Module 2: Diphtheria
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Immune Effector Mechanisms and Designer Vaccines Stewart Sell Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, USA
EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2019.1674144 REVIEW How vaccines work: immune effector mechanisms and designer vaccines Stewart Sell Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Introduction: Three major advances have led to increase in length and quality of human life: Received 6 June 2019 increased food production, improved sanitation and induction of specific adaptive immune Accepted 25 September 2019 responses to infectious agents (vaccination). Which has had the most impact is subject to debate. KEYWORDS The number and variety of infections agents and the mechanisms that they have evolved to allow Vaccines; immune effector them to colonize humans remained mysterious and confusing until the last 50 years. Since then mechanisms; toxin science has developed complex and largely successful ways to immunize against many of these neutralization; receptor infections. blockade; anaphylactic Areas covered: Six specific immune defense mechanisms have been identified. neutralization, cytolytic, reactions; antibody- immune complex, anaphylactic, T-cytotoxicity, and delayed hypersensitivity. The role of each of these mediated cytolysis; immune immune effector mechanisms in immune responses induced by vaccination against specific infectious complex reactions; T-cell- mediated cytotoxicity; agents is the subject of this review. delayed hypersensitivity Expertopinion: In the past development of specific vaccines for infections agents was largely by trial and error. With an understanding of the natural history of an infection and the effective immune response to it, one can select the method of vaccination that will elicit the appropriate immune effector mechanisms (designer vaccines). These may act to prevent infection (prevention) or eliminate an established on ongoing infection (therapeutic). -
Medical Bacteriology
LECTURE NOTES Degree and Diploma Programs For Environmental Health Students Medical Bacteriology Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem University of Gondar In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education September 2006 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2006 by Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. PREFACE Text book on Medical Bacteriology for Medical Laboratory Technology students are not available as need, so this lecture note will alleviate the acute shortage of text books and reference materials on medical bacteriology. -
Manual for Quality Control of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccines
WHO/IVB/11.11 Manual for Quality Control of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccines Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals WHO/IVB/11.11 Manual for Quality Control of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis Vaccines Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals The Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. This document was published by the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Ordering code: WHO/IVB/11.11 Printed: April 2013 This publication is available on the Internet at: www.who.int/vaccines-documents/ Copies of this document as well as additional materials on immunization, vaccines and biologicals may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland • Fax: + 41 22 791 4227 • Email: [email protected] • © World Health Organization 2013 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Simple Serological Techniques"
LECTURE: 26 Title SIMPLE SEROLOGICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES LEARNING OBJECTIVES: The student should be able to: • Define the term "simple serological techniques". • Describe the benefit of the use of serological tests. • Define the term "titer". • Enumerate the environmental factors affecting the ag-ab interactions. • Enumerate the different immunological names give to antibodies. • Define the terms; prozone, equivalnce zone, and post zone. • Enumerate some examples of the major simple serological techniques, such as: - Agglutination reactions - Precipitation reactions • Explain the principle of the agglutination reactions • Enumerate some diagnostic test depend on the principle the of the agglutination reactions. • Explain the principle of the precipitation reactions • Enumerate some diagnostic test depend on the principle of the precipitation reaction. • Explain the terms; lattice, cross-reacting antibodies. Latex, charcoal, and agar. • Discuss the identity, partial identity, and non-identity • Compare between agglutination and precipitation reactions. • Explain the Immunodiffusion (single and double diffusion) methods (Ouchterlony technique). • Explain the principle of the toxin-anti-toxin reaction. • Explain the term "flocculation reaction". LECTURE REFRENCE: 1. TEXTBOOK: ROITT, BROSTOFF, MALE IMMUNOLOGY. 6th edition. Chapter 27. pg. 417-434. 2. TEXTBOOK: MARY LOUISE TURGEON. IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY. IN LABORATORY MEDICINE. 2ND EDITION. Chapter 6. pg 111-131. 3. TEXTBOOK: ABUL K. ABBAS. ANDREW H. LICHTMAN. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY. 5TH EDITION. pg 522-534. 1 SIMPLE LABORATORY METHODS I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Serologic reactions that are in vitro Antigen-antibody reactions provide methods for the diagnosis of disease and for the identification and quantitation of antigens and antibodies. Simple serological techniques are called simple, because, these procedures involving direct demonstration and observation of reactions, they do not require the participation of accessory factors such as; indicator system, or specialized equipment. -
The Use of Transfer Factor in a Patient with Agammaglobulinemia
TRANSFER FACTOR IN AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA 54 1 41. Murphy, B. E. P.: Some studies of the protein-binding of steroids and their (1972). application to the routine micro and ultramicro measurement of various 54. Tietze, H. U., Zurbriigg, R. P.. Zuppinger. K. A,, Joss. E. E.. and KZser, H.: steroids in body nuids by competitive protein-binding radioassay. J. Clin. Occurrence of impaired cortisol regulation in children with hypoglycemia Endocrinol. Metab.. 27: 973 (1967). associated with adrenal medullary hyporesponsiveness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 42. Nelson, N.: A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determina- Metab., 34: 948 (1972). tion of glucose. J. Biol. Chem., 153: 375 (1944). 55. Unger, R. H.: High growth-hormone levels in diahet~cketoacidosis: A possible 43. Outschoorn. A. S.: The hormones of the adrenal medulla and their release. Brit. cause of insulin resistance. J. Amer. Med. Ass.. 191: 945 (1965). J. Pharmacol.. 7: 605 (1952). 56. Voorhess. M. L.: Urinary catecholamine excretion by healthy children. I. Daily 44. Perkoff, G. T., and Tyler, F. H.: Paradoxical hyperglycemia In diabetic patients excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and 3-methoxy-4- treated with insulin. Metabolism, 3: 110 (1954). hydroxymandelic acid. Pediatrics, 39: 252 (1967). 45. Roth. J.. Glick, S. M., Yalow. R. S., and Berson, S. A,: Hypoglycemia: A potent 57. Wallace. J. M.. and Harlan. W. R.: Significance of epinephrine in insulin stimulus to secretion of growth hormone. Science, 140: 987 (1963). hypoglycemia in man. Amer. J. Med., 38: 531 (1965). 46. Sabeh, G., Mendelsohn, L. V.. Corredor, D. G.. Sunder, J. H., Friedman, L. M., 58. -
Seminars in Immunology
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY Edited by András Kristóf Fülöp Written and translated by Éva Pállinger Edit Buzás András Falus György Nagy Marianna Csilla Holub Sára Tóth László Kőhidai Zsuzsanna Pál Scientific reviewers Edit Buzás András Falus English proofreading Adrienn Ádám Semmelweis University • Budapest, 2012 © András Kristóf Fülöp, 2012 2 Manuscript closed on 31 May 2012 ISBN 978-963-9129-82-5 Semmelweis University Responsible for publishing: Semmelweis University Editor: András Kristóf Fülöp Technical editor: Adrienn Ádám Length: 223 pages 3 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION (ÉVA PÁLLINGER) ......................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Basic terms ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1. Innate and acquired immunity ......................................................................................................... 10 1.1.2. What does the immune system recognize? .................................................................................... 11 1.1.3. What types of receptors can recognize antigens? .......................................................................... 11 1.1.3.1. PRR (pattern recognition receptors, pathogen recognition receptors) ............................................ 11 1.1.3.2. T cell receptor (TCR) ...................................................................................................................... -
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, a Genetically Determined Cellular Immunologic Deficiency: Clinical and Laboratory Responses to Therapy with Transfer Factor* A
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 821-828, October 1970 Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, A Genetically Determined Cellular Immunologic Deficiency: Clinical and Laboratory Responses to Therapy with Transfer Factor* A. S. Levint, L. E. Spitlert, D. P. Stites, and H. H. Fudenberg§ DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRICS AND SECTION OF HEMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL CENTER, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94122 Communicated by Daniel E. Koshland, June 8, 1970 Abstract. Patients with diseases associated with defects in cellular immunity, such as the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, characteristically have severe recurrent infections and usually succumb to overwhelming infection at an early age. This communication describes a patient with this syndrome, defective delayed hypersensitivity by skin tests and by in vitro lymphocyte response, who was treated with dialysate of peripheral blood leukocytes (transfer factor). After treatment, the clinical status of the patient improved dramatically, concomitant with the development of delayed hypersensitivity to antigens to which the donor was sensitive. In vitro tests after transfer indicated that the patient's lympho- cytes, when stimulated by specific antigen, produced migration inhibitory factor without concomitant DNA synthesis. These observations dissociate skin test sensitivity and activity of migration inhibitory factor from in vitro blastogenesis. Further, the response to phytohemagglutinin remained diminished before and after therapy. While -
Special Bacteriology Basic Laboratory Tests
2016 UNIVERZITA KOMENSKÉHO V BRATISLAVE JESSENIOVA LEKÁRSKA FAKULTA V MARTINE Jana KOMPANÍKOVÁ Martina NEUSCHLOVÁ Vladimíra SADLOŇOVÁ SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY BASIC LABORATORY TESTS Preface Special Bacteriology – Basic Laboratory Tests is intended above all for medical students. The book includes standard procedures commonly used in microbiological laboratory. We have tried to present principles of laboratory tests to make them easier to understand. Authors Contents 1 STAPHYLOCOCCI ........................................................................................................ 5 1.1 GRAM STAIN ................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 STAPHYLOCOCCI - BLOOD AGAR CULTURE .................................................................... 7 1.3 CATALASE TEST ............................................................................................................... 8 1.4 MANNITOL SALT AGAR CULTURE ................................................................................... 9 1.5 COAGULASE TEST ......................................................................................................... 11 2 STREPTOCOCCI ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1 STREPTOCOCCI - GRAM STAIN ..................................................................................... 15 2.2 STREPTOCOCCI - BLOOD AGAR CULTURE .................................................................... -
19 Diphtheria Toxoid Tejpratap S.P
19 Diphtheria Toxoid Tejpratap S.P. Tiwari and Melinda Wharton Respiratory diphtheria is an acute communicable upper respi- Schick introduced a skin test for immunity that consisted of the ratory illness caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium injection of a small, measured amount of diphtheria toxin; in diphtheriae, a Gram-positive bacillus. The illness is character- immune persons, circulating antibody neutralized the toxin, ized by a membranous inflammation of the upper respiratory and no local lesion was observed.2 The Schick skin test was tract, usually of the pharynx but sometimes of the posterior widely used to distinguish immune individuals and target nasal passages, larynx, and trachea, and by widespread damage immunization to those susceptible. In the early 1920s, Ramon to other organs, primarily the myocardium and peripheral showed that diphtheria toxin, when treated with heat and for- nerves. Extensive membrane production and organ damage malin, lost its toxic properties but retained its ability to produce are caused by local and systemic actions of a potent exotoxin serologic protection against the disease. Thus the current produced by toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae. A cutaneous immunizing preparation, diphtheria toxoid, came into being.6 form of diphtheria commonly occurs in warmer climates or tropical countries. WHY THE DISEASE IS IMPORTANT HISTORY OF THE DISEASE Before the introduction of diphtheria immunization, diphthe- ria was a major cause of childhood mortality, and it remains Historical descriptions of -
Antibody Mediated Neutralization Cytolytic/Cytotoxic Immune Complex Anaphylactic
OUTLINE Introduction Antibody Mediated Neutralization Cytolytic/Cytotoxic Immune Complex Anaphylactic Cell Mediated T-cell Cytotoxic (Killer T-cells) Delayed Hypersensitivity Antibody or Cell Mediated Granulomatous Reactions IMMUNE EFFECTOR MECHANISMS LEVELS OF REACTIONS OF ANTIGEN WITH ANTIBODY OR CELLS PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY REACTION REACTION REACTION in vitro in vivo ANTIBODY MEDIATED INACTIVATION NEUTRALIZATION AGGLUTINATION, LYSIS CYTOLYTIC REACTIONS OPSONIZATION Ag+Ab AgAb IMMUNE COMPLEX PRECIPITATION REACTIONS MAST CELL ANAPHYLACTIC DEGRANULATION REACTIONS CELL MEDIATED DELAYED T-DTH HYPERSENSITIVITY LYMPHOKINES REACTIONS +Ag-> MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION BLAST CELL TRANSFORMATION T-CTL TARGET-CELL LYSIS DESTRUCTION Ab or + INSOLUBLE ANTIGEN GRANULOMA NEUTRALIZATION/INACTIVATION REACTIONS PROTECTIVE REACTIONS TOXIN NEUTRALIZATION DIPHTHERIA,, TETANUS, ANTHRAX, CHOLERA RECEPTOR BLOCKADE PERTUSSIS VIRUSES MEASLES. FLU, POLIO, HEPATITIS, PAPILLOMA, ETC. PASSIVE ANTIBODY TREATMENT – CHOLERA, EBOLA VIRUS DESTRUCTIVE REACTIONS DIABETES, HEMOPHILIA, APLASTIC ANEMIA, MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, GRAVE’S DISEASE, BULLOUS SKIN DISEASES EVIDENCE FOR NEUTRILIZING ANTIBODIES DICK AND SCHICK TESTS PEOPLE WHO RECOVER FROM STREPTOCOCCAL OR DIPHTHERIA INFECTION HAVE NO REACTION TO SKIN INJECTION OF TOXIN DUE TO PRODUCTION OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY SCARLET FEVER GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS TOXIN Sequella: Glomerulonephritis; Rheumatic heart disease (IMMUNE COMPLEX REACTION) VACCINE UNDER DEVELOPMENT TREATED WITH ANTIBOTICS PENICILLIN OR AMOXICILLIN Dale JB, et al, -
Special Microbiology for Dummies
STAPHYLOCOCCAL & STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS Staphylococcal infection Streptococcal infections Definition an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria of one of an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria of one of several several species of the genus Staphylococcus or their toxins. species of the genus Streptococcus or their toxins. Almost any Almost any organ of the body may be involved. The organ of the body may be involved. The infections occur in infections occur in many forms, including meningitis, many forms, including cellulitis, endocarditis, erysipelas, pneumonia, tonsillitis, urinary tract infection impetigo, meningitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, tonsillitis, and urinary tract infection. Etiology Family - Micrococcaceae Family - Streptococcaceae Genus -Staphylococcus Genus -Streptococcus Species: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Species: Str. pyogenes, Str. pneumoniae S. saprophyticus. Morphology Gram-positive Gram-positive Spherical cell shape Spherical cell shape Nonmotile (non flagellated) Nonmotile (non flagellated) Non spore forming Non spore forming non capsulated (rare strains are capsulated) capsulated or non capsulated Arranged in grape-like clusters (staphyle means bunch of Arranged in pairs or in chains (chain formation is due to the grapes and this arrangement is due to the tendency of the cocci dividing in one plane only and the daughter cells failing organism to divide in different planes) to separate completely). Epidemiology Source of infection: sick people, and staph carriers. Source of infection: sick people, and Streptococcus Mode of transmission: direct or indirect contact with a carriers person who has a discharging would, a clinical infection of Mode of transmission: direct or indirect contact with a person the respiratory or urinary tract, or one who is colonised who has a discharging would, a clinical infection of the with the organism. -
Assessment of Immunity to Diphtheria in Mothers And
ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNITY TO DIPHTHERIA IN MOTHERS AND THEIR NEWBORNS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN TEACHING HOSPITAL, BENIN CITY. A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL POST-GRADUATE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NIGERIA IN PART FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE COLLEGE IN PAEDIATRICS. BY DR CUMMINGS HENRY MB, BS (ILORIN) 2001. MAY, 2012 i Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is original unless otherwise acknowledged. It has not been submitted to any college for the purpose of a fellowship examination. Signature: …………………………………………………… Date:…………………………………………………………. Name of Candidate: Dr CUMMINGS Henry ii Certification We certify that Dr CUMMINGS Henry of the Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, prepared this dissertation under our supervision. FIRST SUPERVISOR: DR (MRS) A. E. SADOH STATUS: CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN/ SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW ADDRESS: DEPARMENT OF CHILD HEALTH, UBTH, BENIN CITY SIGNATURE: ………………………………………………………. DATE:………………………………………………………. SECOND SUPERVISOR: DR (PROF.) O. OVIAWE STATUS: CONSULTANT PAEDIATRICIAN ADDRESS: DEPARTMENT OF CHILD HEALTH, UBTH, BENIN CITY SIGNATURE: ………………………………………………………. DATE:……………………………………………………………….. iii DEDICATION This book is dedicated to all children who have suffered from diphtheria. Then to my wife, Mrs. Omonigho Cummings and daughter, Efemena for their unwavering support. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To God be the glory for the journey so far. I am heartily thankful to my supervisors- Professor O. Oviawe and Dr (Mrs) A.E. Sadoh for their guidance and support. My appreciation also goes to my teachers – Professors Ibadin M.O, Okolo A.I, Omoigberale A.I, Eregie C.O, Drs Sadoh W.E, Ofovwe G.E, Onyiriuka A.N, Odunvbun M, Iduoriyekemwen N, and to all my consultants; words cannot express the values you have invested in me.