantation Organizer: Dr Stephen Lock Pneumoconiosis of coal workers Organizer: Dr E M Tansey 1995 Self and non-self: a history of autoimmunity Organizers: Sir Christopher Booth and Dr E M Tansey Ashes to ashes: the history of smoking and health Organizers: Dr Stephen Lock and Dr E M Tansey Oral contraceptives Organizers: Dr Lara Marks and Dr E M Tansey Endogenous opiates Organizer: Dr E M Tansey 1996 Committee on Safety of Drugs Organizers: Dr Stephen Lock and Dr E M Tansey Making the body more transparent: the impact of nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging Organizer: Sir Christopher Booth 1997 Research in General Practice Organizers: Dr Ian Tait and Dr E M Tansey Drugs in psychiatric practice Organizers: Dr E M Tansey and Dr David Healy The MRC Common Cold Unit Organizers: Dr David Tyrrell and Dr E M Tansey The first heart transplant in the UK Organizer: Professor Tom Treasure historical record. Of the meetings held so far, we decided not to publish the proceedings of ‘Renal Transplantation’ because many of the speakers repeated well known anecdotes and accounts, adding little fresh information or interpretation; ‘Pneumoconiosis’ was handicapped by the absence of Professor Fletcher; we have yet to come to a final decision about ‘Oral Contraceptives’. All other meetings will be published in this format, apart from ‘Ashes to Ashes’, which forms part of the proceedings of a symposium that will appear under that title in the Wellcome Institute’s History of Medicine Series published by
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Insight from the Sociology of Science
    CHAPTER 7 INSIGHT FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE Science is What Scientists Do It has been argued a number of times in previous chapters that empirical adequacy is insufficient, in itself, to establish the validity of a theory: consistency with the observable ‘facts’ does not mean that a theory is true,1 only that it might be true, along with other theories that may also correspond with the observational data. Moreover, empirical inadequacy (theories unable to account for all the ‘facts’ in their domain) is frequently ignored by individual scientists in their fight to establish a new theory or retain an existing one. It has also been argued that because experi- ments are conceived and conducted within a particular theoretical, procedural and instrumental framework, they cannot furnish the theory-free data needed to make empirically-based judgements about the superiority of one theory over another. What counts as relevant evidence is, in part, determined by the theoretical framework the evidence is intended to test. It follows that the rationality of science is rather different from the account we usually provide for students in school. Experiment and observation are not as decisive as we claim. Additional factors that may play a part in theory acceptance include the following: intuition, aesthetic considerations, similarity and consistency among theories, intellectual fashion, social and economic influences, status of the proposer(s), personal motives and opportunism. Although the evidence may be inconclusive, scientists’ intuitive feelings about the plausibility or aptness of particular ideas will make it appear convincing. The history of science includes many accounts of scientists ‘sticking to their guns’ concerning a well-loved theory in the teeth of evidence to the contrary, and some- times in the absence of any evidence at all.
    [Show full text]
  • The Joys and Burdens of Our Heroes 12/05/2021
    More Fun Than Fun: The Joys and Burdens of Our Heroes 12/05/2021 An iconic photo of Konrad Lorenz with his favourite geese. Photo: Willamette Biology, CC BY-SA 2.0 This article is part of the ‘More Fun Than Fun‘ column by Prof Raghavendra Gadagkar. He will explore interesting research papers or books and, while placing them in context, make them accessible to a wide readership. RAGHAVENDRA GADAGKAR Among the books I read as a teenager, two completely changed my life. One was The Double Helix by Nobel laureate James D. Watson. This book was inspiring at many levels and instantly got me addicted to molecular biology. The other was King Solomon’s Ring by Konrad Lorenz, soon to be a Nobel laureate. The study of animal behaviour so charmingly and unforgettably described by Lorenz kindled in me an eternal love for the subject. The circumstances in which I read these two books are etched in my mind and may have partly contributed to my enthusiasm for them and their subjects. The Double Helix was first published in London in 1968 when I was a pre-university student (equivalent to 11th grade) at St Joseph’s college in Bangalore and was planning to apply for the prestigious National Science Talent Search Scholarship. By then, I had heard of the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA and its profound implications. I was also tickled that this momentous discovery was made in 1953, the year of my birth. I saw the announcement of Watson’s book on the notice board in the British Council Library, one of my frequent haunts.
    [Show full text]
  • Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling As a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance
    Article Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling as a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance Graphical Abstract Authors Jose L. Orgaz, Eva Crosas-Molist, Amine Sadok, ..., actin-Myosin dynamics Sophia N. Karagiannis, Ilaria Malanchi, Victoria Sanz-Moreno transcriptional re-wiring cytoskeleton ROCK-Myosin II- Correspondence remodeling addicted tumor [email protected] (J.L.O.), MAPKi [email protected] (V.S.-M.) MAPKi anti-PD-1 MAPK Myosin II Cross-resistant ROCK/Myosin II In Brief phenotype inhibition Orgaz et al. show that myosin II activity ROCK/Myosin II ROCK/Myosin II increases during melanoma adaptation to PD-L1 ROS PD-L1 ROS MAPK pathway inhibition. ROCK-myosin II signaling supports survival of resistant p-H2A.X melanoma cells and promotes immunosuppression. ROCK inhibitors FOXP3+ + Treg CD206+ CD206 improve the efficacy of MAPK inhibitors CD206+ φ FOXP3+ Mφ M Mφ Treg and immunotherapies in melanoma FOXP3+ FOXP3+ + + CD206 Treg Treg CD206 φ + M + CD206 Mφ models. + CD206 φ FOXP3 φ M Treg M Highlights d Therapy-resistant melanoma cells restore myosin II activity to increase survival d High myosin II activity identifies targeted and immunotherapy-resistant melanomas d ROCK-myosin II inhibition increases ROS-DNA damage and decreases PD-L1 and Tregs d ROCK inhibition enhances efficacy of MAPK inhibitors and immunotherapies Orgaz et al., 2020, Cancer Cell 37, 85–103 January 13, 2020 ª 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2019.12.003 Cancer Cell Article Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling as a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance Jose L.
    [Show full text]
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Pharmacology in the UK, C. 1950–2000: Industry and Regulation
    CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY IN THE UK, c. 1950–2000: INDUSTRY AND REGULATION The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 25 September 2007 Edited by L A Reynolds and E M Tansey Volume 34 2008 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2008 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2008 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 085484 118 9 All volumes are freely available online at: www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as: Reynolds L A, Tansey E M. (eds) (2008) Clinical Pharmacology in the UK c.1950-2000: Industry and regulation. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 34. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. CONTENTS Illustrations and credits v Abbreviations vii Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications; Acknowledgements E M Tansey and L A Reynolds ix Introduction Professor Parveen Kumar xxiii Transcript Edited by L A Reynolds and E M Tansey 1 References 73 Biographical notes 89 Glossary 103 Index 109 ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS Figure 1 AstraZeneca Clinical Trials Unit, South Manchester. Reproduced by permission of AstraZeneca. 6 Figure 2 A summary of the organization of clinical trials. Adapted from www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/info/glossary (visited 1 May 2008). 10 Figure 3 Clinical trial certificates (CTC) and clinical trial exemption (CTX), 1972–1985. Adapted from Speirs (1983) and Speirs (1984).
    [Show full text]
  • A Scientist's Life for Me
    NATURE|Vol 455|16 October 2008 AUTUMN BOOKS OPINION A scientist’s life for me Forty years after the publication of James Watson’s The Double Helix, Georgina Ferry asks why the life stories of so few scientists make it into the bookshops. In 1968 Peter Medawar, Nobel prizewinner and author of many witty reflections on sci- ence and its practitioners, consented to write a preface to Ronald Clark’s biography of the influential British biologist J. B. S. Haldane. Imagine Clark’s consternation when he read its opening line: “The lives of academics, considered as Lives, almost always make dull reading.” Later, Medawar recycled the opening paragraph for an essay in his col- lection Pluto’s Republic (1982), claiming further that scientists’ lives, unlike those of “artists and men of letters”, were “not a source of cultural insight”. James Watson’s The Double Helix, a book that broke the mould of scientific life-writing, also appeared in 1968. It provided abundant ‘cultural insight’ into the combination of good contacts, brilliance, luck, hard work and ruth- less competitiveness that brought to light the DNA structure. It was panned by many of Watson’s contemporaries — if Francis Crick had got his way, the book would never have been published. Yet in his own memoir What modern laboratory Mad Pursuit (1988), Crick later admitted that life? Scientific life-writing is now publishers. Most people have he was wrong: “I now appreciate how skilful a small and shrinking enterprise. Publishers heard of very few scientists, so those that they Jim was, not only in making the book read agree that the market for scholarly biography do recognize — Isaac Newton, Charles Dar- like a detective story, but also by managing to has suffered from the onslaught of celebrity win and Albert Einstein — seem the safest bets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya
    המרכז הבינתחומי הרצליה The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya pays tribute to המרכז הבינתחומי הרצליה חולק כבוד ל־ MICHAEL SELA מיכאל סלע .Professor Michael Sela of the Weizmann Institute of Science is a world renowned immunologist פרופ' מיכאל סלע ממכון ויצמן למדע הוא מדען בעל שם עולמי בתחום האימונולוגיה )חקר מערכת His groundbreaking research has most notably led to the development of Copaxone, a drug used החיסון(. מחקריו פורצי הדרך, ובראשם פיתוח תרופת הקופקסון לטיפול בטרשת נפוצה, הקלו על .to treat multiple sclerosis that has helped ease the suffering of millions of patients worldwide חייהם של מיליוני חולים ברחבי העולם. Born in Poland in 1924, Prof. Sela earned his Bachelor and Master of Science degrees פרופ' מיכאל סלע, שנולד בפולין בשנת 1924, למד את התואר הראשון והשני במחלקה לכימיה from the School of Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, prior to focusing on life באוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים לפני שבחר לעסוק בתחום מדעי החיים. בשנת 1946, בעת שיצא sciences. In 1946, while studying in Switzerland, he assisted the Aliyah Bet’s efforts to help ללימודים בשווייץ, הוא פעל בשירות ההעפלה באיטליה. עם הקמת המדינה, הוא שימש כנספח Jews immigrate. After Israel’s inception, Prof. Sela, who is fluent in nine languages, served as מסחרי בצירות ישראל בצ'כוסלובקיה. צ'כית, למי שאינו יודע, היא רק אחת מבין תשע שפות שבהן .the commercial attaché at the Israeli mission to Czechoslovakia הוא שולט. After his return to Israel in 1950, Prof. Sela made the Weizmann Institute of Science his כאשר שב לארץ בשנת 1950, החל פרופ' מיכאל סלע את דרכו המחקרית במכון ויצמן למדע academic home.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhesus Factor and Disease Prevention
    THE RHESUS FACTOR AND DISEASE PREVENTION The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 3 June 2003 Edited by D T Zallen, D A Christie and E M Tansey Volume 22 2004 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2004 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2004 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 0 85484 099 1 Histmed logo images courtesy Wellcome Library, London. Design and production: Julie Wood at Shift Key Design 020 7241 3704 All volumes are freely available online at: www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as : Zallen D T, Christie D A, Tansey E M. (eds) (2004) The Rhesus Factor and Disease Prevention. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 22. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. CONTENTS Illustrations and credits v Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications;Acknowledgements vii E M Tansey and D A Christie Introduction Doris T Zallen xix Transcript Edited by D T Zallen, D A Christie and E M Tansey 1 References 61 Biographical notes 75 Glossary 85 Index 89 Key to cover photographs ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS Figure 1 John Walker-Smith performs an exchange transfusion on a newborn with haemolytic disease. Photograph provided by Professor John Walker-Smith. Reproduced with permission of Memoir Club. 13 Figure 2 Radiograph taken on day after amniocentesis for bilirubin assessment and followed by contrast (1975).
    [Show full text]
  • UNESCO Kalinga Prize Winner – 1985 Sir Peter Brian Medawar Nobel Laureate
    Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates UNESCO Kalinga Prize Winner – 1985 Sir Peter Brian Medawar Nobel Laureate An Eminent British Scientist of Lebanese Origin, A Biologist and Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine – 1960 [Born : February 28, 1915, Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Died : October 2, 1987 (aged 72) London, United Kingdom] Today the world Changes so quickly that in growing up we take leave not just of youth but of the world we were young in . I suppose we all realize the degree to which fear and resentment of what is new is really a lament for the memories of our childhood. ...Peter Medawar I can not give any scientist of any age better advice than this: the intensity of a conviction that a hypothesis is true has no bearing over whether it is true or not. …Peter Medawar If Politics is the art of the Possible, research is surely the art of the soluble. Both are immensely Practical minded affairs . ...Peter Medawar 1 Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates Peter Medawar A Brief Biographical Sketch Born : February 28, 1915 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Died : October 2, 1987 (aged 72) London, United Kingdom Notable Prizes : Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1960), Kalinga Prize, 1985 Sir Peter Brian Medawar (February 28, 1915 – acquired immunological tolerance. This work was October 2, 1987) was a Briazilian – born British used in dealing with skin grafts required after burns. scientist best known for his work on how the immune Medawar’s work resulted in a shift of emphasis in system rejects or accepts tissue transplants.
    [Show full text]
  • Bourne Lecture
    “One Medicine: the Continuum of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science”. Bourne Lecture. 12th February 2007. St Georges Medical School , Grenada. Ian McConnell , Professor of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, England, United Kingdom. Introduction. Chancellor, Provost , Ladies and Gentlemen. Thank you , Provost, for your generous introduction. It is indeed an honour to be invited to give this years Bourne lecture in memory of Geoffrey Bourne . Geoffrey Bourne , your first Vice Chancellor who as an educator and scientist who had the vision to create here in this marvellous country of Grenada a most remarkable medical school which later evolved under the leadership of Keith Taylor, as Vice Chancellor, into what is today- a thriving and confident young University. St George’s University is an internationally recognised institution of higher education which has set a dynamic global perspective and can rightly claim to be a stratgically important landmark of learning in the West Indies. In this lecture I am going to address the topic of “ One Medicine”. I have chosen this as a topic because it seems appropriate to the St. George’s Medical School and the close relationship it has with the veterinary school. The development of the veterinary school owes much to the foresight and drive of Peter Bourne, who as Vice Chancellor, fostered the development of veterinary medicine. In the long history of both the Medical and the Veterinary Professions and the education of undergraduates in both there has always been a healthy interaction between medicine, veterinary medicine as well as biomedical science. The co-location of a medical school with a veterinary school which you have here is one way to promote this interaction .
    [Show full text]
  • Date: To: September 22, 1 997 Mr Ian Johnston©
    22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 4& 8 6603847 SID 01 NOBELSTIFTELSEN The Nobel Foundation TELEFAX Date: September 22, 1 997 To: Mr Ian Johnston© Company: Executive Office of the Secretary-General Fax no: 0091-2129633511 From: The Nobel Foundation Total number of pages: olO MESSAGE DearMrJohnstone, With reference to your fax and to our telephone conversation, I am enclosing the address list of all Nobel Prize laureates. Yours sincerely, Ingr BergstrSm Mailing address: Bos StU S-102 45 Stockholm. Sweden Strat itddrtSMi Suircfatan 14 Teleptelrtts: (-MB S) 663 » 20 Fsuc (*-«>!) «W Jg 47 22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 B S603847 SID 02 22-SEP-1997 16:35 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 03 Professor Willis E, Lamb Jr Prof. Aleksandre M. Prokhorov Dr. Leo EsaJki 848 North Norris Avenue Russian Academy of Sciences University of Tsukuba TUCSON, AZ 857 19 Leninskii Prospect 14 Tsukuba USA MSOCOWV71 Ibaraki Ru s s I a 305 Japan 59* c>io Dr. Tsung Dao Lee Professor Hans A. Bethe Professor Antony Hewlsh Department of Physics Cornell University Cavendish Laboratory Columbia University ITHACA, NY 14853 University of Cambridge 538 West I20th Street USA CAMBRIDGE CB3 OHE NEW YORK, NY 10027 England USA S96 014 S ' Dr. Chen Ning Yang Professor Murray Gell-Mann ^ Professor Aage Bohr The Institute for Department of Physics Niels Bohr Institutet Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology Blegdamsvej 17 State University of New York PASADENA, CA91125 DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA D anni ark USA 595 600 613 Professor Owen Chamberlain Professor Louis Neel ' Professor Ben Mottelson 6068 Margarldo Drive Membre de rinstitute Nordita OAKLAND, CA 946 IS 15 Rue Marcel-Allegot Blegdamsvej 17 USA F-92190 MEUDON-BELLEVUE DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 Frankrike D an m ar k 599 615 Professor Donald A.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne Laura Dorinthea Mclaren (1927-2007) [1]
    Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Anne Laura Dorinthea McLaren (1927-2007) [1] By: Khokhar, Aroob Keywords: Biography [2] Mice [3] Fertilization [4] Anne Laura Dorinthea McLaren was a developmental biologist known for her work withe mbryology [5] in the twentieth century. McLaren was the first researcher to grow mouse [6] embryos outside of the womb [7]. She experimented by culturing mouse [6] eggs and successfully developing them into embryos, leading to advancements with in vitro [8] fertilization [9]. McLaren was born in London, England, on 26 April 1927 to Christabel McNaughten and Henry Duncan McLaren, 2nd Baron Aberconway, who was a politician and industrialist. Growing up, McLaren wanted to pursue an education in English literature, but instead entered Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, with a scholarship to study zoology. During her undergraduate work, McLaren became intrigued with genetics, in part due to her tutor, Edmund Brisco Ford [10]. After graduating with a honors degree in zoology, she continued her research with geneticist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane at University College London [11] on mite infestation in Drosophila [12]. McLaren continued to pursue her education and in 1952 graduated with a PhD from Oxford University where she studied mice neurotropic viruses with professor Kingsley Sanders [13], furthering her career in genetics. That same year, McLaren wed Donald Michie [14], who also studied and obtained his PhD at Oxford University. They continued working on the genetics of mice with Peter Medawar [15] at University College London [11] and the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) together. At RVC, McLaren worked with researcher John Biggers [16] on the cultivation of mouse [6] embryos, leading to a major technical advance in the history of embryology [5].
    [Show full text]